Windows10搭建Vagrant+VirtualBox环境

一、Vagrant是什么？

vagrant是一个操作虚拟机的工具.是一个基于Ruby的工具，用于创建和部署虚拟化开发环境。 通过命令和配置文件来管理虚拟机,很快就能完成一套开发环境的部署,并可以打包传播,统一了开发环境,也解决了重复配置环境的麻烦.

二、Vargant的好处

• 1. Vagrant会创建共享文件夹，用来在主机和虚拟机之间进行资源共享；
• 2. Vagrant通过添加box镜像进行快速部署，部署完毕后可以通过package进行打包分发，避免二次重建环境；
• 3. Vagrant可以使用puppet、chref等管理工具进行自动化配置部署；
• 4. Vagrant支持单机模拟多台机器，且支持一个配置文件Vagrantfile就可以跑分布式系统。

三、准备工作

win7下建议安装版本
1.vagrant_1.8.6.msi
2.VirtualBox-5.1.24-117012-Win.exe

Win10下建议安装版本
1.VirtualBox-6.1.18-142142-Win.exe
2.vagrant_2.2.14_x86_64.msi

我这里是Win10系统，刚开始不清楚，装的是最新的VirtualBox-5.2.8-121009-Win.exe+Vagrant 2.1.1启动就报错，后来上网一搜说是版本不兼容造成的。我这里有两台电脑都是win10的有台电脑上死活装不上，有台电脑却能装上。。跟win10系统版本也有关系?我这系统版本是:

image.png
image.png

四、进行安装

• 1.安装VirtualBox
  VirtualBox安装就不多说了，一直下一步下一步就行了。

• 2.安装Vagrant
  Vargrant下载win版的，然后一直下一步下一步就行了。

• 3.下载package.box
  去vagrant官网下载一个package.box 文件，box文件就是一个系统的镜像文件 :
  http://www.vagrantbox.es/,
  https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search

  image.png

• 4.把虚拟机加载到box容器中
  下载好之后，在该目录下执行命令加载镜像文件到Vagrant中去:

//语法：vagrant box add [name] [xxx.box]
vagrant box add centos7 xxxx.box

centos7是给虚拟机起的名字 ,随意写。然后可以通过以下命令查看，当前vagrant下有那些可用

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant box list
centos7 (virtualbox, 0)

• 5.初始化虚拟机
  在你想要创建虚拟机的目录下，执行以下命令进行初始化

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant init centos7
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.

image.png

会生成一个Vagrantfile文件,该文件就是Vagrant的配置文件。

• 6.启动虚拟机

在该目录下输入:

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: vagrant_box_default_1612589676611_81682
Vagrant is currently configured to create VirtualBox synced folders with
the `SharedFoldersEnableSymlinksCreate` option enabled. If the Vagrant
guest is not trusted, you may want to disable this option. For more
information on this option, please refer to the VirtualBox manual:

  https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch04.html#sharedfolders

This option can be disabled globally with an environment variable:

  VAGRANT_DISABLE_VBOXSYMLINKCREATE=1

or on a per folder basis within the Vagrantfile:

  config.vm.synced_folder '/host/path', '/guest/path', SharedFoldersEnableSymlinksCreate: false
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
    default: Warning: Connection reset. Retrying...
    default: Warning: Connection aborted. Retrying...
    default:
    default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    default:
    default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: The guest additions on this VM do not match the installed version of
    default: VirtualBox! In most cases this is fine, but in rare cases it can
    default: prevent things such as shared folders from working properly. If you see
    default: shared folder errors, please make sure the guest additions within the
    default: virtual machine match the version of VirtualBox you have installed on
    default: your host and reload your VM.
    default:
    default: Guest Additions Version: 4.3.30
    default: VirtualBox Version: 6.1
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => E:/vagrant_box

启动报错:

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: Node1_default_1525964151077_64147
"rsync" could not be found on your PATH. Make sure that rsync
is properly installed on your system and available on the PATH.

修改:

C:\Users\{your_username}\.vagrant.d\boxes\centos7\0\virtualbox\Vagrantfile

原配置：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.base_mac = "525400cae48b"
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
end

改为：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.base_mac = "525400cae48b"
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "virtualbox"
end

然后启动，报如下错误:

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
    default:
    default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    default:
    default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => E:/OS_WORK/Node1
Vagrant was unable to mount VirtualBox shared folders. This is usually
because the filesystem "vboxsf" is not available. This filesystem is
made available via the VirtualBox Guest Additions and kernel module.
Please verify that these guest additions are properly installed in the
guest. This is not a bug in Vagrant and is usually caused by a faulty
Vagrant box. For context, the command attempted was:
 
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 vagrant /vagrant
 
The error output from the command was:
 
mount: unknown filesystem type 'vboxsf'

中文意思就是:

vagrant 无法装载VirtualBox的共享文件夹,因为文件系统"vboxsf"无法使用.
这个文件系统通过VirtualBox客户添加内核模块获得,请确认是否被正确安装.
这不是vagrant的问题,而是VirtualBox引起的问题.
请尝试执行,以下命令:
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1001,gid=1001 work_ /work
命令输出的错误信息为:
sbin/mount.vboxsf:挂载失败:找不到这个文件或目录

网上说的是，是Vagrant没有安装VBoxGuestAdditions，下面来手工安装VitrualBox的这个增强功能：

• 使用命令
  e:\vagrant_box>vagrant halt
  ==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...
  停止已在运行的虚拟机

• 启动VirtualBox中的虚拟机
  直接在VirtualBox中启动虚拟机，如下所示进行登录：

  
  image.png

输入默认用户名 : vagrant , 登录密码 : vagrant

• 挂载并安装VBoxGuestAdditions
  挂载办法如下所示：设备->安装增强功能

  
  image.png
  

  提示以下错误

  
  image.png

手动安装下，在VirtualBox安装目录下找到VBoxGuestAdditions.iso

image.png

加载进来，之后重启下,使用以下命令安装VBoxGuestAdditions

sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
cd /media/cdrom/
sudo ./VBoxLinuxAddtions.run

发现还是不行，然后又执行以下命令更新了下系统

sudo yum update
sudo yum install gcc
sudo yum install kernel-devel
 
exit #退出虚拟机
vagrant halt # 关闭虚拟机

后面还是不行。然后使用vagrant命令进行安装

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
Installing the 'vagrant-vbguest' plugin. This can take a few minutes...
Installed the plugin 'vagrant-vbguest (0.15.1)'!

之后重启

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant reload --provision
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
[default] No installation found.
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
Package kernel-devel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package binutils-2.27-27.base.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1:make-3.82-23.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 4:perl-5.16.3-292.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package bzip2-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest ve  rsion
Nothing to do
Copy iso file C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso into the box /tmp/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso
Mounting Virtualbox Guest Additions ISO to: /mnt
mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
Installing Virtualbox Guest Additions 5.1.24 - guest version is unknown
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.1.24 Guest Additions for Linux...........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
vboxadd.sh: Starting the VirtualBox Guest Additions.
 
Could not find the X.Org or XFree86 Window System, skipping.
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start vboxadd.service
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start vboxadd-service.service
Unmounting Virtualbox Guest Additions ISO from: /mnt
 
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => e:\vagrant_box

然后启动:

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.

五、Vagrant连接

• 1.虚拟机相关登录信息##

e:\vagrant_box>vagrant ssh
`ssh` executable not found in any directories in the %PATH% variable. Is an
SSH client installed? Try installing Cygwin, MinGW or Git, all of which
contain an SSH client. Or use your favorite SSH client with the following
authentication information shown below:
 
Host: 127.0.0.1
Port: 2222
Username: vagrant
Private key: e:\vagrant_box/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/private_key

这样我们就可以像连接到一台服务器一样进行操作了。

• 2.ssh登录##

window机器不支持这样的命令，必须使用第三方客户端来进行连接，例如xmoba、putty、Xshell等.

ssh: 127.0.0.1  
端口: 2222  
用户名: vagrant  
密码: vagrant 

这里使用Xshell来登录

image.png image.png

找到刚刚上面生成的秘钥:

E:\vagrant_box\.vagrant\machines\default\virtualbox\private_key

image.png

然后点击确定，进行连接

image.png

注意事项：
注意关机之前都要关闭下虚拟机。如果不关闭的话 明天早上起来就发现启动不了

在.Vagrantfile文件中设置：
设置用户名以及密码：
config.ssh.username = "vagrant"
config.ssh.password = "vagrant"
设置虚拟网络
config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

六、Vagrant常用命令

• 1. 添加box

提前下载好的box文件，~/box/centos.box，我们给这个box命名为centos vagrant box add centos ~/box/centos.box#box文件也可以是远程地址 base 为默认名称#vagrant box add base http://files.vagrantup.com/lucid64.box

• 2. 初始化

打开目录#cd ~/vagrant#初始化vagrant init#如果你添加的box名称不是base，那么需要在初始化的时候指定名称，例如vagrant init centos

• 3. 启动虚拟机

vagrant up

• 4. 打包分发

vagrant package

• 5. 帮助命令

vagrant help

• 6. 查看vagrant版本信息

vagrant -v

Vagrant命令详解

命令	作用
vagrant box add	添加box的操作
vagrant init	初始化box的操作，会生成vagrant的配置文件Vagrantfile
vagrant up	启动本地环境
vagrant ssh	通过 ssh 登录本地环境所在虚拟机
vagrant halt	关闭本地环境
vagrant suspend	暂停本地环境
vagrant resume	恢复本地环境
vagrant reload	修改了 Vagrantfile 后，使之生效（相当于先 halt，再 up）
vagrant destroy	彻底移除本地环境
vagrant box list	显示当前已经添加的box列表
vagrant box remove	删除相应的box
vagrant package	打包命令，可以把当前的运行的虚拟机环境进行打包
vagrant plugin	用于安装卸载插件
vagrant status	获取当前虚拟机的状态
vagrant global-status	显示当前用户Vagrant的所有环境状态