27.opengl高级光照-点光源阴影
2020-07-18 本文已影响0人
天叔
一、原理
接上一篇继续，实际中的光源几乎不会是平行光，点光比较多。点光的阴影生成原理和阴影映射基本相同，区别是阴影映射使用一张2D图作为深度缓存，点光照射是6个面，需要6个面的纹理来存储深度值
点光源阴影
二、实现过程
有两种方法实现立体深度，1)调整相机每个方向虚拟绘制，生成一个深度贴图，最后真实绘制时分别查阅6个方向的深度值表，这样太麻烦了；2）使用几何着色器
2.1 生成立方体贴图
绑定帧缓冲，绑定6次
for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
{
GLuint face = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i;
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, face, depthCubemap, 0);
BindViewMatrix(lightViewMatrices[i]);
RenderScene();
}
绑定纹理
const GLuint SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
for (GLuint i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT,
SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
正常情况下，我们把立方体贴图纹理的一个面附加到帧缓冲对象上，渲染场景6次，每次将帧缓冲的深度缓冲目标改成不同立方体贴图面。由于我们将使用一个几何着色器，它允许我们把所有面在一个过程渲染，我们可以使用glFramebufferTexture直接把立方体贴图附加成帧缓冲的深度附件：
todo:这里要好好体会
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthCubemap, 0);
glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
2.2 生成6个方向的相机
todo：这里有点不理解，按照右手定则，坐标是错的，后面有时间在深入研究，这里耽搁了好几个小时，没琢磨明白。
opengl的右手定则
每个都按顺序注视着立方体贴图的的一个方向：右、左、上、下、近、远：
std::vector<glm::mat4> shadowTransforms;
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(1.0,0.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(-1.0,0.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,1.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,1.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,-1.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj *
glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(0.0,0.0,-1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0,0.0));
其他代码和上一篇没有太大分别，需要注意的是：
深度查询时，点光源场景下有点小技巧，使用向量来查询
剩下的直接看代码吧
三、完整代码
3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
uniform mat4 model;
void main()
{
gl_Position = model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.gs
#version 330 core
layout (triangles) in;
layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices=18) out;
uniform mat4 shadowMatrices[6];
out vec4 FragPos; // FragPos from GS (output per emitvertex)
void main()
{
for(int face = 0; face < 6; ++face)
{
gl_Layer = face; // built-in variable that specifies to which face we render.
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) // for each triangle's vertices
{
FragPos = gl_in[i].gl_Position;
gl_Position = shadowMatrices[face] * FragPos;
EmitVertex();
}
EndPrimitive();
}
}
3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.fs
#version 330 core
in vec4 FragPos;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform float far_plane;
void main()
{
float lightDistance = length(FragPos.xyz - lightPos);
// map to [0;1] range by dividing by far_plane
lightDistance = lightDistance / far_plane;
// write this as modified depth
gl_FragDepth = lightDistance;
}
3.2.1.point_shadows.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;
out vec2 TexCoords;
out VS_OUT {
vec3 FragPos;
vec3 Normal;
vec2 TexCoords;
} vs_out;
uniform mat4 projection;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform bool reverse_normals;
void main()
{
vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
if(reverse_normals) // a slight hack to make sure the outer large cube displays lighting from the 'inside' instead of the default 'outside'.
vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * (-1.0 * aNormal);
else
vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * aNormal;
vs_out.TexCoords = aTexCoords;
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
3.2.1.point_shadows.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in VS_OUT {
vec3 FragPos;
vec3 Normal;
vec2 TexCoords;
} fs_in;
uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
uniform samplerCube depthMap;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
uniform float far_plane;
uniform bool shadows;
float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
{
// get vector between fragment position and light position
vec3 fragToLight = fragPos - lightPos;
// ise the fragment to light vector to sample from the depth map
float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight).r;
// it is currently in linear range between [0,1], let's re-transform it back to original depth value
closestDepth *= far_plane;
// now get current linear depth as the length between the fragment and light position
float currentDepth = length(fragToLight);
// test for shadows
float bias = 0.05; // we use a much larger bias since depth is now in [near_plane, far_plane] range
float shadow = currentDepth - bias > closestDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;
// display closestDepth as debug (to visualize depth cubemap)
// FragColor = vec4(vec3(closestDepth / far_plane), 1.0);
return shadow;
}
void main()
{
vec3 color = texture(diffuseTexture, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 normal = normalize(fs_in.Normal);
vec3 lightColor = vec3(0.3);
// ambient
vec3 ambient = 0.3 * color;
// diffuse
vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fs_in.FragPos);
float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
// specular
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fs_in.FragPos);
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
float spec = 0.0;
vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);
spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 64.0);
vec3 specular = spec * lightColor;
// calculate shadow
float shadow = shadows ? ShadowCalculation(fs_in.FragPos) : 0.0;
vec3 lighting = (ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse + specular)) * color;
FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0);
}
主程序
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
void renderScene (const Shader &shader);
void renderCube();
void renderQuad();
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
bool blinn = false;
bool blinnKeyPressed = false;
bool gammaEnabled = true;
bool gammaKeyPressed = false;
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
unsigned int planeVAO;
unsigned int planeVBO;
unsigned int woodTexture;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "天哥学opengl", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
// glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK ,GL_LINE );
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// glEnable(GL_BLEND);
// glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader shader("3.2.1.point_shadows.vs", "3.2.1.point_shadows.fs");
Shader simpleDepthShader("3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.vs", "3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.fs", "3.2.1.point_shadows_depth.gs");
Shader debugDepthQuad("3.1.1.debug_quad.vs", "3.1.1.debug_quad_depth.fs");
unsigned int woodTexture = loadTexture("resource/wood.png");
const unsigned int SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;
unsigned int depthMapFBO;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &depthMapFBO);
// create depth texture
unsigned int depthCubemap;
glGenTextures(1, &depthCubemap);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthCubemap, 0);
glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
shader.use();
shader.setInt("diffuseTexture", 0);
shader.setInt("depthMap", 1);
// lighting info
// -------------
glm::vec3 lightPos(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
// lightPos.z = sin(glfwGetTime() * 0.5) * 3.0;
glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
float near_plane = 1.0f;
float far_plane = 25.0f;
glm::mat4 shadowProj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(90.0f), (float)SHADOW_WIDTH / (float)SHADOW_HEIGHT, near_plane, far_plane);
std::vector<glm::mat4> shadowTransforms;
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)));
shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * glm::lookAt(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f)));
glViewport(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);;
glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
simpleDepthShader.use();
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
simpleDepthShader.setMat4("shadowMatrices[" + std::to_string(i) + "]", shadowTransforms[i]);
}
simpleDepthShader.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
simpleDepthShader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
renderScene(simpleDepthShader);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// reset viewport
glViewport(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
shader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
shader.setMat4("projection", projection);
shader.setMat4("view", view);
// set light uniforms
shader.setVec3("lightPos", lightPos);
shader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
shader.setInt("shadows", gammaEnabled);
shader.setFloat("far_plane", far_plane);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, woodTexture);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
renderScene(shader);
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool startRecord = false;
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
gammaEnabled = !gammaEnabled;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Y))
{
std::cout << "Y" << std::endl;
startRecord = true;
firstMouse = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_N))
{
std::cout << "N" << std::endl;
startRecord = false;
}
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
// std::cout << "xpos : " << xpos << std::endl;
// std::cout << "ypos : " << ypos << std::endl;
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
// std::cout << "xoffset : " << xoffset << std::endl;
// std::cout << "yoffset : " << yoffset << std::endl;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++) {
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
}
return textureID;
}
void renderScene(const Shader &shader)
{
// room cube
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(5.0f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
renderCube();
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 0); // and of course disable it
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// cubes
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
}
// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
// initialize (if necessary)
if (cubeVAO == 0)
{
float vertices[] = {
// back face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// front face
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// left face
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
// right face
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// bottom face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
// top face
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, 1.0f , 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f // bottom-left
};
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
// fill buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// link vertex attributes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
// render Cube
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
