Django REST framework十大组件

2019-08-04  本文已影响0人  isMyNickName

基于DRF的CBV ,DRF的APIView在Django的View基础上,增加和丰富了一些功能

pip3 install djangorestframework==3.8.2

RESTful规范(必须阅读,考试会考):

十大组件分别为

认证

自定义认证的类
 """
 from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
 from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
 from appname.models import UserToken

 class MyOrderAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        在这里实现认证的逻辑
     def authenticate(self, request):
         token = request._request.GET.get('token')
         # 获取到token之后,需要在数据库中查找token
         obj = UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
         if not obj:
             # 没有通过认证
             raise AuthenticationFailed('认证失败')
         # 返回元组( user, auth )
         return (obj.user, obj)
 """

使用局部配置(在视图函数中)
 """
 class OrderView(APIView):

     # 通过authentication_classes设置认证类
     authentication_classes = [MyOrderAuthentication,]

     # 通过authentication_classes设置为空列表,就不再进行认证了
     # authentication_classes = []

 """

全局配置
 """
 REST_FRAMEWORK = {
     'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES':['unitls.authentication.MyOrderAuthentication'],
 }
 """

设置匿名用户
 """
 REST_FRAMEWORK = {
     'UNAUTHENTICATED_USER': lambda :"匿名用户",
     'UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN': lambda :'123456',
 }
 """

权限

 自定义权限类
 """
 from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

 class MyOrderPermission(BasePermission):
     #自定义权限认证的类,必须要实现has_permission方法
     message = '你不是超级用户,没有权限访问'
     def has_permission(self, request, view):
     
         #Return `True` if permission is granted, `False` otherwise.
         #返回True表示有权限访问,返回False表示没有权限访问
         if request.user.user_type != 3:
             return False
         return True
 """

 局部使用
 """
  class OrderView(APIView):

     # permission_classes设置权限类
     permission_classes = [MyOrderPermission,]
     # 通过authentication_classes设置为空列表,就不再进行权限认证了
     permission_classes = []
 """

 全局的设定
 """
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES':['unitls.permission.MyOrderPermission'],
}
 """

节流

 自定义节流类
 """
VISIT_RECORD = {}
class VisitThrottle(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.history = None

    def allow_request(self,request,view):
        #实现节流的逻辑
        #基于ip做节流
        # #获取用户访问的IP地址
        # ip_address = request._request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
        ctime = time.time()
        # if ip_address not in VISIT_RECORD:
        #     #第一次访问的时候将访问的时间存储在字典中(ip地址为Key,访问的时间为value值)
        #     VISIT_RECORD[ip_address] = [ctime,]
        #
        # #第二次访问的时候取出访问的历史记录
        # history = VISIT_RECORD[ip_address]

        # 基于用户的节流
        username = request.user.username
        if username not in VISIT_RECORD:
            VISIT_RECORD[username] = [ctime, ]
        history = VISIT_RECORD[username]
        self.history = history

        while history and history[-1] < ctime - 10:
            #如果访问的时间记录超过60秒,就把超过60秒的时间记录移除
            history.pop()

        if len(history) < 6:
            history.insert(0,ctime)
            return True

        return False

    def wait(self):
        #一旦用户访问次数到达阀值,显示用户需要等待的时间
        ctime = time.time()
                    #09:54:30    09:54:28
        return 10 - (ctime - self.history[-1])
 """

 局部使用
 """
   class OrderView(APIView):
       # throttle_classes设置节流类
       throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle,]
 """
       
 全局设置
 """
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':['unitls.throttle.VisitThrottle'],
}
 """

 使用DRF内置的限频类
"""
from rest_framework.throttling import SimpleRateThrottle

#推荐使用这种
class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
    #没有登录用户,每分钟访问10次
    scope = 'logined'
    def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
    return request.user.username
"""

 全局设置
"""
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES':{
        'unlogin':'10/m',
        'logined':'3/m',
    },
    'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':['unitls.throttle.VisitThrottle'],
}
"""

版本控制

自定义版本控制类
"""
    class ParmasVersion(object):
        def determine_version(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            version = request.query_params.get('version')
            return version
"""

使用(局部)
"""
    class VersionView(APIView):
        #设置获取版本的类
        versioning_class = ParmasVersion
"""

全局设置
"""
     'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'unitls.version.ParmasVersion',
"""

使用 DRF内置的版本控制类QueryParameterVersioning(局部)
"""
    from rest_framework.versioning import QueryParameterVersioning
    class VersionView(APIView):
        #设置获取版本的类
        versioning_class = QueryParameterVersioning
"""

设置文件中的配置信息
"""
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',
        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],
    }
"""

全局设置
"""
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',
        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],
        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.QueryParameterVersioning',
    }
"""


使用 DRF内置的版本控制类URLPathVersioning(局部)
"""
    from rest_framework.versioning import URLPathVersioning
    class VersionView(APIView):
        #设置获取版本的类
        versioning_class = URLPathVersioning
    """

设置文件中的配置信息
"""
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',
        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],
    }
    """

全局设置
"""
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        'VERSION_PARAM':'version',
        'DEFAULT_VERSION':'v1',
        'ALLOWED_VERSIONS':['v1','v2'],
        'DEFAULT_VERSIONING_CLASS':'rest_framework.versioning.URLPathVersioning',
    }
"""

如果使用URLPathVersioning,路由格式如下
"""
    url(r"^(?P<version>[v1|v2]+)/version/",VersionView.as_view(),name='vvvv')
"""

#使用 DRF内置的版本控制类URLPathVersioning 反向生成url地址
"""
    #反向生成url地址 reverse
    obj = request.versioning_scheme
    url1 = obj.reverse(viewname='orders',request=request)
    
    #使用django的reverse方法反响生成url地址
    from django.urls import reverse
    url2 = reverse(viewname='orders',kwargs={'version':'v2'})
"""

解析器

因为开发人员post请求上传数据时,传递的数据类型不同,我们可能在request._request.POST中获取不到数据
case1: Content-Type : application/x-www-form-urlencoded
服务端接收到的post请求的数据格式:username=xxxxx&age=18&sex=男
我们就可以在request._request.POST中获取到数据
"""
    class UserInfoView(APIView):
        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            username = request._request.POST.get('username')
            age = request._request.POST.get('age')
            sex = request._request.POST.get('sex')
"""

case2:Content-Type:application/json
服务端接收到的post请求的数据格式就是json数据:{"username":"xxxx","age":"18","sex":"男"}
在request._request.POST中就获取不到数据,但是在request.body中可以拿到
"""
    class UserInfoView(APIView):
        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            import json
            data = json.loads(request.body.decode('utf8'))
            print(data)
"""

DRF内置的解析器FormParser,JSONParser
使用(局部):
"""
   from rest_framework.parsers import FormParser,JSONParser
   class UserInfoView(APIView):
        parser_classes = [FormParser,JSONParser]
        
        #这时DRF 内部代码会根据request.Content-Type和解析器支持的media_type比较
        从而选择对应的解析器
        
        def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            # 如果使用JSONParser、FormParser解析数据的话
            data = request.data
            print(data)
        
"""

使用(全局配置解析器):

序列化

DRF 序列化
第一种:继承自serializers.Serializer
"""
     class BookDetailSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
             # 正常的字段序列化
             id = serializers.IntegerField()
             bookname = serializers.CharField()
             author = serializers.CharField()
             category = serializers.IntegerField()
             bookdesc = serializers.CharField()
             
             
             # 获取枚举类型的文本是 source=get_字段名_display
             status = serializers.CharField(
                 source='get_status_display'
             )
             categoryname = serializers.CharField(
                 source='get_category_display'
             )
             
             # 自定义方法获取字段
             chpaters = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
             #序列化时可以自定义方法获取字段
             def get_chpaters(self,row):
                 """ row - > bookinfo """
                     chpaters = models.ChpaterInfo.objects.filter(book=row)
                     ser = ChpaterSerializer(instance=chpaters,many=True,
                                             context=self.context
                                             )
                     return ser.data
"""
 序列化时生成url
"""
    url = serializers.HyperlinkedIdentityField(
    view_name='chpaterdetail', lookup_field='id',
    lookup_url_kwarg='pk',
    )
"""
注意:如果序列化类中使用HyperlinkedIdentityField生成url,那我们在序例化时添加context={'request': request}
"""
    ser = BookDetailSerializer(
    instance=obj,many=False,
    context={'request': request}
    )
"""

如果出现关联关系时,获取model对像的某一个字段
"""
    bookname = serializers.CharField(source='book.bookname')
"""

第二种继承自:serializers.ModelSerializer
"""
class ChpaterDetailSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    #使用ModelSerializer进行章节详情的序列化
    bookname = serializers.CharField(source='book.bookname')
    class Meta:
        model = models.ChpaterInfo
        #fields = "__all__"
        fields = ['id','bookname']
"""

DRF (序列化时)自定义方法获取数据
"""
    book = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
"""
"""
     def get_book(self,row):
         """ row - > UserInfo"""
             print('======',row.book.all())
             ser = UsersBooksSerializer(
                 instance=row.book.all(),
                 many=True
             )
        
             return ser.data
"""

DRF depth深度的使用
# depth会根据关联的数据不停的深入将数据获取出来(最多不超过10层)
# depth = 1
"""
class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
        #depth会根据关联的数据不停的深入将数据获取出来(最多不超过10层)
        depth = 1
"""

DRF序列化的验证功能
"""
class UsersSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    #自定义验证错误的信息
    username = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'})
    class Meta:
        model = models.UserInfo
        fields = "__all__"
"""

"""
class UsersView(APIView):
    def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
    """DRF 序列化自带验证功能"""
        data = request.data
        #print(data)
        ser = UsersSerializer(data=data)
        if ser.is_valid(): # ser.is_valid()y验证数据的有效性
            print('验证后的数据',ser.validated_data)
            #验证后的数据正确后,保存数据至数据库
            ser.save()
        else:
            #上传数据不符合规范时ser.errors,返回错误详细
            print(ser.errors)
        return Response(data)
"""

自定义字段验证规则
"""
    class UsersInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    username = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'})
        class Meta:
            model = models.UserInfo
            fields = "__all__"
        
        # 用户名中必须包含老王两个字,不包含则认为名字无效
        def validate_username(self,validated_value):
            print(validated_value)
            from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
            if '老王' not in validated_value:
            #验证不通过,抛出异常
                raise ValidationError('用户名不合法')
            #验证通过,返回数据
            return validated_value
"""

分页

自定义分页类PageNumberPagination
  # 自定制分页类
class MyPageNumberPagination(PageNumberPagination):
    """http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?page=1&pagesize=10"""
    # page_size每一返回多少条
    page_size = 5
    # 设置分页的参数名
    page_query_param = 'page'
    # 设置每页返回数据量的参数名
    page_size_query_param = 'pagesize'
    # 设置每页最大返回的条数
    max_page_size = 6

使用
  class UsersPageView(APIView):
      
      def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
          # 获取表中所有用户的row(记录)
          obj = models.UserInfo.objects.all()
          #实例化分页的类
          #page_obj = PageNumberPagination()
          page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination()
          #获取分页数据
          page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset( queryset=obj,request=request,view=self)
          # 序列化
          ser = UsersSerializer(instance=page_data,many=True)

          # return Response(ser.data)
          #get_paginated_response会返回上一页下一页和总条数
          return page_obj.get_paginated_response(ser.data)

自定义分页类LimitOffsetPagination
from  rest_framework.pagination import LimitOffsetPagination

class MyLimitOffsetPagination(LimitOffsetPagination):
    """http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?limit=10&offset=0"""
    default_limit = 5
    limit_query_param = 'limit'
    offset_query_param = 'offset'
    max_limit = 7


自定义分页类CursorPagination(会对分页参数进行加密)
from  rest_framework.pagination import CursorPagination

class MyCursorPagination(CursorPagination):
    """http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/userpage/?cursor=cD01"""
    cursor_query_param = 'cursor'
    page_size = 4
    #返回数据市的排序的方式
    ordering = '-id'
    max_page_size = 8

 设置全局的分页
 """
     REST_FRAMEWORK = {
         'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS':'unitl.pagination.MyCursorPagination',
         'PAGE_SIZE':3
     }
 """

视图

以前 (Django的View)
"""
    class MyView(View)
        .....
"""

现在(rest_framework的APIView)
"""
    class MyView(APIView)
    .....
"""

其他视图的使用
第一个:GenericAPIView 视图的使用 (跟继承自APIViewq其实一样,只是我们在外面逻辑,
    GenericAPIView在内部c定制方法帮我们实现了)
"""
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView

class BookinfoSeralizer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    
    class Meta:
        model = models.BookInfo
        fields = "__all__"

class BookView(GenericAPIView):
    # queryset: 设置获取的数据
    queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
    # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类
    serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer
    # pagination_class : 设置分页的类
    pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        obj = self.get_queryset() #=> obj = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
        # 获取当前分页的数据
        page_data = self.paginate_queryset(obj) #=>page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination() #获取分页数据page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset()
        # 获取序列化之后的数据
        ser = self.get_serializer(instance=page_data,many=True) #->ser = BookinfoSeralizer(instance=page_data,many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)
"""
    
 第二个:GenericViewSet 视图的如下使用,注意路由会发生变化
    """
    class BookView(GenericViewSet):
        # queryset: 设置获取的数据
        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类
        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer
        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类
        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination
        
        def list(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
            
            obj = self.get_queryset() #=> obj = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
            # 获取当前分页的数据
            page_data = self.paginate_queryset(obj) #=>page_obj = MyPageNumberPagination() #获取分页数据page_data = page_obj.paginate_queryset(
            # 获取序列化之后的数据
            ser = self.get_serializer(instance=page_data,many=True) #->ser = BookinfoSeralizer(instance=page_data,many=True)
            
            return Response(ser.data)
    """
    路由会发生变化,配置如下
    """
    url(r"bookpage/$",views.BookView.as_view({'get': 'list'}),name='bookpage')
    """
    
    第三个:ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,
    DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin 等视图的使用
    
    """
    from rest_framework.mixins import ListModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin
    from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet
    # ListModelMixin : 返回列表数据据( get请求)
    # CreateModelMixin  : 新增一条数据 (Post请求)
    # RetrieveModelMixin,  : 获取详情数据 (get请求)
    # DestroyModelMixin,   : 删除数据的时候 (delete)
    # UpdateModelMixin  : 跟新数据的时候使用 (put)

    class BookView(ListModelMixin,RetrieveModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericViewSet):
        # queryset: 设置获取的数据
        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类
        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer
        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类
        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination
    """

    第四个:ModelViewSet视图的使用
    ModelViewSet继承自istModelMixin,CreateModelMixin,
    RetrieveModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin视图
    如果要实现最基本的增删改查功能,就直接继承自ModelViewSet
    """
    from rest_framework.viewsets import ModelViewSet
    class BookView(ModelViewSet):
        # queryset: 设置获取的数据
        queryset = models.BookInfo.objects.all()
        # serializer_class: 设置序列化的类
        serializer_class = BookinfoSeralizer
        # pagination_class : 设置分页的类
        pagination_class = MyPageNumberPagination
    """

    视图使用小总结
        只想实现简单的增删改查
            ModelViewSet
        只想增
            CreateModelMixin,GenericViewSet
        只想增删改
            CreateModelMixin,DestroyModelMixin,UpdateModelMixin,GenericViewSet

        如果视图中的业务逻辑复杂,以上都不能满足的时候,直接使用
            APIView

 #自动路由配置
 """
     from django.conf.urls import url,include
     from api import views
     from rest_framework import routers
     
     router = routers.DefaultRouter()
     router.register(r"bookpage",views.BookView,base_name='bookpage')
     
     
     urlpatterns = [
        url(r'v1/',include(router.urls)),
     ]
 """
     
自动路由会生成四个接口
^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/$ [name='bookpage-list']
^api/ v1/ ^bookpage\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)/?$ [name='bookpage-list']
^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)/$ [name='bookpage-detail']
^api/ v1/ ^bookpage/(?P<pk>[^/.]+)\.(?P<format>[a-z0-9]+)/?$ [name='bookpage-detail']

渲染器

INSTALLED_APPS = [
                  'rest_framework',
                 ]

from rest_framework.renderers import BrowsableAPIRenderer,JSONRenderer,AdminRenderer

class BookView(ModelViewSet):
    # 设置渲染器类型
    renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer]
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