《文法俱乐部》整理笔记(中)
此篇接:《文法俱乐部》整理笔记(上)
上篇整理的是关于简单句型的一些笔记,本篇整理复杂名型。
一、名词子句
特点:本身原来是一个完整、独立的单句,前面加上连接词that,这个连接词没有意义,只有文法功用,名词子句须放在主要子句的名词位置(主词、受词、补语、同位格等位置),当作名词使用。
合句:两个独立的句子,以and,but,or等连接起来,平等、对称的关系,没有主次之分,称为合句(compound sentence)。
复句:将一个句子改造成名词、形容词或副词类,放到另一句中使用,就称为从属子句,另一句则称为主要子句。合并而成的句子有主从之分,就称为复句(complex sentence)。
1、名词子句:
I know something.
I am right
I know that I am right.
2、形容词子句(关系子句):
My father is a man.
He always keeps his word.
My father is a man who always keeps his word.
3、副词子句:
He works hard.
He's in need of money.
He works hard because he's in need of money.
名词子句放置在主词位置中,例:
Something is strange.
He didn't show up on time.
That he didn't show up on time is strange.
It is strange that he didn't show up on time.(真奇怪,他没有准时来。)
名词子句放置在受词位置中,例:
The defendant said something.
He didn't do it.
The defendant said that he didn't do it.(被告说那不是他做的。)
名词子句放置在补语位置中,例:
the important thing= we're all right
The important thing is we're all right.
名词子句放置在同位格位置中,例:
I am afraid of that thing.
I can't help you.
I am afraid that I can't help you.(对不起,我帮不了你。)
4、名词子句放大
当名词子句内容比主要子句重要时,可以选择把名词子句当主要子句处理,反而把主要子句缩小。例如:
This is your last offer,I suppose?
还原为:I suppose that this is your last offer?
5、疑问句改装的名词子句
以疑问词(who,what,when等)引导的疑问句。例如:
I know the question.
Who are you?
I know who you are.
注意这里的who you are,疑问句改为非疑问句的顺序就变成名词子句。
6、whether和if
疑问句改装的名词子句中比较特别的是由whether引导的名词子句,whether并不能独立当做疑问词来引导一个带问题的疑问句,它可以引导代表一个问题的名词子句。例如:
I can't tell which.
Either he's telling the truth or he's not.
I can't tell whether he's telling the truth or not.
这里的whether也可以换成if,大多数情况下,这两个词可以互换,但是在句首位置以及介词
二、副词子句
副词子句里面的连接词每一个都有意义,如:though表示让步,because表示原因,if表示条件等。
副词子句很像两个对等的句子。
副词子句的种类如下:
1、时间、地方
例如:He became more frugal after he got married.副词子句修饰动词became的时间。
I'll be waiting for you until you're married.我会等你,直到你结婚为止。
注意:未来时间的副词子句,虽然还没有到发生的时间,可是语气上必须当作[到了那个时候]来说,所以时态要用现在式来表示。
2、条件
例如:If he calls ,I'll say you're sleeping.如果他打电话来,我就说你在睡觉。
注意:在表示条件的副词子句中,如果时间是未来,也必须以[当作真正在发生]的语气来说,所以要用现在式的动词。
3、原因、结果
例如:As there isn't much time left,we might as well call it a day.既然时间所剩无几,我们不妨就此结束好了。
4、目的
I've typed out the main points in boldface,in order that you won't miss them.我用黑体字把第一步打出来,好让你们不会遗漏掉。
5、让步
Although you may object,I must give it a try.虽然你可能会反对,我仍然必须试试看。
Wh-拼法的连接词,若解释为no matter......(不论)就表示让步语气,引导副词子句。
Whether (=no matter) you agree or not,I want to give it a try.无论你是否同意,我都要一试。
Whichever (= no matter which)way you go,I'll follow.不论你走到哪里,我都跟定你了。
However (=no matter how) cold it is,he's always wearing a shirt only.(不管多冷,他总是只穿件衬衫。)
Wherever (no matter where) he is ,I'll get him!不管他躲到哪儿,我都会抓到他!
Whenever (=no matter when) you like,you can call me.(你随时给我来电话都可以。)
6、限制
例如:Picasso was a revolutionary in that he broke all traditons.(毕卡索是革命派,意即他打破一切传统。)
7、方法、状态
He played the piano as Horowitz would have.(他弹钢琴有如大师霍洛维兹。)
三、关系子句
关系子句,若没有经过任何省略,都应该以形容词子句看待。
1、两个句子要有交集(要有一个重复的元素)。例:
For boyfriend I'm looking for a man.
He is tall,rich,and well-educated.
以上两句重复的为a man ,he.
2、把交集点改写为关系词的拼法(wh-),让它产生连接词的功能。
Who is tall,rich,and well-educated.
3、将关系子句附于主要子句的交集点(名词)后面来修饰它(凭借形容词使用)。例:
For boyfriend I'm looking for a man who is tall,rich,and well-educated.
4、关系子句与名词子句和副词子句的区别:关系子句的连接词是句子中的内含字眼的改写,而名词和副词子句的连接词
都是外加的。例如:
I know that(连接词) I am right(名词子句).S+V+O 我知道我对。
I know this because I have proof.(副词子句).我知道,因为我有证据。
I don't trust people who talk too much(关系子句). 我不信任话太多的人。
5、关系子句分为关系代名词和关系副词。
关系代名词有时候可以省略,但做主语时不能省略。
关系代名词who和which如果有指示的作用时,可以用that来取代(作关系代词)。
6、何时不该使用that?
如果关系子句缺乏指示功能就不应该借用指示代名词that当关系词,如果关系子句没有指示的作用,只是补充说明的性质,应该用逗号和先行词隔开,这时逗号的功能和括弧类似。
7、先行词的省略
把关系代名词改写为what来表示前面省掉的先行词。例如:
I have the thing.
You need it.
这两句中the thing 和it重复,建立了两句间的关系,可以用关系子句的方式合成复句
I have [the thing][that (or which)]you need.
再者,关系代名词(that或which)在关系子句中是need的受词,可以省略掉,成为:I have the thing you need.
再或者,先行词the thing是空词,可以省略,但省略后主要子句I have 就缺了受词,关系子句(that you need)也失
去了它修饰的名词,所以要改为:
I have what you need.
8、关于副词
如果关系子句中以副词和主要子句中的先行词重复,就改写为关系副词,因此,可以比较自由省略。但它与关系代名词一
样,如果有括弧性的逗号隔开,就不能省略。
关系副词when
when就是时间副词then(a time)的改写,例如:
I know the time
He will arrive then.
I know when he will arrive.
或 I know the time he will arrive.
疑问词引导的疑问句改选而成的,表示a question(一个问题)例如:
He asked how much it was.
yes/no question,不具疑问词的疑问句改造而成,例如:
Will the stock go up?
Either the stock will go up or it will not.
No one knows whether the stock will go up(or not).
关系副词where,由地方副词there改写。例如:
The car stopped at a place.
Three roads met there.
(A)The car stopped (at a place) (where) three roads met.
关系副词how/why ,由so改写的how与由for a reason改成的why.例如:
wh-ever与副词子句
no matter wh-表示让步、条件的语气,它的功能相当于副词子句的连接词,引导的就是副词子句。
wherever,however分别解释为no matter where,no matter how,后面引导的都是副词子句。
wh-ever构造,如果解释为no matter wh-,近似让步、条件的语气,其后面的子句要当副词子句解释,直接附在主要句子
上作修饰语,但如果解释为anyone/anything that,就是关系子句,省略掉先行词,后面的子句因而要当名词子句解释,
在主要子句中扮演主词、受词...等名词角色。