《语法俱乐部》| 第十六章:从属从句简化通则
所谓的从句简化,就是将复句、合句中重复的部分剔除,使得表达的更加清楚和简洁,从属从句简化的共通原则只有一个:“省略主语与be动词,只留补语”,我们从这一个观点铺开,分别讲解。
一、为何省略主语
如果从属从句的主语是空的字眼(one、everybody、people等),或者从属从句的主语在主句中已经出现,就需要简化。
It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral.
本句有两个从属从句,that引导的one should wear black和while引导的one attends a funeral,其中的主语都是one代表(anyone)是空的字眼,可以省略掉成为:
It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral.(变换的原则后面讲)
再来看一个例子:
Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is a wooden building, needs a fire alarm.
这个句子中的whether和which引导的从句,虽然用it代替了your house但是还是略显复杂,可以修改掉:
Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a fire alarm.
二、为何省略be动词
be动词通常扮演串联主语与补语的连缀动词角色,没有实际上的意义,可以不用翻译。当从属从句中有be动词的时候,我们前面已经将主语省略掉了,那么留下来的be动词也没有实际上的意义了,通常也就要求我们省略掉。
三、没有be动词怎么办
我们讲过省略通则,那么从属从句中没有be动词怎么办,就像我们例句1中所示的。
① 有助动词的,变成不定词
You must go at once ------> You are to go at once.
The train will leave in 10 minutes. ------> The train is to leave in 10 minutes.
He should do as I say -------> He is to do as I say.
注意:助动词改变为be+不定词,表达的意思不如原来的精确。但是为了简化,也可以靠加入:going to、willing to等补充。
He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship.
so that 引导的从句中he与主语重复,从句改写为was (able) to get,省略掉was以后变成:
He studied hard to get a scholarship.
② 没有助动词时,变成Ving
从属从句中如果没有be动词,也没有助动词,可以考虑先加一个be动词进去,原来的动词加上ing,变成进行时态,再省略掉be动词,就只剩下Ving形式了。
John remembers that he saw the lady before.
that 引导的从属从句中主语he与主句重复,可以省略,但是动词saw既不是be动词,也没有助 t动词,这时候就只有先把从句改写成he was seeing the lady before,就 有了be动词,这里用进行时并不恰当,所只要省略he was就可以避免这个问题。
John remembers seeing the lady before.