【转载】懂你英语原文L7（Level7完整版）

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其中英文文本取自TED

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懂你英语原文Level7

Unit1

So in college, I was a government major, which means I had to write a lot of papers. Now, when a normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this. So, you know --you get started maybe a little slowly, but you get enough done in the first week that, with some heavier days later on, everything gets done, things stay civil.And I would want to do that like that. That would be the plan. I would have it all ready to go, but then, actually, the paper would come along, and then I would kind of do this.

在大学，我读的是政府专业。也就是说，我需要写很多的论文。一般的学生写论文时，他们可能会这样安排：(看图)你可能开头会慢一点，但第一周有这些已经足够。后期再一点点的增加，最后任务完成，非常的有条理。我也想这么做，所以一开始也是这么计划的。我做了完美的安排(看图)，但后来，实际上论文任务一直出现，我就只能这样了(看图)。

And that would happen every single paper. But then came my 90-page senior thesis, a paper you're supposed to spend a year on. And I knew for a paper like that, my normal work flow was not an option. It was way too big a project. So I planned things out, and I decided I kind of had to go something like this. This is how the year would go. So I'd start off light, and I'd bump it up in the middle months, and then at the end, I would kick it up into high gear just like a little staircase. How hard could it be to walk up the stairs? No big deal, right?

我的每一篇论文都是这种情况，直到我长达90页的毕业论文任务，这篇论文理应花一年的时间来做，我也知道这样的工作，我先前的工作方式是行不通的，这个项目太大，所以我制定了计划。决定按照这样的方式工作，这样来安排我这一年。(看图)开头我会轻松一点，中期任务逐渐增加，到最后，我再全力冲刺一下。整体是这种阶梯式安排，一层一层走楼梯有多难?所以没什么大不了的，是吧?

But then, the funniest thing happened. Those first few months? They came and went, and I couldn't quite do stuff. So we had an awesome new revised plan.

And then --But then those middle months actually went by, and I didn't really write words, and so we were here.And then two months turned into one month, which turned into two weeks.

但后来，好笑的事情出现了，头几个月时光匆匆而逝，我还没有来得及动工，所以我们明智的调整了计划。然后，中间的几个月也过去了，我还是一个字也没有动，眨眼就到了这里，然后两个月变成了一个月，再变成了2周。

And one day I woke up with three days until the deadline, still not having written a word, and so I did the only thing I could: I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours, pulling not one but two all-nighters -- humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters -- sprinted across campus, dove in slow motion, and got it in just at the deadline.

一天我醒来，发现离交稿日期只剩3天了，但我还一个字都没写。我别无选择，只能在接下来的72小时里，连续通宵两个晚上赶论文——一般人不应连续通宵两个晚上。90页赶出来后，我飞速冲过校园，像电影中的特写慢镜头一样，恰好在截止日期前的最后一刻交上。

I thought that was the end of everything. But a week later I get a call, and it's the school. And they say, "Is this Tim Urban?" And I say, "Yeah." And they say, "We need to talk about your thesis." And I say, "OK." And they say, "It's the best one we've ever seen." That did notHappen S.r.l. Official Web Site NEWwas a very, very bad thesis. I just wanted to enjoy that one moment when all of you thought, "This guy is amazing!" No, no, it was very, very bad.

我以为事情就这么完了，但一周后，我接到一个电话，是学校打来的。他们说：“你是Tim Urban吗?”我说：“是。”他们说：“我们要说一说你的毕业论文。”我说：“好啊。”他们说：“这是我见过最棒的论文。”……当然不可能。论文非常非常的差劲。我只想享受下你们对我的崇拜，想听你们说：“这老兄太厉害了。”没有，其实写的非常差劲。

Anyway, today I'm a writer-blogger guy. I write the blog Wait But Why.And a couple of years ago, I decided to write about procrastination. My behavior has always perplexed the non-procrastinators around me, and I wanted to explain to the non-procrastinators of the world what goes on in the heads of procrastinators, and why we are the way we are.

不管怎样，我现在成为了一个博客写手，经营着“wait but why”这个博客。几年前，我决定写写拖延这件事。我的行为方式总让身边非拖延者感到不能理解。我很想对世界上非拖延者的人解释一下，我们拖延症患者的脑子是什么样的，为什么我们会拖延。

Now, I had a hypothesis that the brains of procrastinators were actually different than the brains of other people. And to test this, I found an MRI lab that actually let me scan both my brain and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator,so I could compare them. I actually brought them here to show you today. I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference. I know that if you're not a trained brain expert, it's not that obvious, but just take a look, OK? So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator. Now ... here's my brain.

首先我假设，拖延症患者的大脑实际上和其他人的大脑不一样。为了验证这一点，我找了家核磁共振实验室，给我和另一个确定是非拖延症的人，进行了脑部扫描，我好将二者进行对比，今天我带到现场，给大家展示一下。我希望大家仔细观察，看能不能注意到差异。我知道大家并非专业的大脑专家，较难看出他们的差异，但大家不妨先看一眼，如何? 这张是非拖延者的大脑，这张是我的大脑。

There is a difference. Both brains have a Rational Decision-Maker in them, but the procrastinator's brain also has an Instant Gratification Monkey. Now, what does this mean for the procrastinator? Well, it means everything's fine until this happens. [This is a perfect time to get some work done.] [Nope!] So the Rational Decision-Maker will make the rational decision to do something productive, but the Monkey doesn't like that plan, so he actually takes the wheel, and he says, "Actually, let's read the entire Wikipedia page of the Nancy Kerrigan/ Tonya Harding scandal, because I just remembered that that happened.

两张是有一点不同，两个大脑都有一个理性决策人，但在拖延症患者的大脑里，还有一个及时行乐的猴子。那这对拖延症患者来说意味着什么呢? 这意味着平时没什么异样，但一旦发生了以下的情况，理性的决策人做出理性的决策，要去做一些实际的工作，但猴子不喜欢这个计划，所以他抢过方向盘，说道：“说实话，我们还是去维基百科上查一查NKTH的丑闻吧。”因为我刚想起来还发生过这件事。

Then --Then we're going to go over to the fridge, to see if there's anything new in there since 10 minutes ago. After that, we're going to go on a YouTube spiral that starts with videos of Richard Feynman talking about magnets and ends much, much later with us watching interviews with Justin Bieber's mom. All of that's going to take a while, so we're not going to really have room on the schedule for any work today. Sorry!

然后我们会去翻冰箱，看看和十分钟前相比有没有什么新的东西。然后我们去youtobe看一连串的视频，从Richard Feynman谈论磁铁开始，一直到很久很久之后看到一个Justin Bieber妈妈的访谈才结束。以上这些事情都得花时间，所以我们今天没有时间再来工作了。

3

Now, what is going on here? The Instant Gratification Monkey does not seem like a guy you want behind the wheel. He lives entirely in the present moment. He has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future, and he only cares about two things: easy and fun. Now, in the animal world, that works fine. If you're a dog and you spend your whole life doing nothing other than easy and fun things, you're a huge success!

所以，到底发生了什么?这个及时行乐的猴子并非你希望控制方向的人，他完全生活在当下，没有过去的记忆，也没有未来的概念。他只关注两件事情：简单和开心。在动物界，这两点没有问题。如果你是一条狗，一辈子只追求一些简单和快乐的事，那就是巨大的成功了

And to the Monkey, humans are just another animal species. You have to keep well-slept, well-fed and propagating into the next generation, which in tribal times might have worked OK. But, if you haven't noticed, now we're not in tribal times. We're in an advanced civilization, and the Monkey does not know what that is. Which is why we have another guy in our brain, the Rational Decision-Maker, who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do. We can visualize the future. We can see the big picture.We can make long-term plans. And he wants to take all of that into account. And he wants to just have us do whatever makes sense to be doing right now.

但对猴子来说，人类是另外一个物种，你得正常睡眠、规律饮食、繁衍后代。在原始部落时代，这也没太大问题。但你注意到没有，现在并非原始部落时代，我们生活在一个现代文明社会中，而猴子完全不能理解这是什么意思，这也是为什么我们大脑中会有另外一个，理性的决策者，他使人类有能力做到其他动物无法做到的事情。我们能设想未来，可以从大局出发，制定长期计划，他可以把所有这些事考虑在内。希望让我们做出最合理的事情.

Now, sometimes it makes sense to be doing things that are easy and fun, like when you're having dinner or going to bed or enjoying well-earned leisure time. That's why there's an overlap. Sometimes they agree. But other times, it makes much more sense to be doing things that are harder and less pleasant, for the sake of the big picture. And that's when we have a conflict. And for the procrastinator, that conflict tends to end a certain way every time, leaving him spending a lot of time in this orange zone, an easy and fun place that's entirely out of the Makes Sense circle. I call it the Dark Playground.

有时，做一些简单开心的事情是很合理的，比如吃饭睡觉、享受赢得的休闲时光，所以二者也有重叠的部分。有时二者是一致的，但有些时候，从长远的角度来看，一些更困难不开心的事情，才是合理的事情，所以就出现了冲突。对拖延症患者来说，每次这种冲突到最后的结果都一样，都让他在这片橙色区域里耗费大量时间，这里很简单很开心，但完全不在合理圈的范围内，我将这个区域称为黑暗操场。

Now, the Dark Playground is a place that all of you procrastinators out there know very well. It's where leisure activities happen at times when leisure activities are not supposed to be happening. The fun you have in the Dark Playground isn't actually fun, because it's completely unearned, and the air is filled with guilt, dread, anxiety, self-hatred -- all of those good procrastinator feelings. And the question is, in this situation, with the Monkey behind the wheel, how does the procrastinator ever get himself over here to this blue zone, a less pleasant place, but where really important things happen?

这个黑暗操场，所有的拖延者患者都应该很熟悉，在这里发生了许多，本不应该在此时进行的休闲活动。你在黑暗操场获得的乐趣，实际并不有趣，因为这并非你应得的。这里的空气充满了内疚、恐惧、焦虑和自我憎恨——这些都是拖延症患者常有的情绪。所以问题是，在猴子掌握方向盘的情况下，拖延症患者如何进入这边的蓝色区域呢?这里虽然没有这么舒适，但进行的事情都非常重要。

Well, turns out the procrastinator has a guardian angel, someone who's always looking down on him and watching over him in his darkest moments -- someone called the Panic Monster. Now, the Panic Monster is dormant most of the time, but he suddenly wakes up anytime a deadline gets too close or there's danger of public embarrassment, a career disaster or some other scary consequence. And importantly, he's the only thing the Monkey is terrified of.

好吧, 原来拖拉者有一个守护天使, 一个总是低头看着他, 在他最黑暗的时刻看着他的人--有人叫这个惊慌的怪物。现在, 恐慌怪兽大部分时间都处于休眠状态, 但他突然在最后期限太近时醒来, 或者有公众困窘、职业灾难或其他可怕后果的危险。重要的是, 他是猴子唯一害怕的东西。

Now, he became very relevant in my life pretty recently, because the people of TED reached out to me about six months ago and invited me to do a TED Talk. Now, of course, I said yes. It's always been a dream of mine to have done a TED Talk in the past. But in the middle of all this excitement, the Rational Decision-Maker seemed to have something else on his mind.

最近, 惊慌在我的生活中变得非常重要, 因为 ted 的人在六月前联系了我，邀请我做 ted 演讲。当然, 我答应了。做次 TED 谈话过去一直是我的梦想。但在所有这些兴奋的中间, 理性的决策者似乎还有别的心事。

He was saying, "Are we clear on what we just accepted? Do we get what's going to be now happening one day in the future? We need to sit down and work on this right now." And the Monkey said, "Totally agree, but let's just open Google Earth and zoom in to the bottom of India, like 200 feet above the ground, and scroll up for two and a half hours til we get to the top of the country, so we can get a better feel for India." So that's what we did that day.

他说: "我们是否清楚我们刚刚接受了什么？我们是否会在将来的某一天发生什么？我们需要坐下来, 现在就做这项工作。猴子说, "完全同意, 但让我们打开谷歌地球和放大到印度的底部, 像200英尺以上的地面, 并滚动了两个半小时, 直到我们到达国家的顶端, 所以我们可以得到一个更好的感觉为印度。这就是我们那天所做的。

As six months turned into four and then two and then one, the people of TED decided to release the speakers. And I opened up the website, and there was my face staring right back at me. And guess who woke up? So the Panic Monster starts losing his mind, and a few seconds later, the whole system's in mayhem. And the Monkey -- remember, he's terrified of the Panic Monster -- boom, he's up the tree! And finally, finally, the Rational Decision-Maker can take the wheel and I can start working on the talk.

当六个月变成四个, 然后两个, 然后一个, TED 的人决定公布演讲人。我打开了网站, 我的脸正盯着我。你猜谁醒了？于是恐慌怪兽开始失去理智, 几秒钟后, 整个系统陷入混乱。还有那只猴子--记住, 他害怕惊恐的怪物--砰, 他在树上, 最后, 理性的决策者可以掌舵, 我可以开始工作了。

4

Now, the Panic Monster explains all kinds of pretty insane procrastinator behavior, like how someone like me could spend two weeks unable to start the opening sentence of a paper, and then miraculously find the unbelievable work ethic to stay up all night and write eight pages. And this entire situation, with the three characters -- this is the procrastinator's system. It's not pretty, but in the end, it works. This is what I decided to write about on the blog a couple of years ago.

现在, 恐慌怪兽解释了各种非常疯狂的拖拉行为, 像我这样的人怎么可能花两周的时间无法开始一篇论文开头的句子, 然后奇迹般地找到令人难以置信的职业道德, 熬夜写八页。 这整个情况, 与三字符-这是拖拉系统。它不漂亮, 但最终, 它的工作。这是我几年前决定在博客上写的。

And they were all writing, saying the same thing: "I have this problem too." But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post and the heaviness of these emails. These people were writing with intense frustration about what procrastination had done to their lives, about what this Monkey had done to them. And I thought about this, and I said, well, if the procrastinator's system works, then what's going on? Why are all of these people in such a dark place?

他们都在写, 说着同样的话: "我也有这个问题。但令我吃惊的是, 邮报的光色调和这些邮件的沉重对比。 这些人对拖延对他们的生活所做的事情感到强烈的沮丧, 这只猴子对他们做了什么。我想过这一点, 我说, 如果拖拉的系统起作用了, 那到底是怎么回事？为什么这些人都在这么黑的地方？

When I did, I was amazed by the response. Literally thousands of emails came in, from all different kinds of people from all over the world, doing all different kinds of things. These are people who were nurses, bankers, painters, engineers and lots and lots of PhD students. And they were all writing, saying the same thing: "I have this problem too." But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post and the heaviness of these emails. These people were writing with intense frustration about what procrastination had done to their lives, about what this Monkey had done to them. And I thought about this, and I said, well, if the procrastinator's system works, then what's going on? Why are all of these people in such a dark place?

从字面上成千上万的电子邮件来自世界各地的不同类型的人, 做各种不同的事情。 这些人是护士, 银行家, 画家, 工程师和许多博士学生。他们都在写同一句话：“我也有这个问题。”但真正让我感到触动的，是我博客的轻描淡写，和邮件的沉重文风之间的强烈对比。这些读者以非常沮丧的语言，告诉我拖延对他们的生活造成了哪些影响，告诉我猴子对他们都做了些什么。我思考了一下，问道，既然拖延症患者的系统是有效果的，那到底哪不对呢?为什么这些人都置身黑暗之中呢?

Well, it turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination. Everything I've talked about today, the examples I've given, they all have deadlines. And when there's deadlines, the effects of procrastination are contained to the short term because the Panic Monster gets involved. But there's a second kind of procrastination that happens in situations when there is no deadline. So if you wanted a career where you're a self-starter -- something in the arts, something entrepreneurial -- there's no deadlines on those things at first, because nothing's happening, not until you've gone out and done the hard work to get momentum, get things going.

原来，拖延分为两种，我今天所说的拖延和所举的例子，都是有截止日期的。一旦有了截止日期，拖延的影响会被限制在一定时期内，因为后期惊慌怪兽会出现，但还有第二种拖延，这种拖延是没有截止日期的，所以如果你想在一些领域内自学成才——比如学个艺术或者创个业——这些事情开始都是没有截止日期的，因为开始不会有什么变化，直到你拼尽全力，辛勤投入，才会有一点起色，你才能看到进展。

There's also all kinds of important things outside of your career that don't involve any deadlines, like seeing your family or exercising and taking care of your health, working on your relationship or getting out of a relationship that isn't working. Now if the procrastinator's only mechanism of doing these hard things is the Panic Monster, that's a problem, because in all of these non-deadline situations, the Panic Monster doesn't show up. He has nothing to wake up for, so the effects of procrastination, they're not contained; they just extend outward forever.

除了工作之外，还有很多其他重要的事情，也是没有截止日期的，比如看望家人、锻炼身体、保持健康、维系感情，或者从一段不合适的感情中抽身。如果说拖延症患者处理这些困难的唯一机制，是惊慌怪兽的话，那就有问题了，因为在这些没有截止日期的情况下，惊慌怪兽是不会现身的，没有唤醒他的条件，所以这一类拖延的后果是没有限制的，他们会不断地肆意延伸。

And it's this long-term kind of procrastination that's much less visible and much less talked about than the funnier, short-term deadline-based kind. It's usually suffered quietly and privately. And it can be the source of a huge amount of long-term unhappiness, and regrets.

和有截止日期的好笑的短期拖延相比，这种长时期的拖延，更不易被人察觉，也更少被谈论到，他常常在无声无息中折磨着人们，可以说是大部分长期抑郁和悔恨的根源。

And I thought, that's why those people are emailing, and that's why they're in such a bad place. It's not that they're cramming for some project. It's that long-term procrastination has made them feel like a spectator in their own lives. The frustration is not that they couldn't achieve their dreams; it's that they weren't even able to start chasing them.

我想，这也是为什么这些人会写信，为什么状态这么差的原因吧。他们并非在为某个项目临时抱佛脚，这种长期拖延使他们有时感觉，自己只是生活的旁观者，让他们沮丧的不是他们没有实现梦想，而是他们甚至还没有开始追寻梦想。

So I read these emails and I had a little bit of an epiphany -- that I don't think non-procrastinators exist.That's right -- I think all of you are procrastinators. Now, you might not all be a mess, like some of us, and some of you may have a healthy relationship with deadlines, but remember: the Monkey's sneakiest trick is when the deadlines aren't there.

我读着这些来信，忽然有一种顿悟——我觉得非拖延者是不存在的，没错，我认为你们所有人都是拖延者，当然你们可能不像，我们有些人这么混乱。你们有些人可能与截止日期保持着良性的关系。但记住：猴子最狡猾的伎俩，发生在没有截止日期的时候。

Now, I want to show you one last thing. I call this a Life Calendar. That's one box for every week of a 90-year life. That's not that many boxes, especially since we've already used a bunch of those. So I think we need to all take a long, hard look at that calendar. We need to think about what we're really procrastinating on, because everyone is procrastinating on something in life. We need to stay aware of the Instant Gratification Monkey. That's a job for all of us. And because there's not that many boxes on there, it's a job that should probably start today. Well, maybe not today, but ...You know. Sometime soon.

最后我想给大家看一个东西，我称之为“生命日历”。这里的每一个格子都代表90年生命中的一周，格子数并不是很多，尤其我们已经用掉了许多。我想我们需要好好花时间，认真看看这个日历。我们需要想一下，我们真正在拖延的是什么，因为每个人在生命中都有拖延一些东西，我们需要警惕及时行乐的猴子，这是我们所有人的任务。因为这里的格子数并不多，所以或许我们今天就应该行动起来，或许不一定是今天，而是尽快。

Thank you.

Part 2 How great leaders inspire action

一个伟大的领导者如何激发购买力

注解：

Simon Sinek has a simple but powerful model for inspirational leadership all starting with a golden circle and the question "Why?" His examples include Apple, Martin Luther King, and the Wright brothers -- and as a counterpoint Tivo, which (until a recent court victory that tripled its stock price) appeared to be struggling.

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How do you explain when things don't go as we assume? Or better, how do you explain when others are able to achieve things that seem to defy all of the assumptions? For example: Why is Apple so innovative? Year after year, after year, after year, they're more innovative than all their competition. And yet, they're just a computer company. They're just like everyone else. They have the same access to the same talent, the same agencies, the same consultants, the same media. Then why is it that they seem to have something different? Why is it that Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement? He wasn't the only man who suffered in a pre-civil rights America. And he certainly wasn't the only great orator of the day. Why him? And why is it that the Wright brothers were able to figure out control-powered, manned flight when there were certainly other teams who were better qualified, better funded, and they didn't achieve powered man flight, and the Wright brothers beat them to it. There's something else at play here.

你怎样解释当一些事情出乎我们意料的进行？或者说，你怎样解释当别人能成就一些看似不符合所有猜想的事？例如：为什么苹果那样创新？一年一年又一年，他们比他所有的竞争对手都要敢于创新。可是，他只是一家电脑公司。他们就象其他人一样。他们拥有同样的方法吸取同样的人才，拥有同样的代理商，同样的顾问，同样的媒体。但是为什么他们看上去会某些不同之处呢？为什么Martin Luther King领导公民权利运动？他不是唯一一个遭遇非公民待遇的美国公民。他无疑不只仅仅是那个时候伟大的演讲家。为什么是他？为什么怀特兄弟能够发明人造带动力控制的飞行器，而当时其他人无疑拥有更好的资格，更多资金，他们却没能完成人造动力飞行器，而怀特兄弟于这点打败了他们。这是因为有其他东西于此发挥作用。

About three and a half years ago I made a discovery, and this discovery profoundly changed my view on how I thought the world worked. And it even profoundly changed the way in which I operate in it. As it turns out -- there's a pattern -- as it turns out, all the great and inspiring leaders and organizations in the world, whether it's Apple, or Martin Luther King or the Wright brothers, they all think, act and communicate the exact same way. And it's complete opposite to everyone else. All I did was codify it. And it's probably the world's simplest idea. I call it the golden circle.

大约三年半之前，我有个新发现，这个发现深深的改变了我的对于我曾经认为这个世界如何运行的观点。并且它甚至深深的改变了我运营事物的方式。如它所示——这是一个图案——如这个所示，这个世界上所有伟大的有感染力的领导者们或者组织，无论是苹果，或者Martin Luther King或者怀特兄弟，他们都确切的以同一种方式思考，行动和交流。但是这个是完全不同于其他人的方式。所有我做的只是把他整理出来。并且这可能是世界上最简单的注意。我把它叫做黄金圆圈。

Why? How? What? This little idea explains why some organizations and some leaders are able to inspire where others aren't. Let me define the terms really quickly. Every single person, every single organization on the planet knows what they do, 100 percent. Some know how they do it, whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary process or your USP. But very, very few people or organizations know why they do what they do. And by "why" I don't mean "to make a profit." That's a result. It's always a result. By "why" I mean: what's your purpose? What's your cause? What's your belief? Why does your organization exist? Why do you get out of bed in the morning? And why should anyone care? Well, as a result, the way we think, the way we act, the way we communicate is from the outside in. It's obvious. We go from the clearest thing to the fuzziest thing. But the inspired leaders and the inspired organizations, regardless of their size, regardless of their industry, all think, act and communicate from the inside out.

为何？如何？是何？这个小模型就解释了为什么一些组织和一些领导者们能有能力鼓舞那些其他人不能做到的地方。让我快速的定义这些术语。每个人，每个单独的组织都百分之百的明白他们在做什么。其中一些知道如何去做，无论你们把他叫做你们的差异价值，或者是你们的独特工序，或者你们的专利。但是很少很少的人们或者组织知道为什么他们做他们所做的。这里的“为何”不是指“为利润”。利润是个结果。他总会是结果。而“为何”我所指的是：你的目的是什么？你的动机是什么？你的信仰是什么？为什么你的组织会出现？你为什么而在早上早起？为什么其他人需要在乎你的这些？那么，结果是，我们思考的方式，我们行动的方式，和我们交流的方式都是由外而内的。这个很明显，我们的方式都是从清晰的事物到模糊的事物。但是激励型领导者们和组织，不论他们的大小，行业，所有的思想，行动和交流都是自内于外的。

Let me give you an example. I use Apple because they're easy to understand and everybody gets it. If Apple were like everyone else, a marketing message from them might sound like this. "We make great computers. They're beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. Want to buy one?" Neh. And that's how most of us communicate. That's how most marketing is done. That's how most sales are done. And that's how most of us communicate interpersonally. We say what we do, we say how we're different or how we're better and we expect some sort of a behavior, a purchase, a vote, something like that. Here's our new law firm. We have the best lawyers with the biggest clients. We always perform for our clients who do business with us. Here's our new car. It gets great gas mileage. It has leather seats. Buy our car. But it's uninspiring.

让我给你们一个例子。我用苹果公司作为例子是因为他们很容易去理解，并且每个人都能理解。如果苹果公司如同其他公司一样，他们的市场营销信息就可能是这样。“我们做最棒的电脑。设计精美，使用简单，界面友好。你想要买一台吗？”不怎么样吧。这就是我们大部分人的交流方式。这就是大部分的市场营销所采取的。这也是大部分商家所采取的。这也是我们中大部分人于人际间的交流方式。我们说我们做什么工作的，我们说我们是何如与众不同，或者我们是如何的更优秀，然后我们就期待着别人的一些反应，一个购买力，一个投票支持，类似于这些的反应。这是我们新开的律师事务所。我们拥有最好的律师和最大的客户。我们总是能满足我们的客户们的要求。这是我们的新车型。非常省油。舒适的座椅。买我们的车吧。一点都不鼓舞人心 。

Here's how Apple actually communicates. "Everything we do, we believe in challenging the status quo. We believe in thinking differently. The way we challenge the status quo is by making our products beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. We just happen to make great computers. Want to buy one?" Totally different right? You're ready to buy a computer from me. All I did was reverse the order of information. What it proves to us is that people don't buy what you do; people buy why you do it. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

而这是苹果公司事实上如何交流的。“我们做的所有事，我们相信在挑战现状。我们相信用不同的方式思考。而我们挑战现状的方式就是我们开发我们的产品拥有精美的设计，使用简单，并且界面友好。我们让最棒的电脑得以呈现。你想要买一台吗？”完全不一样对吗？你们乐意从我这里购买一台电脑吗。我所做的只是将这些信息的顺序重新排列。这些证明了人们不想从你那里买你所做的产品；人们买的是你的信念和宗旨。人们买的不是你做的什么产品；他们买的是你做这些的信念和宗旨。

This explains why every single person in this room is perfectly comfortable buying a computer from Apple. But we're also perfectly comfortable buying an MP3 player from Apple, or a phone from Apple, or a DVR from Apple. But, as I said before, Apple's just a computer company. There's nothing that distinguishes them structurally from any of their competitors. Their competitors are all equally qualified to make all of these products. In fact, they tried. A few years ago, Gateway came out with flat screen TVs. They're eminently qualified to make flat screen TVs. They've been making flat screen monitors for years. Nobody bought one. Dell came out with MP3 players and PDAs. And they make great quality products. And they can make perfectly well-designed products. And nobody bought one. In fact, talking about it now, we can't even imagine buying an MP3 player from Dell. Why would you buy an MP3 player from a computer company? But we do it every day. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it. The goal is not to do business with everybody who needs what you have. The goal is to do business with people who believe what you believe. Here's the best part.

这个解释了每个在座的人为什么非常自然的要买一台苹果公司的电脑。但是我们同样非常自然的买一个苹果公司的MP3播放器，或者一部苹果电话，或者苹果DVR。但是如我之前所说，苹果公司只是一个计算机公司。从结构上没有什么能把它同其他竞争者区别开。它的竞争者都同样具备制作所有这样产品的资格和能力。而事实上，他们也尝试过，几年前，Gateway公司推出了平板电视机。他们非常能胜任生产制造平板电视。他们已经制造平板显示器许多年了。却没人购买。Dell公司推出了MP3播放器和掌上电脑。他们产品设计精良。却没人购买。事实上，现在来谈论这些，我们甚至无法想象买一台Dell的MP3播放器。你为什么会从一家电脑公司买一台MP3播放器呢？但是我们每天都在这么做。人们不会因为你做什么而购买；他们因为你做的产品的信念而购买。目标不是与每个需要你生产的人做生意。目标是与那些与你有共同景愿的人做生意。这就是最精彩的部分。

None of what I'm telling you is my opinion. It's all grounded in the tenets of biology. Not psychology, biology. If you look at a cross-section of the human brain, looking from the top down, What you see is the human brain is actually broken into three major components that correlate perfectly with the golden circle. Our newest brain, our homo sapien brain, our neocortex, corresponds with the "what" level. The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language. The middle two sections make up our limbic brains. And our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings, like trust and loyalty. It's also responsible for all human behavior, all decision-making, and it has no capacity for language.

我所告诉你们的这些都不是我自己的观点。这些观点都能从生物学里找到根源。不是心理学，而是生物学。如果你观察人类大脑的横截面，由上自下观察，你会发现人类大脑实际上是分成三个主要组成部分，而这三个部分和黄金圆圈匹配的非常好。我们最新的脑部，我们管辖智力的脑部，我们的大脑皮层，对应着“是什么”这个圆环。大脑皮层负责我们所有的理智和分析性思维和语言。中间的两个部分组成我们的边缘大脑。我们的边缘大脑负责于我们所有的感受，比如信任和忠诚。它还负责所有的人类行为，所有的决策，而他没有语言的能力。

In other words, when we communicate from the outside in, yes, people can understand vast amounts of complicated information like features and benefits and facts and figures. It just doesn't drive behavior. When we can communicate from the inside out, we're talking directly to the part of the brain that controls behavior, and then we allow people to rationalize it with the tangible things we say and do. This is where gut decisions come from. You know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, "I know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn't feel right." Why would we use that verb, it doesn't "feel" right? Because the part of the brain that controls decision-making, doesn't control language. And the best we can muster up is, "I don't know. It just doesn't feel right." Or sometimes you say you're leading with your heart, or you're leading with your soul. Well, I hate to break it to you, those aren't other body parts controlling your behavior. It's all happening here in you limbic brain, the part of the brain that controls decision-making and not language.

换句话说，当我们由外自内交流时，是的，人们能理解大量的复杂信息，比如特征，优点，事实和图标。但不会激发行为。当我们能由内自外的交流时，我们是直接同大脑负责控制行为的部分进行交流，然后我们通过一些我们所说和所做的实际的事物使得人们理性的思考这些。这就是内心决策的由来。你们知道，有时候你们给某人展示所有的事实和图表，他们会说，“我知道所有的事实和细节说明什么，但是就是感觉有什么不对。”为什么我们会用那个动词，“感觉”不对？因为我们大脑中负责控制决策的部分不负责控制语言。我们只好说，“我不知道，这个就是感觉不对。”或者有时候你们会说你是由你的内心所引导，或者由你的灵魂所引导。我不想对你们把这些观点分得太彻底，这些不是身体的其他部分在控制着你的行为。它全发生在你的边缘大脑里，大脑中控制决策但不负责语言的那部分。

But if you don't know why you do what you do, and people respond to why you do what you do, then how you ever get people to vote for you, or buy something from you, or, more importantly, be loyal and want to be a part of what it is that you do. Again, the goal is not just to sell to people who need what you have; the goal is to sell to people who believe what you believe. The goal is not just to hire people who need a job; it's to hired people who believe what you believe. I always say that, you know, if you hire people just because they can do a job, they'll work for your money, but if you hire people who believe what you believe, they'll work for your you with blood and sweat and tears. And nowhere else is there a better example of this than with the Wright brothers.

但是如果你不知道你问什么做你所有的，而人们对你所做事物的动机做出反应，然后，你曾如何得到人们对你的投票，或者从你购买某些东西，或者更正要的，忠诚的想要成为你所做事物或事业的一员。再者，目的不是仅仅出售给那些需要你所有用的物品的人们；目的是销售给那些同你拥有共同景愿的人们。目标不是仅仅雇佣那些需要工作的人们；是雇佣那些与你拥有同样景愿的人。我总是说，你们知道，如果你雇佣一个仅仅是因为他们能胜任这项工作的人，他们会为了你的钱而工作，但是如果你雇佣同你拥有共同景愿的人，他们会为你付出血汗，辛酸和泪水般的工作。这一点没有比怀特兄弟故事更好的例子了。

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Most people don't know about Samuel Pierpont Langley. And back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of powered man flight was like the dot com of the day. Everybody was trying it. And Samuel Pierpont Langley had, what we assume, to be the recipe for success. I mean, even now, you ask people, "Why did your product or why did your company fail?" and people always give you the same permutation of the same three things, under-capitalized, the wrong people, bad market conditions. It's always the same three things, so let's explore that. Samuel Pierpont Langley was given 50,000 dollars by the War Deptartment to figure out this flying machine. Money was no problem. He held a seat at Harvard and worked at the Smithsonian and was extremely well-connected. He knew all the big minds of the day. He hired the best minds money could find. And the market conditions were fantastic. The New York Times followed him around everywhere. And everyone was rooting for Langley. Then how come you've never heard of Samuel Pierpont Langley?

大部分人不知道Samuel Pierpont Langley这个人。然而回到20th世纪初期，投入人造农历飞行器的热情就象如今的网站一样热。每个人都在尝试它。Samuel Pierpont Langley拥有，我们认为，最能成功的要领。我的意思是，即使是现在，你问别人，“为什么你的产品或者你的公司失败了，破裂了？”人们总是给你同样的列出三样相同的东西：缺乏资金，用人不善，市场形势不好。总会是这三个原因，那么让我们仔细观察下。国防部投资Samuel Pierpont Langley 50，000美元作为研发飞行器。资金不是问题。他曾在哈佛工作过，也在Smithsonian工作过，并且人脉极广。他认识当时最优秀的人才。因此，他雇佣能用资金吸引到的最优秀的人才。并且当时的形势更是空前的出色。纽约时报时刻跟踪报道他。每个人都支持他。但是为什么你们连听都没听说过他呢？

A few hundred miles away in Dayton Ohio, Orville and Wilbur Wright, they had none of what we consider to be the recipe for success. They had no money. They paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop. Not a single person on the Wright brothers' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilbur. And the New York Times followed them around nowhere. The difference was, Orville and Wilbur were driven by a cause, by a purpose, by a belief. They believed that if they could figure out this flying machine, it'll change the course of the world. Samuel Pierpont Langley was different. He wanted to be rich, and he wanted to be famous. He was in pursuit of the result. He was in pursuit of the riches. And lo and behold, look what happened. The people who believed in the Wright brothers' dream, worked with them with blood and sweat and tears. The others just worked for the paycheck. And they tell stories of how every time the Wright brothers went out, they would have to take five sets of parts, because that's how many times they would crash before they came in for supper.

与此同时，几百英里外的俄亥俄洲Dayton小镇，Orville Wright和Wilbur Wright两兄弟，他们没有任何我们认为是成功的要素的基础。他们没有钱。他们把他们在单车店的收益作为梦想的资金。团队里没有一人受过大学教育，就连两兄弟一样也没有上过大学。没有纽约时报的跟踪报道。不同的是，怀特兄弟是发自内心的想去做这件事。他们相信，如果他们能够制造出飞行机器，那会改变世界前进的脚步。Samuel Pierpont Langley却不同。他想要变得富有，他想要出名。他在追求最终结果。他在追求富裕。看吧，看接下来怎么样。那些相信怀特兄弟梦想的人们，与他俩付出血汗，辛酸与泪水的工作。而另外的只是为了薪水支票而工作。后来流传的故事说，怀特兄弟每次出去工作，都必须带五组零件，因为那是他们回来吃晚饭前将会坠毁的次数。

And, eventually, on December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers took flight, and no one was there to even experience it. We found out about it a few days later. And further proof that Langley was motivated by the wrong thing, the day the Wright brothers took flight, he quit. He could have said, "That's an amazing discovery guys, and I will improve upon your technology," but he didn't. He wasn't first, he didn't get rich, he didn't get famous, so he quit.

最后，在1903年12月17日，怀特兄弟成功试飞，甚至没人在场见证这个。我们在数天之后才得知此消息。后来的事情进一步证明了Langley的动机不纯，他在怀特兄弟成功试飞的当天就辞职了。他本应该说：“这是一个伟大的发明，我将会改进你们的技术，”但是他没有。他不是第一个发明飞行器的人，他没能变的富有，他没能成为名人，因此他离开了。

People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it. And if you talk about what you believe, you will attract those who believe what you believe. But why is it important to attract those who believe what you believe? Something called the law of diffusion of innovation. And if you don't know the law, you definitely know the terminology. The first two and a half percent of our population are our innovators. The next 13 and a half percent of our population are our early adopters. The next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards. The only reason these people buy touch tone phones is because you can't buy rotary phones anymore.

(Laughter)

人们不会因为你做的而去购买；他们因为你的信念而去购买。如果你谈论你的信仰是什么，你将会吸引那些与有同样景愿的人。但是为什么吸引那些与你有同样景愿的人很重要呢？有种叫做创新的扩散的定律。如果你们不知道这个定律，你们肯定知道这个术语。首先，人口中2.5%是革新者。剩下的13.5%是我们早期的采纳者。接下来的34%是我们早期接受的大多数对象，晚接受的和迟钝的人。这部分最后行动的人买按键电话的唯一原因是因为他们再也买不到转盘电话了。（笑声）

We all sit at various places at various times on this scale, but what the law of diffusion of innovation tells us is that if you want mass-market success or mass-market acceptance of an idea, you cannot have it until you achieve this tipping point between 15 and 18 percent market penetration. And then the system tips. And I love asking businesses, "What's your conversion on new business?" And they love to tell you, "Oh, it's about 10 percent," proudly. Well, you can trip over 10 percent of the customers. We all have about 10 percent who just "get it." That's how we describe them, right. That's like that gut feeling, "Oh, they just get it." The problem is: How do you find the ones that get it before you're doing business with them versus the ones who don't get it? So it's this here, this little gap, that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, "crossing the chasm." Because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first. And these guys, the innovators and the early adopters, they're comfortable making those gut decisions. They're more comfortable making those intuitive decisions that are driven by what they believe about the world and not just what product is available.

虽然我都在不同的时间不同的地点在这个范围内，但是创新扩散定律告诉我们如果你想要在大众市场让一个点子成功或者被接受，在你获得15%到18%的市场渗透率这个转折点前是无法实现的。那时之后市场之门才会得以打开。我喜欢问一些公司，“你的新生意怎么样啊？”他们就喜欢很自豪的告诉你，“哦,大约是10%吧”。你可能抓住10%的客户后就难再上升了。我们都能那10%的客户“了解。”是的，这是我们如何描述他们的。那就象内心的感觉。“哦，他们就只是了解。”问题是：你如何发现那些在你与之做生意前能意会的，和那些没能意会的？那么就是这点缝隙，你必须填补这个小小的缝隙，如Jeffrey Moore把他叫做“跨越鸿沟”。因为，你知道，早期的大部分在某些人已经作为第一个尝试之前是不会去尝试某些事物的。这些人们，革新者和早期接受者，他们是很乐意尝试这个勇敢的决定。他们更乐意去做这些由他们对这个的信念和世界观的直觉去决定这些，而不是因为产品是什么样的。

These are the people who stood on line for six hours to buy an iPhone when they first came out, when you could have just walked into the store the next week and bought one off the shelf. These are the people 40,000 dollars on flat screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard. And, by the way, they didn't do it because the technology was so great. They did it for themselves. It's because they wanted to be first. People don't buy what you do; they buy what you do it. And what you do simply proves what you believe. In fact, people will do the things that prove what they believe. The reason that person bought the iPhone in the first six hours, stood in line for six hours, was because of what they believed about the world, and how they wanted everybody to see them. They were first. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

这是一批在iPhone刚出来时在网上等上六小时去购买的人，而其实你只要一星期后进入商店就能在货架上买到一个。这是一批在平板电脑刚出来时花40，000美元买上一台的人们，尽管当时技术还不够好。顺便说句，他们这么做的原因并不是当时产品技术很好。因为他们想成为第一个体验的人。人们不会因为你的产品而去购买；他们因为你的信念而去购买。你所做的不过是简单的表达了你的信念。事实上，人们会做那些表现他们信念的事。那些在iPhone刚出来的六个小时，去花上六个小时排队的人，是因为他们的世界观，出于别人怎么去想他们。他们作为第一批体验者购买不是因为你的产品，而是你的信念。

4

So let me give you a famous example, a famous failure and a famous success of the law of diffusion of innovation. First, the famous failure. It's a commercial example. As we said before, a second ago, the recipe for success is money and the right people and the right market conditions. Right. You should have success then. Look at TiVo. From the time TiVo came out, about eight or nine years ago, to this current day, they are the single highest-quality product on the market, hands down, there is no dispute. They were extremely well-funded. Market conditions were fantastic. I mean, we use TiVo as verb. I TiVo stuff on my piece of junk Time Warner DVR all the time.

那么让我给你们一个很著名的例子，一个关于创新扩散定律的著名的失败和著名的成功的例子。首先是这个著名的失败的例子。是一个商业例子。如我一秒之前所说的，成功的要素是资金，人才，和良好的市场环境。是的，接下来你应该成功。看看TiVo（数字视频公司）。自TiVo推出之时，大概是八年，九年以前，一直到如今，他们是唯一的最高品质的产品，没有争议。他们的资金实力非常雄厚。市场环境也极其之好。我的意思是，我们把TiVo作为一个动词。如我经常把东西蒂沃到我那台华纳数码视频录像机里面。

But TiVo's a commercial failure. They've never made money. And when they went IPO, their stock was at about 30 or 40 dollars and then plummeted, and it's never traded above 10. In fact, I don't even think it's traded above six, except for a couple of little spikes. Because you see, when TiVo launched their product, they told us all what they had. They said, "We have a product that pauses live TV, skips commercials, rewinds live TV and memorizes your viewing habits without you even asking." And the cynical majority said, "We don't believe you. We don't need it. We don't like it. You're scaring us." What if they had said, "If you're the kind of person who likes to have total control over every aspect of your life, boy, do we have a product for you. It pauses live TV, skips commercials, memorizes your viewing habits, etc., etc." People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it. And what you do simply serves as the proof of what you believe.

但TiVo却是一个商业上的失败。他们未曾赚一分钱。当他上市时，他们的股票大概在30或40美元，随后就暴跌，成交价没能超过10美元。事实上，我的印象中他的成交价没有超过6美元，除开一些小的震荡。因为你会发现，当TiVo发行他们的产品时，他们告诉我们的只是他们拥有什么产品。他们说道，“我们的产品能让直播电视得以暂停，跳过商业广告，恢复电视直播，并且不需要你的刻意设置就能记住你的收看习惯。”挑剔的人们就说了，“我们不相信你们。我们不需要你的产品。我们不喜欢他。你在吓唬我们。”但如果他们说，“如果你是想要完全掌控你生活方方面面的人，朋友，我们有你想要的产品。它能暂停直播节目，跳过广告，记忆你的收看习惯，等等等等。”人们不会因为你的产品而购买；他们因为你的信念而购买。你所做的仅仅是要证明你的信念而已。

Now let me give you a successful example of the law of diffusion of innovation. In the summer of 1963, 250,000 people showed up on the mall in Washington to hear Dr. King speak. They sent out no invitations, and there was no website to check the date. How do you do that? Well, Dr. King wasn't the only man in America who was a great orator. He wasn't the only man in America who suffered in a pre-civil rights America. In fact, some of his ideas were bad. But he had a gift. He didn't go around telling people what needed to change in America. He went around and told people what he believed. "I believe. I believe. I believe," he told people. And people who believed what he believed took his cause, and they made it their own, and they told people. And some of those people created structures to get the word out to even more people. And lo and behold, 250,000 people showed up on the right day, at the right time, to hear him speak.

现在让我给你们一个创新扩散定律成功的例子。1963年的夏天，250，000人出现在华盛顿广场前，只为听到Dr. King的演讲。他们未收到任何请帖，也没有网站能确定时间日期。他们怎么做到的呢？Dr. King不是美国唯一一个伟大的演讲家。他也不是唯一一个在民权法案出台前在美国遭受歧视的美国人。事实上，他的有些想法并不好。但是他有个天赋。他并没有到处给人们说美国需要改变什么。他只是到处告诉人们他相信什么。“我相信。我相信。我相信。”这是他告诉人们的。而那些与他有同样信念的人受到了他的启发，他们也开始把自己的信念告诉别人。有些人就建立起一些组织让这些话传给更多人。瞧，250，000人在那天准确的时间出现了，去聆听他的演讲。

How many of them showed up for him? Zero. They showed up for themselves. It's what they believed about America that got them to travel in a bus for eight hours, to stand in the sun in Washington in the middle of August. It's what they believed, and it wasn't about black versus white. 25 percent of the audience was white. Dr. King believed that there are two types of laws in this world, those that are made by a higher authority and those that are made by man. And not until all the laws that are made by man are consistent with the laws that are made by the higher authority, will we live in a just world. It just so happened that the Civil Rights Movement was the perfect thing to help him bring his cause to life. We followed, not for him, but for ourselves. And, by the way, he gave the "I have a dream" speech, not the "I have a plan" speech.

(Laughter)

有多少人是因为他而去的呢？没有。他们是为他们自己去的。是他们对美国的一种信念使得他们会坐八小时的公车到达，并且站在八月中旬的烈日下的华盛顿。是因为他们的信念，而不是因为黑人与白人的斗争。25%的听众是白人。Dr. King相信世界上有两种类型的法律，一种是上帝制定的，另一种则是人制定的。在人们制定的所有法律同上帝制定的法律完全一致之前，我们将会生活在一个公正的世界里。而公民权利运动则恰巧一个绝好的机会帮助他把这个信念实现。我们追随的不是他，而是我们自己。顺便说句，他发表了“我有一个梦想”的演讲，而不是“我有一个计划”的演讲。（笑声）

Listen to politicians now with their comprehensive 12-point plans. They're not inspiring anybody. Because there are leaders and there are those who lead. Leaders hold a position of power or authority. But those who lead inspire us. Whether they're individuals or organizations, we follow those who lead, not because we have to, but because we want to. We follow those who lead, not for them, but for ourselves. And it's those who start with "why" that have the ability to inspire those around them or find others who inspire them.

Thank you very much.

听听现在政治家提出的12点的大杂烩计划。他们没能鼓动任何人。因为一些是人当官的，一些是领袖。领导者拥有权利和身份。但是那些具有领袖气质的才能领导我们的，无论是个人或组织，我们追随那些领导者，不是因为我们必须追随，因为我们想要追随。我们追随的那些领导者，不是因为他，而是因为我们自己。也只有那些从 “为什么”这个圆圈出发的人 才有能力 激励周围的人， 或者找到能够激励他们的人。

非常感谢大家。

Part 3 How I held my breath for 17 minute

as a magician, i try to create images that make people stop and think. i also try to challenge myself to do things that doctors say are not possible. i was buried alive in new york city in a coffin, buried alive in a coffin in april, 1999, for a week. i lived there with nothing but water. and it ended up being so much fun that i decided i could pursue doing more of these things. the next one is i froze myself in a block of ice for three days and three nights in new york city. that one was way more difficult than i had expected. the one after that, i stood on top of a hundred foot pillar for 36 hours. i began to hallucinate so hard that the buildings that were behind me started to look like big animal heads. 　　

作为一个魔术师， 我总是尝试去创造一个现象 可以让人们驻足思考。 我也试着挑战自己 做一些医生看来不可能的事情。 我曾于1999年4月， 被埋在纽约一口棺材里 整整一个星期。 着一个礼拜仅靠水存活下来。 但结果是我从中获得极大的乐趣。 于是我决定去追求 实现更多这样的事。 下一次就是我把自己冻在一个大冰块里 整整三天三夜，地点是纽约。 那次要比我想象的困难许多。 接下来的一次，我站在一百多英尺高的柱子顶端 整整36个小时。 快结束时我开始产生非常强烈的幻觉 以至于我觉得身后的建筑看起来像巨型动物的头。 　　

so, next i went to london. in london i lived in a glass box for 44 days with nothing but water. it was, for me, one of the most difficult things i'd ever done, but it was also the most beautiful. there was so many skeptics, especially the press in london, that they started flying cheeseburgers on helicopters around my box to tempt me. (laughter) so, i felt very validated when the new england journal of medicine actually used the research for science. 　　

后来，我去了伦敦。 在伦敦，我在一个玻璃箱里生存了44天 也是除了水什么都没有。 对于我来说，这次是所有挑战中最艰难的一次， 但它仍然是非常美好的一次历程。 当时有许多持怀疑态度的人，尤其是伦敦的记者们， 他们坐直升机徘徊在我的玻璃箱周围 到处扔汉堡引诱我。 (笑声) 我通过这次活动被认可而感到非常高兴， 新英格兰医学杂志 还以此作为研究供科学参考。

My next pursuit was i wanted to see how long i could go without breathing, like how long i could survive with nothing, not even air. i didn't realize that it would become the most amazing journey of my life. 　　

我的下一个追求便是想试试不呼吸能坚持多久， 也就是说什么都没有的情况下我能活多久， 甚至没有空气。 我并没有意识到， 这一次成就了我生命中最美妙的旅程。 　　

As a young magician i was obsessed with Houdini and his underwater challenges. so, i began, early on, competing against the other kids, seeing how long i could stay underwater while they went up and down to breathe, you know, five times, while i stayed under on one breath. By the time i was a teenager i was able to hold my breath for three minutes and 30 seconds. I would later find out that was houdini's personal record. 　　作为一个年轻的魔术师 我沉迷于霍迪尼和他在水下屏气挑战。 孩童时候，我就开始与其他的孩子们比试， 看可以在水下待多久， 当他们得反复探头出水面呼吸， 大概5次之多，我却可以一直待在水下，完全不需要换气。。 当我是青少年的时候 我已经可以水下屏气达3分30秒之久， 后来我才发现那就是霍迪尼的个人纪录。 　　

in 1987 i heard of a story about a boy that fell through ice and was trapped under a river. he was underneath, not breathing for 45 minutes. when the rescue workers came they resuscitated him and there was no brain damage. his core temperature had dropped to 77 degrees. as a magician, i think everything is possible. and i think if something is done by one person it can be done by others. i started to think, if the boy could survive without breathing for that long, there must be a way that i could do it. 　　

在1987年，我听说了一个故事， 一个男孩掉进冰封的河里， 困于河底。 他45分钟内没有呼吸。 当救援人员赶到 抢救并唤醒他时，发现他并没有脑损伤， 他的心脏温度降至77度。 作为一个魔术师，我相信一切皆有可能。 我认为如果某个人可以做到某件事， 那么任何人都可以做到。 我开始思索，如果这个男孩 可以如此长时间不呼吸而活下来， 那么必定有某种途径让我也可以做到。 　　

so, i met with a top neurosurgeon. and i asked him, how long is it possible to go without breathing, like how long could i go without air? and he said to me that anything over six minutes you have a serious risk of hypoxic brain damage. so, i took that as a challenge, basically. (laughter) my first try, i figured that i could do something similar, and i created a water tank, and i filled it with ice and freezing cold water. and i stayed inside of that water tank hoping my core temperature would start to drop. and i was shivering. in my first attempt to hold my breath i couldn't even last a minute. so, i realized that was completely not going to work. 　　

于是我找了最好的神经科医师， 问他人若是不呼吸最长支撑多久， 也就是哪怕连空气都没有我能撑多久? 他告诉我，任何超过6分钟不呼吸的行为， 都会因缺氧而造成 严重脑损伤的危险。 那么毫无疑问，我便把它列入了我的挑战。 (笑声) 第一次试验，我打算模拟那个男孩遭遇的情况， 弄一个水缸， 注满彻骨的冰水， 然后就跳进那个水缸里， 希望我的体温可以下降。 当不住地时我颤抖。第一次尝试 我甚至连一分钟都坚持不了。 于是我意识到简单的模拟行不通， 　　

so, i went to talk to a doctor friend, and i asked him how could i do that? "i want to hold my breath for a really long time. how could it be done?" and he said, "david, you're a magician, create the illusion of not breathing, it will be much easier." (laughter) so, he came up with this idea of creating a rebreather, with a co2 scrubber, which was basically a tube from home depot, with a balloon duct-taped to it, that he thought we could put inside of me, and somehow be able to circulate the air and rebreathe with this thing in me. this is a little hard to watch. but this is that attempt. so, that clearly wasn't going to work. (laughter) 　　

我便找了一位医生朋友， 询问他我怎样才能屏气那么久， “我想在在水下长时间屏气。怎么样才可以做到呢?”我问他， 他回答，“大卫，你是魔术师， 设计一个不呼吸的假象岂不是更容易?” (笑声) 他想出这么个点子， 做一个内呼吸装置， 内置一个co2 涤气器， 其实基本上就是一个家用的管子， 再套一个气球仅此而已。 他认为可以把这个东西放到我身体里， 然后用某种方式可以循环空气达到再呼吸的目的。 他是这么把东西放进来的， 这过程看起来会不太舒服... 但那是一次尝试。 好了，很显然它是不会起作用的。 (笑声) 　　

then i actually started thinking about liquid breathing. there is a chemical that's called perflubron. and it's so high in oxygen levels that in theory you could breathe it. so, i got my hands on that chemical, filled the sink up with it, and stuck my face in the sink and tried to breathe that in, which was really impossible. it's basically like trying to breathe, as a doctor said, while having an elephant standing on your chest. so, that idea disappeared. 　　

接着我开始考虑 试试液体呼吸。 有一种叫全氟化合物的化学药剂， 含氧量特别高， 理论上你是可以用它来呼吸。 于是我打算尝试这种化学试剂， 将它灌满水缸，把脸浸在里面， 试着呼吸。 但那实在是不太可能， 基本上就如医生所说， 情况如同一头大象踩住你胸口的同时你还非得呼吸一样。 这个法子看来也行不通。 　　

then i started thinking, would it be possible to hook up a heart/lung bypass machine and have a surgery where it was a tube going into my artery, and then appear to not breathe while they were oxygenating my blood? which was another insane idea, obviously. 　　

接着我想到， 有没有可能在我的心脏和肺之间用机械搭桥， 然后做手术把管子放入动脉， 表面没有呼吸但事实上这些装备在为我的血液供氧? 但这显然又是另一个疯狂的想法。 　　

then i thought about the craziest idea of all the ideas: to actually do it. (laughter) to actually try to hold my breath past the point that doctors would consider you brain dead. so, i started researching into pearl divers. you know, because they go down for four minutes on one breath. and when i was researching pearl divers, i found the world of free-diving. it was the most amazing thing that i ever discovered, pretty much. there is many different aspects to free-diving. there is depth records, where people go as deep as they can. and then there is static apnea. that's holding your breath as long as you can in one place without moving. that was the one that i studied. 　

　后来，我想出了一个最疯狂的办法： 那就是，真刀真枪的来。 (笑声) 去真正憋气至那一刻， 那连医生都认为会脑死亡的时间。 于是我开始搜集 有关采珠人的信息。 因为他们可以只用一口气便在水下待4分钟之久。 而且当我在做采珠人调查时 我发现了另一番洞天--自由潜水。 它几乎可以说是我至今发现最奇妙的事。 自由潜水有很多种， 有深度记录的，人们可以潜到他们能达到的最大深度， 还有静止屏气， 就是能憋气多久就憋多久， 但必须静止在一个固定的地方。 那就是我调查的研究。 　　

the first thing that i learned is when you're holding your breath you should never move at all; that wastes energy. and that depletes oxygen, and it builds up co2 in your blood. so, i learned never to move. and i learned how to slow my heart rate down. i had to remain perfectly still and just relax and think that i wasn't in my body, and just control that. and then i learned how to purge. purging is basically hyperventilating. you blow in and out ... you do that, you get lightheaded, you get tingling. and you're really ridding your body of co2. so, when you hold your breath it's infinitely easier. then i learned that you have to take a huge breath, and just hold and relax and never let any air out, and just hold and relax through all the pain. 　

　我学到的第一个要领就是当你在屏气时 应该一动不动，否则会浪费能量， 消耗氧气， 并会使血液中的co2含量升高。所以我试着不去移动。 我也学到了怎样减缓我的心率。 必须去保证一动不动并且非常放松 想象自己已经不在身体里， 并且要持续保持。 然后我学了怎样净化呼吸， 净化呼吸实际上就是强力呼吸。 呼进，呼出 然后会感到眩晕，耳鸣， 这样就可以排除身体内的co2， 接着当你再屏气的时候，就会感到轻松。 然后我学到必须要吸很大的一口气， 憋住，放松，别让一点儿空漏出去， 憋着并放松着尝试忍过所有的痛苦感觉。 　　

every morning, this is for months, i would wake up and the first thing that i would do is i would hold my breath for, out of 52 minutes, i would hold my breath for 44 minutes. so, basically what that means is i would purge, i'd breath really hard for a minute. and i would hold, immediately after, for five and half minutes. then i would breath again for a minute, purging as hard as i can, then immediately after that i would hold again for five and half minutes. i would repeat this process eight times in a row. out of 52 minutes you're only breathing for eight minutes. at the end of that you're completely fried, your brain. you feel like you're walking around in a daze. and you have these awful headaches. basically, i'm not the best person to talk to when i'm doing that stuff. 　　

每天早晨，连续几个月， 我醒来第一件事 就是屏住呼吸 在52分钟内， 我能憋气44分钟。 那就是说我会用净化呼吸的方式， 用力的呼吸一分钟 然后就马上屏气5分半钟， 接着再用力呼吸一分钟， 使最大的力气去净化呼吸， 然后马上再一次屏住呼吸5分半钟。 我会连续重复这样的过程8次。 在52分钟内，我其实只呼吸8分钟。 在快要结束时，我觉得大脑快炸开了， 就好像在一片耀眼中行走， 头痛欲裂。 似乎我属于做的出却描述不出的人。 　　

i started learning about the world-record holder. his name is tom sietas. and this guy is perfectly built for holding his breath. he's six foot four. he's 160 pounds. and his total lung capacity is twice the size of an average person. i'm six foot one, and fat. we'll say big-boned. (laughter) i had to drop 50 pounds in three months. so, everything that i put into my body i considered as medicine. every bit of food was exactly what it was for its nutritional value. i ate really small controlled portions throughout the day. and i started to really adapt my body. (laughter) 　　

我开始了解到这个记录的保持者 叫汤姆 斯塔斯。 这家伙就像是为屏气而生的， 他有6尺4，160磅重。 而且他的肺活量是 正常人的2倍。 我呢，6尺1寸，很胖， 或者可以硬是说成骨架比较大。 (笑声) 所以我必须在三个月内减掉50磅。 所有放进我嘴里的东西 我都看作是药物， 每一小块食物都按照营养价值需要来吃。 一天内 我都保持吃非常小量的食物， 渐渐的我开始保持很好的状态了。 (笑声) 　　

the thinner i was, the longer i was able to hold my breath. and by eating so well and training so hard, my resting heart-rate dropped to 38 beats per minute. which is lower than most olympic athletes. in four months of training i was able to hold my breath for over seven minutes. i wanted to try holding my breath everywhere. i wanted to try it in the most extreme situations to see if i could slow my heart rate down under duress. (laughter) 　　

我越瘦，就越能长时间屏住呼吸。 通过饮食控制搭配艰苦的训练， 我的心率下降到每分钟38次， 比多数奥林匹克选手都要低。 在4个月的训练，我已经可以屏住呼吸 长达7分钟之久。 我在任何地方都训练屏气， 尝试在极端的环境下屏气 检验是否可能降低心率 在如此高压下。 (笑声) 　　

i decided that i was going to break the world record live on prime-time television. the world record was eight minutes and 58 seconds, held by tom sietas, that guy with the whale lungs i told you about. (laughter) i assumed that i could put a water tank at lincoln center and if i stayed there a week not eating, i would get comfortable in that situation and i would slow my metabolism, which i was sure would help me hold my breath longer than i had been able to do it. i was completely wrong. 　　

终于我准备好要打破世界纪录， 要在黄金时段的电视频道直播。 当时的世界纪录是8分58秒， 汤姆，斯塔斯始终保持，我告诉过你们那个家伙有鲸鱼一样大的肺。 (笑声) 我设想可以在林肯中心放一个巨型水缸 然后我不吃饭在那里面先待一个礼拜， 就会比较适应了， 并且新陈代谢也会缓慢下来， 我很肯定这样做可以 帮我更长时间的屏住呼吸。 显然我完全错了。 　

　i entered the sphere a week before the scheduled air date. and i thought everything seemed to be on track. two days before my big breath hold attempt, for the record, the producers of my television special thought that just watching somebody holding their breath, and almost drowning, is too boring for television. (laughter) so, i had to add handcuffs, while holding my breath, to escape from. this was a critical mistake. because of the movement i was wasting oxygen. and by seven minutes i had gone into these awful convulsions. by 7:08 i started to black out. and by seven minutes and 30 seconds they had to pull my body out and bring me back. i had failed on every level. (laughter) 　　

我提前一个礼拜去到中心， 感觉一切都渐渐上了轨道， 没想到的是，在破纪录憋气尝试的前两天， 电视制作人 突然觉得 光看人憋气像是快要淹死 对电视节目太过无聊。 (笑声) 于是我不得不加上手铐， 边屏气边试着挣脱它们。 这被证明是个极严重的错误。 开始后我因为挣脱的动作浪费了很多氧气， 到第7分钟我已经开始不住可怕的抽搐中。到7分08秒时，我开始失去知觉， 7分30秒的时候 他们必须把我拉出来进行抢救。 我输的一塌糊涂。 (笑声) 　

　so, naturally, the only way out of the slump that i could think of was, i decided to call oprah. (laughter) i told her that i wanted to up the ante and hold my breath longer than any human being ever had. this was a different record. this was a pure o2 static apnea record that guinness had set the world record at 13 minutes. so, basically you breath pure o2 first, oxygenating your body, flushing out co2, and you are able to hold much longer. i realized that my real competition was the beaver. (laughter) 　　

所以很自然唯一可以摆脱消沉 我可以想到的 就是去找奥普拉。 (笑声) 我告诉他我要提高赌注 我要屏住呼吸长过所有人。 这是个不同的记录， 这次是纯氧静止屏气记录， 由吉尼斯目前的13分钟为世界纪录。 也就是先吸入入纯氧, 充沛氧气，排出二氧化碳。 然后你就可以屏气更长时间。 当时我意识到，我真正的竞争者是-- 海狸。 (笑声) 　　

in january of '08 oprah gave me four months to prepare and train. so, i would sleep in a hypoxic tent every night. a hypoxic tent is a tent that simulates altitude at 15,000 feet. so, it's like base camp everest. what that does is, you start building up the red blood cell count in your body, which helps you carry oxygen better. every morning, again, after getting out of that tent your brain is completely wiped out. my first attempt on pure o2, i was able to go up to 15 minutes. so, it was a pretty big success. 　　

08年1月 奥普拉给了我4个月准备和训练。 我每晚睡在低氧舱里， 所谓低氧舱就是模拟 海拔15000尺的含氧量， 跟终极野营似的。 这么做的原因是， 可以累积体内红细胞的数目， 帮助你更好的保存氧气。 每个早晨，同样的，从低氧舱里出来时 大脑一片空白。 第一次尝试纯氧时，我已经可以屏气15分钟。 这已经算是不小的成功了。 　　

the neurosurgeon pulled me out of the water because in his mind, at 15 minutes your brain is done, you're brain dead. so, he pulled me up, and i was fine. there was one person there that was definitely not impressed. it was my ex-girlfriend. while i was breaking the record underwater for the first time, she was sifting through my blackberry, checking all my messages. (laughter) my brother had a picture of it. it is really ... (laughter) 　　

当那个神经外科医师把我从水里拉出来时相当震惊-- 在他看来，15分钟不呼吸 你的大脑就完了，脑死亡-- 可是当他把我拉出来，我却状态良好， 当时肯定有一个人是觉得没什么大不了， 就是我的前女友。当我在水下第一次打破纪录时， 她却在翻我的黑莓手机， 检查我所有的短信。 (笑声) 我哥哥拍了张当时的照片。那真的是... (笑声) 　　

i then announced that i was going to go for sietas' record, publicly. and what he did in response, is he went on regis and kelly, and broke his old record. then his main competitor went out and broke his record. so, he suddenly pushed the record up to 16 minutes and 32 seconds. which was three minutes longer than i had prepared. you know, it was longer than the record. 　

　终于我宣布 公开挑战斯塔斯的记录， 他所做的回应， 就是在regis and kelly节目中， 自己打破他以前的记录。 然后他的主要竞争者又出来，并再次打破记录。 这样，他突然将记录 16分32秒。 比我所做的准备长出3分钟。 你知道，比原来纪录长。 　　

now, i wanted to get the science times to document this. i wanted to get them to do a piece on it. so, i did what any person seriously pursuing scientific advancement would do. i walked into the new york times offices and did card tricks to everybody. (laughter) so, i don't know if it was the magic or the lore of the cayman islands, but john tierney flew down and did a piece on the seriousness of breath-holding. 　　

这下，我打算让科学时代杂志来报道这一切， 我希望他们也能参与， 于是，我做了任何一个 严谨探索科学的人都该做的事， 我走进纽约时报的办公室 给每个人表演纸牌魔术。 (笑声) 我不知道是魔术的原因还是开曼群岛的信仰， 约翰，第尔尼被说服了， 还写了一篇论屏住呼吸之严重性的报道。 　

　while he was there i tried to impress him, of course. and i did a dive down to 160 feet, which is basically the height of a 16 story building, and as i was coming up, i blacked out underwater, which is really dangerous; that's how you drown. luckily kirk had seen me and he swam over and pulled me up.

当他在那儿的时候，我试图给他深刻印象 于是我猛地下潜了160尺， 大概有16层楼那么高， 可我在上浮过程中，昏了过去， 那是相当危险的。那就是人们如何溺水的。 幸运的是克尔克看到我 他游过去把我救了上来。

So, i started full focus. i completely trained to get my breath hold time up for what i needed to do. but there was no way to prepare for the live television aspect of it, being on oprah. but in practice, i would do it face down, floating on the pool. but for tv they wanted me to be upright so they could see my face, basically. the other problem was the suit was so buoyant that they had to strap my feet in to keep me from floating up. so, i had to use my legs to hold my feet into the straps that were loose, which was a real problem for me. that made me extremely nervous, raising the heart rate. 　　

这下我开始全神贯注了。 我彻底严格的训练延长屏气时间， 做我该做的事。 但不可能完全按照将电视直播的方式而准备， 也就是那个奥普拉的节目。 练习中，我会面朝下，悬浮在水缸中， 但上电视时，他们却希望我面朝前， 以便观众看见我的脸。 另一个问题是， 那身衣服让我易悬浮， 所以他们不得不用皮带绑住我的脚保持我不至上浮， 同时我得用双腿帮助脚站稳在那个松松的皮带里面， 那对我来说是非常头疼的事， 因为它导致我极度紧张， 提高了心率。 　

　then, what they also did was, which we never did before, is there was a heart-rate monitor. and it was right next to the sphere. so, every time my heart would beat i'd hear the beep-beep-beep-beep, you know, the ticking, really loud. which was making me more nervous. and there is no way to slow my heart rate down. so, normally i would start at 38 beats per minute, and while holding my breath it would drop to 12 beats per minute, which is pretty unusual. (laughter) this time it started at 120 beats, and it never went down. 　　

除此之外，他们还装了， 我以前从未试过的，就是装了一个心率监测器 它就在放置在我的球型水缸旁边， 所以，每一次我心跳动时，都会听到哔哔的声音。 你知道，那个声音，非常吵。 它导致我更加紧张。 而且我竟然没有办法去降低心率。 一般情况下 我的心率是每分钟38次， 而且当我屏住呼吸时它会降到每分钟12次， 这是可是很不寻常的。 (笑声) 这一次，它却以每分钟120次作为开始， 再也没有降下去。 　

　i spent the first five minutes underwater desperately trying to slow my heart rate down. i was just sitting there thinking, "i've got to slow this down. i'm going to fail, i'm going to fail." and i was getting more nervous. and the heart rate just kept going up and up, all the way up to 150 beats. basically it's the same thing that created my downfall at lincoln center. it was a waste of o2. when i made it to the halfway mark, at eight minutes, i was 100 percent certain that i was not going to be able to make this. there was no way for me to do it. 　　在水下前5分钟 我疯狂的尝试降低心率， 当时我只不住地想，“我必须让心率减速 我要失败了，我要失败了。” 而且我越来越紧张。 心率一直飙升， 直到每分钟150次。 其实就是出现了和伦敦中心失败时一样的情况， 心跳过快浪费氧气. 当我坚持到一半的时候，大概8分钟时， 我已经百分百确定 我不会成功了。 我根本做不到。 　　

so, i figured, oprah had dedicated an hour to doing this breath hold thing, if i had cracked early it would be a whole show about how depressed i am. (laughter) so, i figured i'm better off just fighting and staying there until i black out, at least then they can pull me out and take care of me and all that. (laughter) 　

　然后，我想，奥普拉贡献一整个小时 来做这个水下屏气的节目。如果我早早失败了 它就会变成一个描述我失败后如何沮丧的节目。 (笑声) 所以，我发现我还是最好强撑着， 直到昏过去， 至少这样他们可以先把我拉出来再抢救什么的。 (笑声) 　

　i kept pushing to 10 minutes. at 10 minutes you start getting all these really strong tingling sensations in your fingers and toes. and i knew that that was blood shunting, when the blood rushes away from your extremities to provide oxygen to your vital organs. at 11 minutes i started feeling throbbing sensations in my legs, and my lips started to feel really strange. 　　

我一直坚持到10分钟，在第十分钟时 我开始有这种非常强烈的 手指和脚趾镇痛的感觉。 我知道那是血液分流， 也就是血液从肢端回流 去为重要的器官供氧。 在第11分钟，我开始感到 腿部的抽搐感， 而且嘴唇感觉奇怪。 　

　at minute 12 i started to have ringing in my ears, and i started to feel my arm going numb. and i'm a hypochondriac, and i remember

arm numb means heart attack. so, i started to really get really paranoid. then at 13 minutes, maybe because of the hypochondria. i started feeling pains all over my chest. it was awful. at 14 minutes, i had these awful contractions, like this urge to breathe. (laughter) 　　在第12分钟我开始耳鸣， 而且胳膊开始麻木。 我是个忧郁症患者，我记起任何的麻木意味着心脏病。 于是我开始恐慌起来。 然后在第13分钟，可能由于忧郁症， 我感到胸前巨痛。 太难受了。 在第14分钟， 我有一种强烈的欲望， 想要呼吸的欲望。 (笑声) 　

At 15 minutes i was suffering major o2 deprivation to the heart. and i started having ischemia to the heart. my heartbeat would go from 120, to 50, to 150, to 40, to 20, to 150 again. it would skip a beat. it would start. it would stop. and i felt all this. and i was sure that i was going to have a heart attack. so, at 16 minutes what i did is i slid my feet out because i knew that if i did go out, if i did have a heart attack, they'd have to jump into the binding and take my feet out before pulling me up. so, i was really nervous. 　　在第15分钟，我遭受 心脏缺氧的症状， 心脏开始供血不足， 心率从120， 下降到50，又从150到40，20，又到150. 它会忽然停跳一拍， 时而开始，时而停止。而且我能感受到这发生的一切。 我很确定我快要心脏病了。 于是在第16分钟，我把脚滑出扣带 因为我知道如果我确实要离开水面， 或是突发心脏病， 他们会先跳进来松开我的脚上的扣带 再拉我出水。所以我非常紧张。 　

　so, i let my feet out, and i started floating to the top. and i didn't take my head out. but i was just floating there waiting for my heart to stop, just waiting. they had doctors with the "pst," you know, so, sitting there waiting. and then suddenly i hear screaming. and i think that there is some weird thing -- that i had died or something had happened. and then i realized that i had made it to 16:32. so, with the energy of everybody that was there i decided to keep pushing. and i went to 17 minutes and four seconds. (applause) 　　我松开了我的脚，开始任由身体上浮， 但我没有把头伸出水面， 我只是，等待我心跳停止的那一刻... 等待着... 你知道他们有神经科的医生 坐在那里等着抢救我。 突然，我听到尖叫声， 我想一定是很疯狂的事发生了， 比如我死了之类的。 然而我突然意识到，我坚持到了16：32! 在场每一位观众释放出来给予我的能量 让我决定继续坚持... 我坚持到了,17分30秒。 (掌声) 　　

as though that wasn't enough, what i did immediately after is i went to quest labs and had them take every blood sample that they could to test for everything and to see where my levels were, so the doctors could use it, once again. i also didn't want anybody to question it. i had the world record and i wanted to make sure it was legitimate.

　　即使那还不够，在出来之后我立刻 去了实验室 他们尽可能地提取了各处的血液样本 以测试所有指标以及我的状况， 那样医生就可以把它们记录在案。 当然我不希望任何人怀疑， 我创造了世界纪录，我当然希望 确定它是堂堂正正的。 　

　so, i get to new york city the next day, and this kid walks up to me -- i'm walking out of the apple store -- this kid walks up to me he's like, "yo, d!" i'm like "yeah?" he said, "if you really held your breath that long, why'd you come out of the water dry?" i was like "what?" (laughter) and that's my life. so ... (laughter)

这样第二天我去了纽约， 有个小孩朝我走过来--我刚走出“苹果”-- 这孩子走向我，说，“嘿，大卫!” 我说“怎么了?” 他说，“如果你真的可以水下屏气那么久， 为什么你从水里出来的时候是干的?” 我没反应过来“什么?” (笑声) 这就是我的生活。你瞧... (笑声) 　

　as a magician i try to show things to people that seem impossible. and i think magic, whether i'm holding my breath or shuffling a deck of cards, is pretty simple. it's practice, it's training, and it's -- it's practice, it's training and experimenting, while pushing through the pain to be the best that i can be. and that's what magic is to me, so, thank you. (applause)

作为一个魔术师，我试着展现一些东西 那些看似不可能的事。 我认为魔术，不管是水下屏气 还是捣鼓一副纸牌， 道理都很简单。 就是练习，训练，以及... 就是练习，训练，以及不断尝试。 去强忍过那些极痛苦的时刻，做自己能做的一切。 这就是魔术对于我的意义。谢谢你们。 (掌声)

Level 7 unit 2

Part 1

演讲者：Diana Nyad

演讲题目：Never，ever give up（永不放弃）

1.It's the fifth time I stand on this shore, the Cuban shore, looking out at that distant horizon, believing, again, that I'm going to make it

这是我第五次站在这个海岸， 古巴海岸， 望着远处的地平线， 我再次相信 我可以

2.all the way across that vast, dangerous wilderness of an ocean.

穿越这一片广阔、 危险的海洋荒野。

3.Not only have I tried four times, but the greatest swimmers in the world have been trying since 1950, and it's still never been done.

不仅仅是我已经尝试了四次， 世界上其他伟大的游泳健将 自从1950年以来就开始尝试了， 而至今还没有人可以做到。

4.The team is proud of our four attempts.

我们的团队为前四次的尝试感到引以为豪。

5.It's an expedition of some 30 people.

它是大约30人组成的远征。

6.Bonnie is my best friend and head handler, who somehow summons will, that last drop of will within me, when I think it's gone, after many, many hours and days out there.

邦妮是我最好的朋友兼领队， 不知如何竟召唤起了我的勇气， 那最后一滴我以为已经消失了的勇气， 在经历过无数个外面的日日夜夜后。

7.The shark experts are the best in the world -- large predators below.

我们有着全世界最好的鲨鱼专家， 海底深处有大型的敌人。

8.The box jellyfish, the deadliest venom in all of the ocean, is in these waters, and I have come close to dying from them on a previous attempt.

有箱型水母， 海洋中最致命的毒液， 在这片海洋，这片水域里 我前一次尝试的时候差点因此死亡。 我前一次的尝试差点因此死亡。

9.The conditions themselves, besides the sheer distance of over 100 miles in the open ocean -- the currents and whirling eddies and the Gulf Stream itself, the most unpredictable

这些条件本身， 除了浩瀚海洋中100多英里的距离， 除了浩瀚海洋中100多英里的距离， 还有洋流和旋转的涡流， 和墨西哥湾流本身，是地球上

10.of all of the planet Earth.

最不可预知的。

11.And by the way, it's amusing to me that journalists and people before these attempts often ask me, 'Well, are you going to go with any boats

顺便说一句，我觉得很可笑的是 记者和一些人在这些尝试之前 经常问我： quot;那…你有带着任何船只

12.or any people or anything?'

或任何人或什么东西一起去吗？”

13.And I'm thinking, what are they imagining?

而我在想，他们到底都在想什么？

14.That I'll just sort of do some celestial navigation, and carry a bowie knife in my mouth, and I'll hunt fish and skin them alive and eat them,

以为我会运用什么天文导航 嘴里叼着一把猎刀， 亲自捕鱼，现场扒皮并食用吗？

15.and maybe drag a desalinization plant behind me for fresh water.

还是也许身后还拖着一个海水淡化装置 来换取淡水

16.(Laughter) Yes, I have a team. (Laughter) And the team is expert, and the team is courageous, and brimming with innovation and scientific discovery,

（笑声） 是的，我有一个团队。（笑声） 这个团队的人都是专家，他们非常勇敢， 而且溢满了创新力 与科学发现，

17.as is true with any major expedition on the planet.

地球上任何大型的远征都是这样的。

18.And we've been on a journey.

我们踏上了一个旅途。

19.And the debate has raged, hasn't it, since the Greeks, of isn't it what it's all about?

对此人们一直有激烈的争论， 自希腊人以来 难道不都是关于旅途吗？

20.Isn't life about the journey, not really the destination?

难道生活不就是关于旅途， 而不是目的地么？

21.And here we've been on this journey, and the truth is, it's been thrilling.

而我们一直都在这个旅途中， 事实是，这一路刺激极了。

22.We haven't reached that other shore, and still our sense of pride and commitment, unwavering commitment.

我们还没到达彼岸， 然而，我们有强烈的自豪感和决心， 坚定不移的决心。

23.When I turned 60, the dream was still alive from having tried this in my 20s, and dreamed it and imagined it.

我60岁的时候，那个梦还活着， 从20多岁时候的尝试， 到后来一直梦想着，想象着。

24.The most famous body of water on the Earth today, I imagine, Cuba to Florida.

我想，如今地球上最出名的水域 就是古巴到佛罗里达一带。

25.And it was deep. It was deep in my soul.

它很深，深到我的灵魂深处。

26.And when I turned 60, it wasn't so much about the athletic accomplishment, it wasn't the ego of 'I want to be the first.'

我60岁的时候， 它不再是关于那些竞技成就， 不是关于'我想要第一名'的自我。

27.That's always there and it's undeniable.

无可否认地，那个自我一直都在

28.But it was deeper. It was, how much life is there left?

但它更深。是关于生命还剩下多少时间？

29.Let's face it, we're all on a one-way street, aren't we, and what are we going to do?

我们承认吧。我们都在单行道上，不是吗？ 那我们应该怎么做呢？

30.What are we going to do as we go forward to have no regrets looking back?

我们应该做些什么才能在前进的路上 回头看时没有遗憾？

31.And all this past year in training, I had that Teddy Roosevelt quote to paraphrase it, floating around in my brain, and it says, 'You go ahead,

过去这一年训练的时候， 西奥多·罗斯福的一句话 一直在我的脑海回荡， 大致是：”你尽管，

32.you go ahead and sit back in your comfortable chair and you be the critic, you be the observer, while the brave one gets in the ring and engages

你尽管坐在你那舒服的椅子上， 你做个评论家，你做个观察员， 同时那个勇敢的人走上拳击台开始比赛，

33.and gets bloody and gets dirty and fails over and over and over again, but yet isn't afraid and isn't timid and lives life in a bold way.'

血流了下来，有点脏，他倒了下去， 一次又一次， 但是他不害怕不胆怯， 用一种勇敢的方式去生活。”

34.And so of course I want to make it across.

所以当然我想要跨越这一湾水。

35.It is the goal, and I should be so shallow to say that this year, the destination was even sweeter than the journey.

这是目标，我也坦率地跟大家说 今年，目的地尝到的滋味 比旅途更甜

36.(Laughter) (Applause) But the journey itself was worthwhile taking.

（笑声）（掌声） 但旅途本身是值得的。

37.And at this point, by this summer, everybody -- scientists, sports scientists, endurance experts, neurologists, my own team, Bonnie --

这个时候，今年夏天， 每个人——科学家、 运动科学家、 耐力专家、神经专家， 我自己的团队，邦妮 ——

38.said it's impossible.

都说这是不可能的。

39.It just simply can't be done, and Bonnie said to me, 'But if you're going to take the journey, I'm going to see you through to the end of it,

这是肯定做不到的。这时邦妮对我说， '但是如果你真的要踏上这个旅途， 我会从头到尾看着你，

40.so I'll be there.'

所以我会在的。“

41.And now we're there.

而我们就去了。

42.And as we're looking out, kind of a surreal moment before the first stroke, standing on the rocks at Marina Hemingway, the Cuban flag is flying above,

启程之前，我们一眼望去，感觉一切都是那么地不真实， 在划出去的前一刻 我们站在海明威码头的岩石上， 古巴旗帜在上空飘扬，

43.all my team's out in their boats, hands up in the air, 'We're here, we're here for you,'

我的团队在他们的船上， 手高高举起并说着：“我们在这里。我们会为你加油。”

44.Bonnie and I look at each other, and we say, this year, the mantra is -- and I've been using it in training -- find a way.

邦妮和我相互对望了一眼，我们说： 今年，我们的口头禅是—— 我在训练的时候也一直用它—— 找到出路。

45.You have a dream and you have obstacles in front of you, as we all do.

你有一个梦想， 你的前方有障碍，我们都一样。

46.None of us ever get through this life without heartache, without turmoil, and if you believe and you have faith and you can get knocked down and get back up again

没有一个人可以 不经历任何心痛、 任何动荡地走完人生， 如果你相信，如果你有任何信仰， 你可以被打倒再重新站起来，

47.and you believe in perseverance as a great human quality, you find your way, and Bonnie grabbed my shoulders, and she said, 'Let's find our way to Florida.'

你相信毅力 是人类最伟大的优点， 你会找到你的出路。邦妮抓住我的肩膀， 她说：“让我们找到去佛罗里达的路吧。”

48.And we started, and for the next 53 hours, it was an intense, unforgettable life experience.

接着我们出发了，接下来的53个小时 给我们带来了刺激的、令人难忘的人生经历。

49.The highs were high, the awe, I'm not a religious person, but I'll tell you, to be in the azure blue of the Gulf Stream as if, as you're breathing,

高处很高，还有敬畏， 我不是一个信教的人，但是我要告诉你的是， 身处在墨西哥湾流的湛蓝之中， 你一边呼吸，

50.you're looking down miles and miles and miles, to feel the majesty of this blue planet we live on, it's awe-inspiring.

一边看着前方无尽的一片， 感受到我们生活在的这个蓝色星球的雄伟， 真的让人叹为观止。

51.I have a playlist of about 85 songs, and especially in the middle of the night, and that night, because we use no lights -- lights attract jellyfish, lights attract sharks,

我有一个大概85首歌的播放列表， 特别是在半夜的时候， 那个晚上，因为我们没有灯光—— 灯光会引来水母、鲨鱼，

52.lights attract baitfish that attract sharks, so we go in the pitch black of the night.

灯光会引来那些鲨鱼喜欢的饵料鱼， 所以我们就在一片漆黑的黑夜中行进。

53.You've never seen black this black.

你从来没有见过这种黑暗。

54.You can't see the front of your hand, and the people on the boat, Bonnie and my team on the boat, they just hear the slapping of the arms,

你看不见自己眼前的手， 和船上的人， 邦妮的我的团队， 他们透过听到手臂拍打的声音，

55.and they know where I am, because there's no visual at all.

才知道我在哪里， 因为用肉眼是看不见的。

56.And I'm out there kind of tripping out on my little playlist.

而我就在那儿沉浸在 我的音乐里

57.(Laughter) I've got a tight rubber cap, so I don't hear a thing.

（笑声） 我戴着一个很紧的橡胶帽， 所以我什么也听不见。

58.I've got goggles and I'm turning my head 50 times a minute, and I'm singing, ? Imagine there's no heaven ?

我戴着泳镜， 一分钟内转50次头 而我在唱， ?想象没有天堂?

59.? doo doo doo doo doo ? ?doo doo doo doo doo?

60.? It's easy if you try ?

这不难，如果你尝试 ?

61.? doo doo doo doo doo ? ?doo doo doo doo doo?

62.And I can sing that song a thousand times in a row.

这个歌我可以连续唱上一千遍。

63.(Laughter) Now there's a talent unto itself.

（笑声） 我觉得这本身也是一种才能。

64.(Laughter) (Applause) And each time I get done with ? Ooh, you may say I'm a dreamer but I'm not the only one ?

（笑声）（掌声） 每一次到结尾的时候， ? 你可能说我是一个梦想家，但我不是唯一的 ?

65.? Imagine there's no heaven ?

想象没有天堂?

66.And when I get through the end of a thousand of John Lennon's 'Imagine,'

当我唱完一千遍的时候， 约翰列农的《想象》

67.I have swum nine hours and 45 minutes, exactly.

我已经游了9个小时45分钟， 丝毫不差。

68.And then there are the crises. Of course there are.

当然也有危机出现时候，当然有。

69.And the vomiting starts, the seawater, you're not well, you're wearing a jellyfish mask for the ultimate protection.

我开始呕吐， 还有海水，你感觉不舒服， 你戴着高效保护的水母面具。

70.It's difficult to swim in.

带着它更难游泳

71.It's causing abrasions on the inside of the mouth, but the tentacles can't get you.

导致你嘴巴里面出现磨损， 可是你不會再被水母觸角螫到

72.And the hypothermia sets in.

接着身体出现低温。

73.The water's 85 degrees, and yet you're losing weight and using calories, and as you come over toward the side of the boat, not allowed to touch it,

水温是85华氏度（约29摄氏度）?你的体重开始减轻 和消耗热量，当你慢慢靠近 船只边缘，不能触碰，

74.not allowed to get out, but Bonnie and her team hand me nutrition and asks me what I'm doing, am I all right, I am seeing the Taj Mahal over here.

不能放弃， 但是邦妮和团队递给我营养物质， 并问我怎么样，是否一切都好， 而我却看到了泰姬陵。

75.I'm in a very different state, and I'm thinking, wow, I never thought I'd be running into the Taj Mahal out here.

我已经进入了一个非常不同的境界， 我在想，天那，我从来没有想过 我会在这里看到泰姬陵。

76.It's gorgeous.

简直太美了。

77.I mean, how long did it take them to build that?

这，他们得用了多长时间才造出来啊？

78.It's just -- So, uh, wooo. (Laughter) And then we kind of have a cardinal rule that I'm never told, really, how far it is, because we don't know how far it is.

简直，简直——哇！（笑声） 我们有一个基本规则， 就是没有人会告诉我已经游了多远， 因为我们不知道。

79.What's going to happen to you between this point and that point?

从这里到那里会发生什么？ 从这里到那里会发生什么？

80.What's going to happen to the weather and the currents and, God forbid, you're stung when you don't think you could be stung in all this armor,

天气、洋流会怎么样？ 还有，上帝保佑， 當你以為在這身裝置下不會很安全，可是你就是被螫了

81.and Bonnie made a decision coming into that third morning that I was suffering and I was hanging on by a thread and she said, 'Come here,'

邦妮做了一个决定， 在第三个早上 那时我很痛苦， 我的生命悬在一线之间， 她说：”过来，“

82.and I came close to the boat, and she said, 'Look, look out there,'

我游到船边，她说， ”你看，你看那边，“

83.and I saw light, because the day's easier than the night, and I thought we were coming into day, and I saw a stream of white light along the horizon,

我看到了灯光，因为白天要比晚上好， 我以为我们已经进入白天了， 我看到一束白光， 沿着地平线

84.and I said, 'It's going to be morning soon.'

我说：”白天很快就到了。“

85.And she said, 'No, those are the lights of Key West.'

她说：”不，那是西礁岛的灯光。”

86.It was 15 more hours, which for most swimmers would be a long time.

还需要15个小时， 这对大部分游泳的人都是一段很长的时间。

87.(Laughter) (Applause) You have no idea how many 15-hour training swims I had done.

（笑声）（掌声） 你们不知道我经历过多少15个小时的游泳训练。

88.So here we go, and I somehow, without a decision, went into no counting of strokes and no singing and no quoting Stephen Hawking and the parameters of the universe,

所以我们又继续往前， 而我不知道怎么的，没有任何决定， 进入了不数划了多少下， 不唱歌，不引用斯蒂芬·霍金 及其宇宙参数，

89.I just went into thinking about this dream, and why, and how.

我只是开始想我的这个梦， 为什么，如何。

90.And as I said, when I turned 60, it wasn't about that concrete 'Can you do it?'

我说过，我60岁的时候， 它不再是关于那个具体的“你是否可以做到”，

91.That's the everyday machinations.

那是每天的策划，

92.That's the discipline, and it's the preparation, and there's a pride in that.

那是自我纪律，事前准备， 而这其中有自豪。

93.But I decided to think, as I went along, about, the phrase usually is reaching for the stars, and in my case, it's reaching for the horizon.

但是随着前进，我决定开始思考 通常人们是说，追逐星星， 而我的情况，则是追逐地平线。

94.And when you reach for the horizon, as I've proven, you may not get there, but what a tremendous build of character and spirit that you lay down.

而当你到达地平线的时候， 当然你也可能到达不了， 但是你建立了多么惊人的 人类特质和精神

95.What a foundation you lay down in reaching for those horizons.

在你追逐地平线的时候， 你搭下了坚实的地基。

96.And now the shore is coming, and there's just a little part of me that's sad.

现在慢慢接近海岸了， 我内心有一小部分开始难过。

97.The epic journey is going to be over.

这个史诗般的旅途就要结束了。

98.So many people come up to me now and say, 'What's next? We love that!

现在很多人走上前问我，“ “接下来你会做什么？我们爱死了。

99.That little tracker that was on the computer?

那个电脑上的小跟踪器？

100.When are you going to do the next one? We just can't wait to follow the next one.'

你什么时候会进行下一次冒险？ 我们迫不及待地想看你的下一次冒险。”

101.Well, they were just there for 53 hours, and I was there for years.

他们只花了53个小时在那里， 而我花了数年的时间。

102.And so there won't be another epic journey in the ocean.

所以不会再有这样的海上旅途了。

103.But the point is, and the point was that every day of our lives is epic, and I'll tell you, when I walked up onto that beach, staggered up onto that beach,

但是重点是， 我们生活的每一天都是壮丽的， 我要告诉你，当我走上那片海滩的时候， 踉跄着走上那片海滩，

104.and I had so many times in a very puffed up ego way, rehearsed what I would say on the beach.

我曾经很多次 自命不凡地 想象过我会在海滩上说什么。

105.When Bonnie thought that the back of my throat was swelling up, and she brought the medical team over to our boat to say that she's really beginning

当邦妮以为 我的喉部肿了， 她把医疗团队带到了我们的船上， 告诉他们

106.to have trouble breathing.

我呼吸有困难。

107.Another 12, 24 hours in the saltwater, the whole thing -- and I just thought in my hallucinatory moment, that I heard the word tracheotomy.

在盐水里待了12，14个小时后， 整件事情，我以为 在我幻想着的时候，我到了气管切开术。

108.(Laughter) And Bonnie said to the doctor, 'I'm not worried about her not breathing.

（笑声） 邦妮对医生说： “我不担心她不能呼吸。

109.If she can't talk when she gets to the shore, she's gonna be pissed off.'

如果她到达海岸的时候不能说话， 她会火冒三丈的。”

110.(Laughter) But the truth is, all those orations that I had practiced just to get myself through some training swims as motivation, it wasn't like that.

（笑声） 但事实是，那些我 练习了无数次的演说， 只为了激励自己训练的演说， 其实不是那样的。

111.It was a very real moment, with that crowd, with my team.

那是真实的一刻， 有人群，有我的团队。

112.We did it. I didn't do it. We did it.

我们做到了。不是我一个人，我们做到了。

113.And we'll never forget it. It'll always be part of us.

我们永远不会忘记。这会永远是我们的一部分。

114.And the three things that I did sort of blurt out when we got there, was first, 'Never, ever give up.'

当我们到达的时候，我脱口而出的说了三件事， 第一就是：”永远、永远不要放弃。“

115.I live it. What's the phrase from today from Socrates?

我经历过了。苏格拉底的那句话今天怎么说来着？

116.To be is to do.

想成為什麼就要行動

117.So I don't stand up and say, don't ever give up.

所以我是只站起来说永远不要放弃。

118.I didn't give up, and there was action behind these words.

我没有放弃，在这些话语背后是有行动的。

119.The second is, 'You can chase your dreams at any age; you're never too old.'

第二，”你可以在任何年纪追求你的梦想， 你永远不会太老。“

120.Sixty-four, that no one at any age, any gender, could ever do, has done it, and there's no doubt in my mind that I am at the prime of my life today.

64岁，没有人在这个年纪，不管男女， 可以做，做到了， 我没有丝毫怀疑 今天我正处于我生命的顶峰。

121.(Applause) Yeah.

（掌声） 是的。

122.Thank you.

谢谢。

123.And the third thing I said on that beach was, 'It looks like the most solitary endeavor in the world, and in many ways, of course, it is,

我在那个海滩上说的第三个东西是： '它看起来像世界上最孤独的努力， 在许多方面，确实如此。

124.and in other ways, and the most important ways, it's a team, and if you think I'm a badass, you want to meet Bonnie.'

但在其他方面，最重要的方面， 这是一个团队，如果你认为我很厉害， 你应该见见邦妮'。

125.(Laughter) Bonnie, where are you?

（笑声） 邦妮，你在哪里？

126.Where are you?

你在哪里？

127.There's Bonnie Stoll. (Applause) My buddy.

邦妮·斯托尔在那儿。（掌声） 我的伙伴。

128.The Henry David Thoreau quote goes, when you achieve your dreams, it's not so much what you get as who you have become in achieving them.

亨利·戴维·梭罗有句名言， 当你实现你的梦想的时候，关键并不是你得到了什么， 而是在最求的过程中你变成了什么样的人。

129.And yeah, I stand before you now.

是的，现在我站在你们面前，

130.In the three months since that swim ended, I've sat down with Oprah and I've been in President Obama's Oval Office.

那场游泳结束已经三个月了， 我和奥普拉谈过， 我去过奧巴马总统的椭圆形办公室。

131.I've been invited to speak in front of esteemed groups such as yourselves.

我被受邀给像你们这样受人尊敬的人群演讲。

132.I've signed a wonderful major book contract.

我签了一个出书的合同。

133.All of that's great, and I don't denigrate it.

这些都很好，我不会贬低它。

134.I'm proud of it all, but the truth is, I'm walking around tall because I am that bold, fearless person, and I will be, every day, until it's time for these days to be done.

我很自豪这一切，但事实是， 我可以挺起腰杆走路，因为我是那勇敢、 无畏的人，而我接下来每一天也都会是， 直到再无时间可剩。

135.Thank you very much and enjoy the conference.

谢谢大家。享受会议！

136.Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.

谢谢。谢谢。谢谢。（掌声） 谢谢。谢谢。谢谢。谢谢。

137.Thank you.

谢谢。

Level7 Unit2 Part2

The boiling river of the Amazon

亚马逊河的沸腾河流

by Andrés Ruzo

As a boy in Lima, my grandfather told me a legend of the Spanish conquest of Peru. Atahualpa, emperor of the Inca, had been captured and killed. Pizarro and his conquistadors had grown rich, and tales of their conquest and glory had reached Spain and was bringing new waves of Spaniards, hungry for gold and glory. They would go into towns and ask the Inca, "Where's another civilization we can conquer? Where's more gold?"

作为一个在利马的男孩，我的祖父告诉我一个关于西班牙征服秘鲁的传说。印加皇帝阿塔瓦尔帕被抓获并杀害。皮萨罗和他的征服者们发财了，他们征服和荣耀的故事已经传到了西班牙，并带来了新一波的西班牙人，渴望黄金和荣耀。他们会进入城镇问印加人，“我们能征服的另一个文明在哪里？”黄金在哪里？”

And the Inca, out of vengeance, told them, "Go to the Amazon. You'll find all the gold you want there. In fact, there is a city called Paititi -- El Dorado in Spanish -- made entirely of gold."

印加人出于报复，对他们说：“去亚马逊河。”你会找到所有你想要的金子。事实上，在西班牙有一个叫Paititi的城市，是用黄金打造的。

The Spanish set off into the jungle, but the few that return come back with stories, stories of powerful shamans, of warriors with poisoned arrows, of trees so tall they blotted out the sun, spiders that ate birds, snakes that swallowed men whole and a river that boiled.

西班牙人出发进入丛林，但少数回来的故事，故事的强大的萨满，勇士与毒箭，树高，他们遮住了太阳，蜘蛛，吃鸟，一条蛇吞了人，一条河开了。

All this became a childhood memory. And years passed. I'm working on my PhD at SMU, trying to understand Peru's geothermal energy potential, when I remember this legend, and I began asking that question. Could the boiling river exist?

这一切都成了童年的记忆。几年过去了。我在SMU攻读博士学位，试图了解秘鲁的地热能潜力，当我想起这个传说时，我开始问这个问题。沸腾的河流会存在吗？

I asked colleagues from universities, the government, oil, gas and mining companies, and the answer was a unanimous no. And this makes sense. You see, boiling rivers do exist in the world, but they're generally associated with volcanoes. You need a powerful heat source to produce such a large geothermal manifestation. And as you can see from the red dots here, which are volcanoes, we don't have volcanoes in the Amazon, nor in most of Peru. So it follows: We should not expect to see a boiling river.

我问来自大学、政府、石油、天然气和矿业公司的同事，答案是一致的。这是有道理的。你看，沸腾的河流确实存在于世界上，但它们通常与火山有关。你需要一个强大的热源来产生这么大的地热能。你可以从这里的红点看到，这是火山，我们没有在亚马逊的火山，也没有在秘鲁的大部分。因此，我们不应该期望看到一条沸腾的河流。

Telling this same story at a family dinner, my aunt tells me, "But no, Andrés, I've been there. I've swum in that river."

在一次家宴上讲同样的故事，我阿姨告诉我，“但是，没有，安德雷，我去过那里。我在那条河里游泳。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Then my uncle jumps in. "No, Andrés, she's not kidding. You see, you can only swim in it after a very heavy rain, and it's protected by a powerful shaman. Your aunt, she's friends with his wife."

然后我叔叔跳了进来。“不，安德雷，她不是在开玩笑。你看，你只能在一场大雨之后在里面游泳，而且它被一个强大的萨满保护着。你的姨妈，她和他的妻子是朋友。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"¿Cómo?" ["Huh?"]

"¿Cómo?" ["Huh?"]

You know, despite all my scientific skepticism, I found myself hiking into the jungle, guided by my aunt, over 700 kilometers away from the nearest volcanic center, and well, honestly, mentally preparing myself to behold the legendary "warm stream of the Amazon."

你知道，尽管我有很多科学上的怀疑，但我还是在我姑妈的指导下，徒步穿越了离最近的火山中心700多公里的丛林，而且，老实说，心里准备着去看那传说中的“亚马逊河暖流”。

But then ... I heard something, a low surge that got louder and louder as we came closer. It sounded like ocean waves constantly crashing, and as we got closer, I saw smoke, vapor, coming up through the trees. And then, I saw this.

但是……我听到一些东西，一个低的浪涌，当我们走近时，声音越来越大。它听起来像海浪不断撞击，当我们走近时，我看到烟雾，蒸气，从树上冒出来。然后，我看到了这个。

I immediately grabbed for my thermometer, and the average temperatures in the river were 86 degrees C. This is not quite the 100-degree C boiling but definitely close enough. The river flowed hot and fast. I followed it upriver and was led by, actually, the shaman's apprentice to the most sacred site on the river. And this is what's bizarre -- It starts off as a cold stream. And here, at this site, is the home of the Yacumama, mother of the waters, a giant serpent spirit who births hot and cold water. And here we find a hot spring, mixing with cold stream water underneath her protective motherly jaws and thus bringing their legends to life.

我立刻抓起我的温度计，河水的平均温度是摄氏86度。这不是相当于100摄氏度的沸腾，但绝对足够接近。河水又热又快。我跟着它向上游走去，事实上，萨满的学徒来到了河上最神圣的地方。奇怪的是，它开始时是一股冷流。在这里，在这个地点，是亚库马的家，水的母亲，一个巨大的蛇精神谁出生热和冷水。在这里，我们找到了一个温泉，在她保护的母亲的下颚下，混合着冰冷的溪水，从而将他们的传说带到了生活中。

The next morning, I woke up and --

第二天早上，我醒来，

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I asked for tea. I was handed a mug, a tea bag and, well, pointed towards the river. To my surprise, the water was clean and had a pleasant taste, which is a little weird for geothermal systems.

我要茶。我被递给一个杯子，一个茶包，而且，嗯，指向河。令我惊讶的是，水是干净的，有一个愉快的味道，这是一个有点奇怪的地热系统。

What was amazing is that the locals had always known about this place, and that I was by no means the first outsider to see it. It was just part of their everyday life. They drink its water. They take in its vapor. They cook with it, clean with it, even make their medicines with it.

令人惊奇的是，当地人一直都知道这个地方，我决不是第一个看到它的外人。这只是他们日常生活的一部分。他们喝它的水。他们吸收了它的蒸气。他们用它做饭，用它清洁，甚至用它做药品。

I met the shaman, and he seemed like an extension of the river and his jungle. He asked for my intentions and listened carefully. Then, to my tremendous relief -- I was freaking out, to be honest with you -- a smile began to snake across his face, and he just laughed.

我遇到了萨满，他看起来像是河流和丛林的延伸。他问我的意图，仔细听了。然后，对我的巨大的解脱--我吓坏了，对你诚实--一个微笑开始在他脸上掠过，他只是笑了。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I had received the shaman's blessing to study the river, on the condition that after I take the water samples and analyze them in my lab, wherever I was in the world, that I pour the waters back into the ground so that, as the shaman said, the waters could find their way back home.

我收到了萨满的祝福来研究这条河，条件是我在我的实验室里采集水样并进行分析后，无论我在世界上的什么地方，我把水倒在地上，正如萨满所说，水可以找到回家的路。

I've been back every year since that first visit in 2011, and the fieldwork has been exhilarating, demanding and at times dangerous. One story was even featured in National Geographic Magazine. I was trapped on a small rock about the size of a sheet of paper in sandals and board shorts, in between an 80 degree C river and a hot spring that, well, looked like this, close to boiling. And on top of that, it was Amazon rain forest. Pshh, pouring rain, couldn't see a thing. The temperature differential made it all white. It was a whiteout. Intense.

自从2011年第一次访问以来，我每年都会回来，实地工作一直很愉快，要求很高，有时也很危险。《国家地理》杂志甚至刊登了一个故事。我被困在一块小岩石上，大约有一张纸的大小，在一条凉鞋和一条短裤上，在一条80度的C河和一个温泉之间，很好，看起来像这样，接近沸腾。最重要的是亚马逊雨林。嘘，倾盆大雨，什么也看不见。温差使它变白了。那是一个白色的。紧张。

Now, after years of work, I'll soon be submitting my geophysical and geochemical studies for publication. And I'd like to share, today, with all of you here, on the TED stage, for the first time, some of these discoveries.

现在，经过多年的工作，我很快将提交我的地球物理和地球化学研究出版。今天，我想和你们大家一起，在TED的舞台上，第一次，一些这些发现。

Well, first off, it's not a legend. Surprise!

首先，这不是一个传说。真想不到！

(Laughter)

（笑声）

When I first started the research, the satellite imagery was too low-resolution to be meaningful. There were just no good maps. Thanks to the support of the Google Earth team, I now have this. Not only that, the indigenous name of the river, Shanay-timpishka, "boiled with the heat of the sun," indicating that I'm not the first to wonder why the river boils, and showing that humanity has always sought to explain the world around us.

当我第一次开始研究时，卫星图像分辨率太低，不太有意义。没有好的地图。多亏了Google Earth团队的支持，我现在有了这个。不仅如此，这条河的土著名字——山奈·蒂皮什卡，“随着太阳的热而沸腾”，这表明我不是第一个想知道为什么河水会沸腾的人，并显示人类一直在试图解释我们周围的世界。

So why does the river boil?

那河水为什么会沸腾？

(Bubbling sounds)

（冒泡的声音）

It actually took me three years to get that footage.

我花了三年时间才弄到那个镜头。

Fault-fed hot springs. As we have hot blood running through our veins and arteries, so, too, the earth has hot water running through its cracks and faults. Where these arteries come to the surface, these earth arteries, we'll get geothermal manifestations: fumaroles, hot springs and in our case, the boiling river.

有故障的温泉。当我们的血液流过我们的血管和动脉时，地球也有热水流过它的裂缝和断层。这些动脉到达表面，这些地球的动脉，我们将得到地热的表现：喷气孔，温泉和我们的情况下，沸腾的河流。

What's truly incredible, though, is the scale of this place. Next time you cross the road, think about this. The river flows wider than a two-lane road along most of its path. It flows hot for 6.24 kilometers. Truly impressive. There are thermal pools larger than this TED stage, and that waterfall that you see there is six meters tall -- and all with near-boiling water.

但真正令人难以置信的是这个地方的规模。下次你过马路的时候，想想这个。这条河的大部分道路都比一条双线道宽。它的温度为6.24公里。真令人印象深刻。有比这个TED阶段更大的热水池，你看到的瀑布有6米高，所有的都靠近沸腾的水。

We mapped the temperatures along the river, and this was by far the most demanding part of the fieldwork. And the results were just awesome. Sorry -- the geoscientist in me coming out. And it showed this amazing trend. You see, the river starts off cold. It then heats up, cools back down, heats up, cools back down, heats up again, and then has this beautiful decay curve until it smashes into this cold river.

我们绘制了沿河的温度，这是迄今为止野外工作中最需要的部分。结果真是太棒了。对不起，我的地球科学家出来了。它显示了这一惊人的趋势。你看，这条河开始变冷了。然后加热，冷却下来，加热，冷却下来，再加热，然后有这个美丽的衰变曲线，直到它粉碎到这寒冷的河流。

Now, I understand not all of you are geothermal scientists, so to put it in more everyday terms: Everyone loves coffee. Yes? Good. Your regular cup of coffee, 54 degrees C, an extra-hot one, well, 60. So, put in coffee shop terms, the boiling river plots like this. There you have your hot coffee. Here you have your extra-hot coffee, and you can see that there's a bit point there where the river is still hotter than even the extra-hot coffee. And these are average water temperatures. We took these in the dry season to ensure the purest geothermal temperatures.

现在，我不知道你们所有人都是地热科学家，所以把它放在日常生活中：每个人都喜欢咖啡。是吗？好的。你的普通咖啡，54摄氏度，一个额外的热的，嗯，60。所以，放在咖啡店的术语，像这样的沸腾的河流。你有热咖啡。这里有你的额外的热咖啡，你可以看到有一点，那里的河流仍然比热咖啡更热。这些是平均水温。我们在旱季采取这些措施，以确保最纯净的地热温度。

But there's a magic number here that's not being shown, and that number is 47 degrees C, because that's where things start to hurt, and I know this from very personal experience. Above that temperature, you don't want to get in that water. You need to be careful. It can be deadly.

但是这里有一个不被显示的神奇数字，那个数字是47摄氏度，因为这是开始伤害的地方，我从非常个人的经验中知道这一点。在那温度之上，你不想进入那水里。你需要小心。它可能是致命的。

I've seen all sorts of animals fall in, and what's shocking to me, is the process is pretty much the same. So they fall in and the first thing to go are the eyes. Eyes, apparently, cook very quickly. They turn this milky-white color. The stream is carrying them. They're trying to swim out, but their meat is cooking on the bone because it's so hot. So they're losing power, losing power, until finally they get to a point where hot water goes into their mouths and they cook from the inside out.

我看到过各种各样的动物，我感到震惊的是，这个过程几乎是一样的。所以他们掉进去的第一件事就是眼睛。显然，眼睛很快就会烧起来。它们变成了乳白色。这条小溪正在运送它们。他们想游出去，但他们的肉在骨头上煮，因为它很热。所以他们正在失去权力，失去权力，直到最后他们到达一个点，热水进入他们的嘴里，他们从里面煮出来。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

A bit sadistic, aren't we? Jeez. Leave them marinating for a little longer. What's, again, amazing are these temperatures. They're similar to things that I've seen on volcanoes all over the world and even super-volcanoes like Yellowstone.

有点虐待狂，不是吗？天哪。让他们再多泡一会儿。这些温度又是惊人的。它们和我在世界各地的火山上看到的相似，甚至是像黄石公园这样的超级火山。

But here's the thing: the data is showing that the boiling river exists independent of volcanism. It's neither magmatic or volcanic in origin, and again, over 700 kilometers away from the nearest volcanic center.

但事情是这样的：数据显示，沸腾的河流与火山活动无关。这不是岩浆或火山的起源，又一次，距离最近的火山中心700多公里。

How can a boiling river exist like this? I've asked geothermal experts and volcanologists for years, and I'm still unable to find another non-volcanic geothermal system of this magnitude. It's unique. It's special on a global scale. So, still -- how does it work? Where do we get this heat? There's still more research to be done to better constrain the problem and better understand the system, but from what the data is telling us now, it looks to be the result of a large hydrothermal system.

一条沸腾的河流怎么能这样存在呢？我已经问了地热专家和火山学家多年，我仍然无法找到另一个非火山地热系统。这是独一无二的。它在全球范围内是特别的。那么，它是如何工作的？我们在哪里得到这种热量？还有更多的研究要做，以更好地约束问题，更好地理解系统，但从数据告诉我们现在，它看起来是一个大型水热系统的结果。

Basically, it works like this: So, the deeper you go into the earth, the hotter it gets. We refer to this as the geothermal gradient. The waters could be coming from as far away as glaciers in the Andes, then seeping down deep into the earth and coming out to form the boiling river after getting heated up from the geothermal gradient, all due to this unique geologic setting.

基本上，它是这样运作的：所以，你进入地球越深，它就越热。我们称之为地温梯度。水可能从安第斯山脉的冰川中流出，然后深入地下，从地温梯度升温后形成沸腾的河流，都是由于这个独特的地质背景。

Now, we found that in and around the river -- this is working with colleagues from National Geographic, Dr. Spencer Wells, and Dr. Jon Eisen from UC Davis -- we genetically sequenced the extremophile lifeforms living in and around the river, and have found new lifeforms, unique species living in the boiling river.

现在，我们发现在河的周围--这是和国家地理的同事斯宾塞·韦尔斯博士合作的，来自加州大学戴维斯分校的乔恩·艾森博士——我们对生活在河中和周围的极端微生物的生命形式进行了基因排序，发现了新的生命形式，生活在沸腾的河流中的独特物种。

But again, despite all of these studies, all of these discoveries and the legends, a question remains: What is the significance of the boiling river? What is the significance of this stationary cloud that always hovers over this patch of jungle? And what is the significance of a detail in a childhood legend?

但是，尽管所有这些研究，所有这些发现和传说，一个问题仍然存在：什么是沸腾的河流的意义？这个静止的云在这片丛林上空盘旋的意义是什么？在童年的传说中，细节的意义是什么？

To the shaman and his community, it's a sacred site. To me, as a geoscientist, it's a unique geothermal phenomenon. But to the illegal loggers and cattle farmers, it's just another resource to exploit. And to the Peruvian government, it's just another stretch of unprotected land ready for development.

对萨满和他的社区来说，这是一个神圣的场所。对我来说，作为一个地球科学家，这是一个独特的地热现象。但对于非法伐木者和养牛者来说，这只是另一种剥削的资源。而对于秘鲁政府来说，这只是另一片未受保护的土地，准备发展。

My goal is to ensure that whoever controls this land understands the boiling river's uniqueness and significance. Because that's the question, one of significance. And the thing there is, we define significance. It's us. We have that power. We are the ones who draw that line between the sacred and the trivial. And in this age, where everything seems mapped, measured and studied, in this age of information, I remind you all that discoveries are not just made in the black void of the unknown but in the white noise of overwhelming data.

我的目标是确保任何控制这片土地的人都能理解沸腾的河流的独特性和意义。因为这是一个重要的问题。还有就是，我们定义了意义。是我们。我们有这种能力。我们是那些在神圣与琐碎之间划出界限的人。在这个时代，在这个信息时代，一切似乎都被映射、测量和研究，我提醒你们所有的发现不仅仅是在未知的黑色虚空中，而是在压倒性数据的白噪声中。

There remains so much to explore. We live in an incredible world. So go out. Be curious. Because we do live in a world where shamans still sing to the spirits of the jungle, where rivers do boil and where legends do come to life.

还有很多要探索的东西。我们生活在一个不可思议的世界里。所以出去吧。好奇。因为我们生活在一个巫师们仍在向丛林的精灵歌唱的世界里，在那里河流沸腾，传说在那里复活。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Level7 Unit2 Part3

Machine intelligence makes human morals more important

机器智能使人类道德更重要

by Zeynep Tufekci

So, I started my first job as a computer programmer in my very first year of college -- basically, as a teenager.

所以，我在大学一年级时就开始了我的第一份电脑程序员的工作，基本上是一个十几岁的孩子。

Soon after I started working, writing software in a company, a manager who worked at the company came down to where I was, and he whispered to me, "Can he tell if I'm lying?" There was nobody else in the room.

我开始工作后不久，在一家公司写软件，一位在公司工作的经理来到我所在的地方，他低声对我说：“他能告诉我我在撒谎吗？”房间里没有其他人。

"Can who tell if you're lying? And why are we whispering?"

“谁能告诉我你在撒谎？我们为什么要窃窃私语？”

The manager pointed at the computer in the room. "Can he tell if I'm lying?" Well, that manager was having an affair with the receptionist.

经理指着房间里的电脑。“他能告诉我我在撒谎吗？”嗯，那个经理和接待员有暧昧关系。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And I was still a teenager. So I whisper-shouted back to him, "Yes, the computer can tell if you're lying."

我还是个十几岁的孩子。于是我小声地对他喊道：“是的，电脑能分辨出你在撒谎。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well, I laughed, but actually, the laugh's on me. Nowadays, there are computational systems that can suss out emotional states and even lying from processing human faces. Advertisers and even governments are very interested.

嗯，我笑了，但事实上，我笑了。现在，有一些计算系统可以解决情绪状态，甚至可以从处理人脸上撒谎。广告商甚至政府都很感兴趣。

I had become a computer programmer because I was one of those kids crazy about math and science. But somewhere along the line I'd learned about nuclear weapons, and I'd gotten really concerned with the ethics of science. I was troubled. However, because of family circumstances, I also needed to start working as soon as possible. So I thought to myself, hey, let me pick a technical field where I can get a job easily and where I don't have to deal with any troublesome questions of ethics. So I picked computers.

我已经成为一名电脑程序员，因为我是一个对数学和科学着迷的孩子。但我在某个地方学到了核武器，我真的很关心科学的伦理学。我很烦恼。然而，由于家庭情况，我也需要尽快开始工作。因此，我想，嘿，让我选择一个技术领域，我可以轻松地找到一份工作，在那里我不需要处理任何棘手的道德问题。所以我选择了电脑。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well, ha, ha, ha! All the laughs are on me. Nowadays, computer scientists are building platforms that control what a billion people see every day. They're developing cars that could decide who to run over. They're even building machines, weapons, that might kill human beings in war. It's ethics all the way down.

哈，哈，哈！所有的笑声都在我身上。如今，计算机科学家正在构建一个平台，控制着每天有十亿人看到的东西。他们正在开发可以决定谁来跑的汽车。他们甚至制造机器，武器，可能会在战争中杀死人类。这是道德的一路下滑。

Machine intelligence is here. We're now using computation to make all sort of decisions, but also new kinds of decisions. We're asking questions to computation that have no single right answers, that are subjective and open-ended and value-laden.

机器智能在这里。我们现在使用计算来做所有的决定，但也有新的决定。我们问的问题是没有一个正确答案的计算，这是主观的，开放的和价值的。

We're asking questions like, "Who should the company hire?" "Which update from which friend should you be shown?" "Which convict is more likely to reoffend?" "Which news item or movie should be recommended to people?"

我们在问这样的问题：“公司应该雇佣谁？”“你应该从哪个朋友那里得到更新？”“哪一个犯人更有可能重新犯罪？”“应该向人们推荐哪种新闻或电影？”

Look, yes, we've been using computers for a while, but this is different. This is a historical twist, because we cannot anchor computation for such subjective decisions the way we can anchor computation for flying airplanes, building bridges, going to the moon. Are airplanes safer? Did the bridge sway and fall? There, we have agreed-upon, fairly clear benchmarks, and we have laws of nature to guide us. We have no such anchors and benchmarks for decisions in messy human affairs.

看，是的，我们已经使用了一段时间的电脑，但这是不同的。这是一个历史的转折，因为我们不能锚定计算这样的主观决定的方式，我们可以锚定计算的飞行飞机，建造桥梁，去月球。飞机安全吗？这座桥摇晃了吗？在那里，我们已经达成一致，相当明确的基准，我们有自然法则来指导我们。在混乱的人类事务中，我们没有这样的锚定和基准。

To make things more complicated, our software is getting more powerful, but it's also getting less transparent and more complex. Recently, in the past decade, complex algorithms have made great strides. They can recognize human faces. They can decipher handwriting. They can detect credit card fraud and block spam and they can translate between languages. They can detect tumors in medical imaging. They can beat humans in chess and Go.

为了使事情变得更复杂，我们的软件变得越来越强大，但它也变得越来越不透明，越来越复杂。最近，在过去的十年中，复杂的算法取得了很大的进步。他们可以识别人脸。他们能辨认笔迹。他们可以检测信用卡诈骗和阻止垃圾邮件，他们可以翻译之间的语言。他们可以在医学影像中发现肿瘤。他们可以在国际象棋中击败人类。

Much of this progress comes from a method called "machine learning." Machine learning is different than traditional programming, where you give the computer detailed, exact, painstaking instructions. It's more like you take the system and you feed it lots of data, including unstructured data, like the kind we generate in our digital lives. And the system learns by churning through this data. And also, crucially, these systems don't operate under a single-answer logic. They don't produce a simple answer; it's more probabilistic: "This one is probably more like what you're looking for."

这种进步很大程度上来自一种叫做“机器学习”的方法。机器学习不同于传统编程，在那里你给计算机详细、精确、细致的指令。它更像是你采取的系统，你喂它大量的数据，包括非结构化数据，像我们在我们的数字生活中产生的那种。系统通过这些数据来学习。而且，关键的是，这些系统不在一个单一的答案逻辑下运作。他们并没有给出一个简单的答案，而是更多的概率：“这一个可能更像你正在寻找的。”

Now, the upside is: this method is really powerful. The head of Google's AI systems called it, "the unreasonable effectiveness of data." The downside is, we don't really understand what the system learned. In fact, that's its power. This is less like giving instructions to a computer; it's more like training a puppy-machine-creature we don't really understand or control. So this is our problem. It's a problem when this artificial intelligence system gets things wrong. It's also a problem when it gets things right, because we don't even know which is which when it's a subjective problem. We don't know what this thing is thinking.

现在，好处是：这种方法真的很强大。谷歌的人工智能系统的负责人称之为“数据的不合理有效性”。缺点是，我们并不真正理解系统所学到的东西。事实上，这就是它的力量。这不像是给电脑指令，更像是训练 puppy-machine-creature 我们并不真正理解或控制。这就是我们的问题。当这种人工智能系统出错时，这是个问题。这也是一个问题，当它得到正确的东西，因为我们甚至不知道这是什么时候，这是一个主观的问题。我们不知道这是什么想法。

So, consider a hiring algorithm -- a system used to hire people, using machine-learning systems. Such a system would have been trained on previous employees' data and instructed to find and hire people like the existing high performers in the company. Sounds good. I once attended a conference that brought together human resources managers and executives, high-level people, using such systems in hiring. They were super excited. They thought that this would make hiring more objective, less biased, and give women and minorities a better shot against biased human managers.

因此，考虑一种雇佣算法——一种用来雇佣人的系统，使用机器学习系统。这样的系统将被培训在以前的员工的数据，并指示找到和雇用的人，如现有的高绩效的公司。听起来不错。我曾经参加过一个会议，汇集了人力资源经理和高级管理人员，高层人员，在招聘中使用这种系统。他们非常兴奋。他们认为这会使招聘更加客观，减少偏见，给女性和少数群体一个更好的机会来对付有偏见的人类管理者。

And look -- human hiring is biased. I know. I mean, in one of my early jobs as a programmer, my immediate manager would sometimes come down to where I was really early in the morning or really late in the afternoon, and she'd say, "Zeynep, let's go to lunch!" I'd be puzzled by the weird timing. It's 4pm. Lunch? I was broke, so free lunch. I always went. I later realized what was happening. My immediate managers had not confessed to their higher-ups that the programmer they hired for a serious job was a teen girl who wore jeans and sneakers to work. I was doing a good job, I just looked wrong and was the wrong age and gender.

看，人的雇佣是有偏见的。我知道。我的意思是，在我作为一名程序员的早期工作中，我的直属经理有时会到我真正早到的地方，或者是在下午很晚的时候，她会说：“Zeynep，我们去吃午饭吧！”我会被奇怪的时间所迷惑。下午四点。午餐？我破产了，所以免费的午餐。我总是去。后来我意识到发生了什么。我的直属经理们还没有承认他们的上司，他们雇用的一个严肃的工作是一个十几岁的女孩穿着牛仔裤和运动鞋上班。我做得很好，我只是看起来错了，是错误的年龄和性别。

So hiring in a gender- and race-blind way certainly sounds good to me. But with these systems, it is more complicated, and here's why: Currently, computational systems can infer all sorts of things about you from your digital crumbs, even if you have not disclosed those things. They can infer your sexual orientation, your personality traits, your political leanings. They have predictive power with high levels of accuracy. Remember -- for things you haven't even disclosed. This is inference.

因此，在一个性别和种族的盲目的方式雇用听起来对我很好。但是，随着这些系统，它是更复杂的，这就是为什么：目前，计算系统可以推断出各种各样的事情，你从你的数字面包屑，即使你没有透露这些东西。他们可以推断出你的性取向，你的个性特征，你的政治倾向。他们具有高精度的预测能力。记住--对于你还没有透露的事情。这是推理。

I have a friend who developed such computational systems to predict the likelihood of clinical or postpartum depression from social media data. The results are impressive. Her system can predict the likelihood of depression months before the onset of any symptoms -- months before. No symptoms, there's prediction. She hopes it will be used for early intervention. Great! But now put this in the context of hiring.

我有一个朋友开发了这样的计算系统，从社会媒体数据预测临床或产后抑郁症的可能性。结果令人印象深刻。她的系统可以预测几个月前出现任何症状之前的抑郁的可能性。没有症状，有预测她希望这将被用于早期干预。太棒了！但现在把这放在招聘的背景下。

So at this human resources managers conference, I approached a high-level manager in a very large company, and I said to her, "Look, what if, unbeknownst to you, your system is weeding out people with high future likelihood of depression? They're not depressed now, just maybe in the future, more likely. What if it's weeding out women more likely to be pregnant in the next year or two but aren't pregnant now? What if it's hiring aggressive people because that's your workplace culture?" You can't tell this by looking at gender breakdowns. Those may be balanced. And since this is machine learning, not traditional coding, there is no variable there labeled "higher risk of depression," "higher risk of pregnancy," "aggressive guy scale." Not only do you not know what your system is selecting on, you don't even know where to begin to look. It's a black box. It has predictive power, but you don't understand it.

所以在这次人力资源经理会议上，我找了一家非常大的公司的高级经理，我对她说：“看，如果你不知道，你的系统正在淘汰那些未来可能有抑郁症的人呢？他们现在不沮丧，只是可能在未来，更有可能。如果在接下来的一年或两年内淘汰妇女更可能怀孕，但现在又没有怀孕怎么办？如果它雇佣有侵略性的人，因为那是你的工作场所文化？”你不能通过看性别问题来判断。这些可能是平衡的。而且由于这是机器学习，而不是传统的编码，没有可变的标签“高风险的抑郁症，”“更高的风险怀孕，”“侵略性的家伙规模。”不仅你不知道你的系统在选择什么，你甚至不知道从哪里开始看。它是一个黑匣子。它具有预测力，但你不理解它。

"What safeguards," I asked, "do you have to make sure that your black box isn't doing something shady?" She looked at me as if I had just stepped on 10 puppy tails.

“什么保障措施，”我问，“你必须确保你的黑匣子没有做什么可疑的事情？”她看着我，好像我刚刚踩了10条小狗的尾巴。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

She stared at me and she said, "I don't want to hear another word about this." And she turned around and walked away. Mind you -- she wasn't rude. It was clearly: what I don't know isn't my problem, go away, death stare.

她盯着我，她说：“我不想再听到这个消息了。”她转身走开了。注意你--她并不粗鲁。很明显：我不知道的不是我的问题，走开，死亡凝视。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Look, such a system may even be less biased than human managers in some ways. And it could make monetary sense. But it could also lead to a steady but stealthy shutting out of the job market of people with higher risk of depression. Is this the kind of society we want to build, without even knowing we've done this, because we turned decision-making to machines we don't totally understand?

看，这样的系统在某些方面甚至可能比人类管理者有更少的偏见。这可能会使货币变得有意义。但这也可能导致一个稳定但却悄无声息的退出就业市场的人，有更高的忧郁症风险。这是我们想要建立的社会，甚至不知道我们已经这样做了，因为我们把决策变成了我们不完全理解的机器？

Another problem is this: these systems are often trained on data generated by our actions, human imprints. Well, they could just be reflecting our biases, and these systems could be picking up on our biases and amplifying them and showing them back to us, while we're telling ourselves, "We're just doing objective, neutral computation."

另一个问题是：这些系统通常是由我们的行为、人类印记所产生的数据训练的。嗯，他们可能只是反映了我们的偏见，这些系统可能会发现我们的偏见，放大他们，并让他们回到我们，而我们告诉自己，“我们只是做客观的，中立的计算。”

Researchers found that on Google, women are less likely than men to be shown job ads for high-paying jobs. And searching for African-American names is more likely to bring up ads suggesting criminal history, even when there is none. Such hidden biases and black-box algorithms that researchers uncover sometimes but sometimes we don't know, can have life-altering consequences.

研究人员发现，在谷歌上，女性比男性更不可能在高薪职位上招聘广告。而寻找非裔美国人的名字更可能带来犯罪历史的广告，即使没有。研究人员有时会发现这种隐藏的偏见和黑箱算法，但有时我们不知道，会有改变生活的结果。

In Wisconsin, a defendant was sentenced to six years in prison for evading the police. You may not know this, but algorithms are increasingly used in parole and sentencing decisions. He wanted to know: How is this score calculated? It's a commercial black box. The company refused to have its algorithm be challenged in open court. But ProPublica, an investigative nonprofit, audited that very algorithm with what public data they could find, and found that its outcomes were biased and its predictive power was dismal, barely better than chance, and it was wrongly labeling black defendants as future criminals at twice the rate of white defendants.

在威斯康星州，一名被告因躲避警察被判六年监禁。你可能不知道这一点，但算法越来越多地用于假释和判决决定。他想知道：这是怎么计算的？它是一个商业黑匣子。该公司拒绝在公开法庭上对其算法提出质疑。但是ProPublica，一个调查性的非营利组织，对他们所能发现的公共数据进行了审计，发现其结果是有偏见的，其预测能力是令人沮丧的，几乎没有机会，并且错误地把黑人被告作为未来的犯罪分子，是白人被告的两倍。

So, consider this case: This woman was late picking up her godsister from a school in Broward County, Florida, running down the street with a friend of hers. They spotted an unlocked kid's bike and a scooter on a porch and foolishly jumped on it. As they were speeding off, a woman came out and said, "Hey! That's my kid's bike!" They dropped it, they walked away, but they were arrested.

所以，考虑一下这个案例：这个女人在佛罗里达州布劳沃德县的一所学校接她的教母，她和她的一个朋友在街上跑来跑去。他们发现一个未上锁的孩子的自行车和一辆滑板车在门廊和愚蠢地跳上它。当他们超速行驶时，一个女人跑出来说：“嘿！那是我孩子的自行车！”他们把它扔了，他们走开了，但他们被逮捕了。

She was wrong, she was foolish, but she was also just 18. She had a couple of juvenile misdemeanors. Meanwhile, that man had been arrested for shoplifting in Home Depot -- 85 dollars' worth of stuff, a similar petty crime. But he had two prior armed robbery convictions. But the algorithm scored her as high risk, and not him. Two years later, ProPublica found that she had not reoffended. It was just hard to get a job for her with her record. He, on the other hand, did reoffend and is now serving an eight-year prison term for a later crime. Clearly, we need to audit our black boxes and not have them have this kind of unchecked power.

她错了，她很愚蠢，但她也只有18岁。她有过两次未成年的轻罪。与此同时，那名男子因在家得宝商店行窃被逮捕——价值85美元的东西，类似的轻微犯罪。但他有两次持枪抢劫的前科。但该算法的得分高风险，而不是他。两年后，propublica发现她没有再生气。她很难找到一份有记录的工作。另一方面，他又重新犯罪，现在为以后的罪行服刑8年。显然，我们需要审计我们的黑匣子，而不是让他们拥有这种不受约束的权力。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Audits are great and important, but they don't solve all our problems. Take Facebook's powerful news feed algorithm -- you know, the one that ranks everything and decides what to show you from all the friends and pages you follow. Should you be shown another baby picture?

审计是伟大而重要的，但它们并不能解决我们所有的问题。采取Facebook的强大的新闻feed算法-你知道，一个排名一切，并决定什么显示你从所有的朋友和网页，你跟随。你应该再给我看一张婴儿照片吗？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

A sullen note from an acquaintance? An important but difficult news item? There's no right answer. Facebook optimizes for engagement on the site: likes, shares, comments.

一个熟人的闷闷不乐的便条？一个重要但困难的新闻？没有正确的答案。Facebook优化了对网站的参与：喜欢，分享，评论。

In August of 2014, protests broke out in Ferguson, Missouri, after the killing of an African-American teenager by a white police officer, under murky circumstances. The news of the protests was all over my algorithmically unfiltered Twitter feed, but nowhere on my Facebook. Was it my Facebook friends? I disabled Facebook's algorithm, which is hard because Facebook keeps wanting to make you come under the algorithm's control, and saw that my friends were talking about it. It's just that the algorithm wasn't showing it to me. I researched this and found this was a widespread problem.

2014年8月，在密苏里州的弗格森，在一名白人警官在黑暗的环境下杀害一名非洲裔美国少年后，发生了抗议活动。抗议的消息充斥了我的算法未过滤的Twitter feed，但在我的Facebook上却没有。是我的Facebook朋友吗？我禁用了Facebook的算法，这很难，因为Facebook一直想让你在算法的控制下，看到我的朋友们在谈论它。只是算法没有显示给我看。我研究了这一点，发现这是一个普遍的问题。

The story of Ferguson wasn't algorithm-friendly. It's not "likable." Who's going to click on "like?" It's not even easy to comment on. Without likes and comments, the algorithm was likely showing it to even fewer people, so we didn't get to see this. Instead, that week, Facebook's algorithm highlighted this, which is the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Worthy cause; dump ice water, donate to charity, fine. But it was super algorithm-friendly. The machine made this decision for us. A very important but difficult conversation might have been smothered, had Facebook been the only channel.

弗格森的故事不太友好。这不是“可爱”。谁会点击“喜欢”？这甚至不容易评论。没有喜欢和评论，算法可能会显示它更少的人，所以我们没有看到这一点。相反，在那个星期，Facebook的算法突出了这一点，这是ALS冰桶挑战。有价值的事业；倾倒冰水，捐给慈善机构，罚款。但它是超级算法友好。机器为我们做了这个决定。一个非常重要但困难的谈话可能被扼杀了，Facebook是唯一的渠道。

Now, finally, these systems can also be wrong in ways that don't resemble human systems. Do you guys remember Watson, IBM's machine-intelligence system that wiped the floor with human contestants on Jeopardy? It was a great player. But then, for Final Jeopardy, Watson was asked this question: "Its largest airport is named for a World War II hero, its second-largest for a World War II battle."

现在，最后，这些系统也可能是错误的方式，不象人类系统。你们还记得Watson，IBM的机器智能系统吗？这是一个伟大的球员。但是，最后的危险，沃森被问到这个问题：“它最大的机场被命名为一个二战英雄，它的第二次世界大战第二次战斗。”

(Hums Final Jeopardy music)

（人类最后的危险音乐）

Chicago. The two humans got it right. Watson, on the other hand, answered "Toronto" -- for a US city category! The impressive system also made an error that a human would never make, a second-grader wouldn't make.

芝加哥。这两个人是对的。华生，另一方面，回答“多伦多”-为美国城市类别！令人印象深刻的系统也犯了一个错误，一个人类永远不会做出，一个二年级学生不会作出。

Our machine intelligence can fail in ways that don't fit error patterns of humans, in ways we won't expect and be prepared for. It'd be lousy not to get a job one is qualified for, but it would triple suck if it was because of stack overflow in some subroutine.

我们的机器智能会以不符合人类错误模式的方式失败，以我们无法预料的方式来准备。如果没有一份工作是合格的，那就太糟糕了，但如果是因为某些子程序中的堆栈溢出，那么它将是三倍的。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

In May of 2010, a flash crash on Wall Street fueled by a feedback loop in Wall Street's "sell" algorithm wiped a trillion dollars of value in 36 minutes. I don't even want to think what "error" means in the context of lethal autonomous weapons.

2010年5月，华尔街“卖出”算法的反馈回路引发的华尔街闪电崩盘，在36分钟内抹去了1万亿美元的价值。我甚至不想在致命的自主武器的背景下思考“错误”的含义。

So yes, humans have always made biases. Decision makers and gatekeepers, in courts, in news, in war ... they make mistakes; but that's exactly my point. We cannot escape these difficult questions. We cannot outsource our responsibilities to machines.

是的，人类总是有偏见。决策者和看门人，在法庭上，在新闻里，在战争中……他们犯了错误，但这正是我的观点。我们无法逃避这些难题。我们不能把我们的责任外包给机器。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Artificial intelligence does not give us a "Get out of ethics free" card.

人工智能并没有给我们一个“摆脱道德自由”的卡片。

Data scientist Fred Benenson calls this math-washing. We need the opposite. We need to cultivate algorithm suspicion, scrutiny and investigation. We need to make sure we have algorithmic accountability, auditing and meaningful transparency. We need to accept that bringing math and computation to messy, value-laden human affairs does not bring objectivity; rather, the complexity of human affairs invades the algorithms. Yes, we can and we should use computation to help us make better decisions. But we have to own up to our moral responsibility to judgment, and use algorithms within that framework, not as a means to abdicate and outsource our responsibilities to one another as human to human.

数据科学家弗雷德本尼森称这是数学清洗。我们需要相反的东西。我们需要培养算法的怀疑、审查和调查。我们需要确保我们有算法问责、审计和有意义的透明度。我们需要承认，把数学和计算带入混乱、充满价值的人类事务并不会带来客观性；相反，人类事务的复杂性会侵入算法。是的，我们可以并且我们应该使用计算来帮助我们做出更好的决定。但我们必须承认我们的道德责任，并在这个框架内使用算法，而不是作为一种手段来放弃和外包我们的责任，作为人类对人类的责任。

Machine intelligence is here. That means we must hold on ever tighter to human values and human ethics.

机器智能在这里。这意味着我们必须更严格地坚持人类价值观和人类伦理。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

level7 Unit3 Part1

What does it mean to be a citizen of the world？

成为一个世界公民意味着什么？

by Hugh Evans

I want to introduce you to an amazing woman. Her name is Davinia. Davinia was born in Jamaica, emigrated to the US at the age of 18, and now lives just outside of Washington, DC. She's not a high-powered political staffer, nor a lobbyist. She'd probably tell you she's quite unremarkable, but she's having the most remarkable impact. What's incredible about Davinia is that she's willing to spend time every single week focused on people who are not her: people not her in her neighborhood, her state, nor even in her country -- people she'd likely never meet.

我想把你介绍给一个了不起的女人。她的名字叫Davinia。达文尼出生在牙买加，18岁时移居美国，现在住在华盛顿特区外。她不是一个精力充沛的政治工作人员，也不是一个说客。她可能会告诉你，她很不起眼，但她有着最显著的影响。令人难以置信的是，她愿意花每一个星期的时间来关注那些不是她的人：在她的邻居，她的州，甚至在她的国家里，她可能永远不会遇到的人。

Davinia's impact started a few years ago when she reached out to all of her friends on Facebook, and asked them to donate their pennies so she could fund girls' education. She wasn't expecting a huge response, but 700,000 pennies later, she's now sent over 120 girls to school. When we spoke last week, she told me she's become a little infamous at the local bank every time she rocks up with a shopping cart full of pennies.

达维尼亚的影响始于几年前，当时她向所有在Facebook上的朋友伸出援手，并要求他们捐出自己的钱，这样她就可以资助女孩的教育。她没想到会有一个巨大的反应，但70万便士之后，她现在送了120多个女孩上学。当我们上个星期说，她告诉我，她在当地银行变得有点声名狼藉，每次她用一个装满硬币的购物车摇晃起来。

Now -- Davinia is not alone. Far from it. She's part of a growing movement. And there's a name for people like Davinia: global citizens. A global citizen is someone who self-identifies first and foremost not as a member of a state, a tribe or a nation, but as a member of the human race, and someone who is prepared to act on that belief, to tackle our world's greatest challenges. Our work is focused on finding, supporting and activating global citizens. They exist in every country and among every demographic.

现在，达文尼并不孤单。离它很远。她是成长运动的一部分。还有一个名字叫达文尼亚：全球公民。一个全球公民是一个自我认同的人，首先不是作为一个国家、一个部落或一个国家的成员，而是作为人类的一员，还有一个准备采取行动的人，来应对我们这个世界上最大的挑战。我们的工作重点是寻找、支持和激活全球公民。它们存在于每个国家和每个人口中。

I want to make the case to you today that the world's future depends on global citizens. I'm convinced that if we had more global citizens active in our world, then every single one of the major challenges we face -- from poverty, climate change, gender inequality -- these issues become solvable. They are ultimately global issues, and they can ultimately only be solved by global citizens demanding global solutions from their leaders.

今天我要向你们说明，世界的未来取决于全球公民。我相信，如果我们有更多的全球公民活跃在我们的世界，那么我们面临的每一个重大挑战——从贫穷、气候变化、性别不平等——这些问题都可以解决。它们最终是全球性问题，最终只能由全球公民来解决，要求他们的领导人提供全球性解决方案。

Now, some people's immediate reaction to this idea is that it's either a bit utopian or even threatening. So I'd like to share with you a little of my story today, how I ended up here, how it connects with Davinia and, hopefully, with you.

现在，一些人对这个想法的直接反应是，它要么有点乌托邦，甚至是有威胁的。所以今天我想和大家分享一点我的故事，我是如何在这里结束的，它是如何与达文尼联系在一起的，希望和你在一起。

Growing up in Melbourne, Australia, I was one of those seriously irritating little kids that never, ever stopped asking, "Why?" You might have been one yourself. I used to ask my mum the most annoying questions. I'd ask her questions like, "Mum, why I can't I dress up and play with puppets all day?" "Why do you want fries with that?" "What is a shrimp, and why do we have to keep throwing them on the barbie?"

在澳大利亚的墨尔本长大，我是一个非常惹人讨厌的孩子，从来没有停止过问“为什么？”你可能就是你自己。我过去常常问我妈妈最烦人的问题。我会问她这样的问题：“妈妈，为什么我不能整天打扮和玩弄木偶？”“你为什么要炸薯条？”“什么是虾，为什么我们要一直把它们扔到芭比娃娃上？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"And mum -- this haircut. Why?"

“还有妈妈——这个发型。为什么？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The worst haircut, I think. Still terrible.

我想是最糟糕的发型。还是很糟糕。

As a "why" kid, I thought I could change the world, and it was impossible to convince me otherwise. And when I was 12 and in my first year of high school, I started raising money for communities in the developing world. We were a really enthusiastic group of kids, and we raised more money than any other school in Australia. And so I was awarded the chance to go to the Philippines to learn more. It was 1998. We were taken into a slum in the outskirts of Manila. It was there I became friends with Sonny Boy, who lived on what was literally a pile of steaming garbage. "Smoky Mountain" was what they called it. But don't let the romance of that name fool you, because it was nothing more than a rancid landfill that kids like Sonny Boy spent hours rummaging through every single day to find something, anything of value.

作为一个“为什么”的孩子，我想我可以改变这个世界，不可能说服我。当我12岁的时候，在我高中的第一年，我开始为发展中国家的社区募集资金。我们是一群非常热情的孩子，我们筹集的钱比澳大利亚任何一所学校都要多。所以我获得了去菲律宾学习的机会。是1998年。我们被带进了马尼拉郊区的一个贫民窟。就在那里，我和桑尼男孩成为了朋友，他生活在一堆垃圾中。“烟山”就是他们所说的。但是不要让这个名字的浪漫来愚弄你，因为这只不过是一个垃圾填埋场，孩子们喜欢桑儿的孩子花了几个小时翻找每一天，寻找什么东西，任何有价值的东西。

That night with Sonny Boy and his family changed my life forever, because when it came time to go to sleep, we simply laid down on this concrete slab the size of half my bedroom with myself, Sonny Boy, and the rest of his family, seven of us in this long line, with the smell of rubbish all around us and cockroaches crawling all around. And I didn't sleep a wink, but I lay awake thinking to myself, "Why should anyone have to live like this when I have so much? Why should Sonny Boy's ability to live out his dreams be determined by where he's born, or what Warren Buffett called 'the ovarian lottery?'" I just didn't get it, and I needed to understand why.

那天晚上，桑儿和他的家人改变了我的一生，因为到了睡觉的时候，我们就躺在这个水泥板上，把我卧室的一半大小和我自己，小男孩，他家里的其他人，我们中的七个人，在这条长长的队伍里，到处都是垃圾的味道，到处都是蟑螂。我一点也没睡，但我清醒地想，“为什么我有这么多人，为什么还要这样生活？为什么Sonny男孩的生活能力取决于他出生的地方，或者沃伦巴菲特所说的“卵巢彩票”？“我只是没有得到，我需要理解为什么。

Now, I only later came to understand that the poverty I'd seen in the Philippines was the result of decisions made or not made, man-made, by a succession of colonial powers and corrupt governments who had anything but the interests of Sonny Boy at heart. Sure, they didn't create Smoky Mountain, but they may as well have. And if we're to try to help kids like Sonny Boy, it wouldn't work just to try to send him a few dollars or to try to clean up the garbage dump on which he lived, because the core of the problem lay elsewhere. And as I worked on community development projects over the coming years trying to help build schools, train teachers, and tackle HIV and AIDS, I came to see that community development should be driven by communities themselves, and that although charity is necessary, it's not sufficient. We need to confront these challenges on a global scale and in a systemic way. And the best thing I could do is try to mobilize a large group of citizens back home to insist that our leaders engage in that systemic change.

现在，我后来才明白，我在菲律宾所看到的贫穷是由人为的决定造成的，一系列的殖民权力和腐败的政府，除了孩子们的利益以外，什么都没有。当然，他们没有创造烟雾山，但他们也可能有。如果我们想帮助像桑尼这样的孩子，那就不可能仅仅为了给他寄几块钱，或者试图清理他所居住的垃圾场，因为问题的核心在别处。当我在未来几年致力于社区发展项目，试图帮助建立学校、培训教师、解决艾滋病和艾滋病问题时，我看到社区发展应该由社区自己来推动，虽然慈善是必要的，但这是不够的。我们需要在全球范围内以系统的方式应对这些挑战。我所能做的最好的事情就是设法动员一大群人回家来坚持这样做.你们的领导人进行了系统的变革。

That's why, a few years later, I joined with a group of college friends in bringing the Make Poverty History campaign to Australia. We had this dream of staging this small concert around the time of the G20 with local Aussie artists, and it suddenly exploded one day when we got a phone call from Bono, the Edge and Pearl Jam, who all agreed to headline our concert. I got a little bit excited that day, as you can see.

这就是为什么，几年后，我加入了一群大学的朋友，为澳大利亚带来了贫穷的历史运动。我们有一个梦想，就是在20国集团和当地的澳大利亚艺术家的时候举办一场小型音乐会，突然有一天，我们接到了波诺、边缘和珍珠果酱的电话，谁都同意把我们的音乐会作为头条新闻。你可以看到，那天我有点兴奋。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But to our amazement, the Australian government heard our collective voices, and they agreed to double investment into global health and development -- an additional 6.2 billion dollars. It felt like --

但令我们惊讶的是，澳大利亚政府听到了我们的集体声音，他们同意将投资增加到全球健康和发展，增加了62亿美元。感觉就像

(Applause)

（掌声）

It felt like this incredible validation. By rallying citizens together, we helped persuade our government to do the unthinkable, and act to fix a problem miles outside of our borders.

这感觉像是难以置信的验证。通过团结公民，我们帮助说服我们的政府做了不可想象的事情，并采取行动解决了我们边界以外的问题。

But here's the thing: it didn't last. See, there was a change in government, and six years later, all that new money disappeared. What did we learn? We learned that one-off spikes are not enough. We needed a sustainable movement, not one that is susceptible to the fluctuating moods of a politician or the hint of an economic downturn. And it needed to happen everywhere; otherwise, every individual government would have this built-in excuse mechanism that they couldn't possibly carry the burden of global action alone.

但事情是这样的：它没有持续。瞧，政府发生了变化，六年后，所有的新钱都不见了。我们学到了什么？我们了解到，一次性的峰值是不够的。我们需要一个可持续的运动，而不是一个容易受到政客情绪波动或经济衰退暗示的运动。它需要在任何地方发生，否则，每一个政府都会有一个内在的借口机制，他们不可能独自承担全球行动的负担。

And so this is what we embarked upon. And as we embarked upon this challenge, we asked ourselves, how do we gain enough pressure and build a broad enough army to win these fights for the long term? We could only think of one way. We needed to somehow turn that short-term excitement of people involved with the Make Poverty History campaign into long-term passion. It had to be part of their identity. So in 2012, we cofounded an organization that had exactly that as its goal. And there was only one name for it: Global Citizen.

这就是我们所着手的。当我们开始这个挑战时，我们问自己，我们如何获得足够的压力，建立一个足够广泛的军队来赢得长期的战斗？我们只能想出一个办法。我们需要在某种程度上把参与贫困历史运动的人们的短期兴奋变成长期的激情。这必须是他们身份的一部分。所以在2012年，我们共同创立了一个组织，它的目标就是这样。它只有一个名字：全球公民。

But this is not about any one organization. This is about citizens taking action. And research data tells us that of the total population who even care about global issues, only 18 percent have done anything about it. It's not that people don't want to act. It's often that they don't know how to take action, or that they believe that their actions will have no effect. So we had to somehow recruit and activate millions of citizens in dozens of countries to put pressure on their leaders to behave altruistically.

但这不是任何一个组织。这是关于公民采取行动。研究数据告诉我们，即使是关心全球问题的总人口中，只有18%的人对此做过任何事情。这并不是说人们不想采取行动。他们往往不知道如何采取行动，或者他们认为他们的行动不会有效果。因此，我们不得不以某种方式招募和激活了数十个国家的数百万公民，向他们的领导人施加压力，让他们表现出利他主义的行为。

And as we did so, we discovered something really thrilling, that when you make global citizenship your mission, you suddenly find yourself with some extraordinary allies. See, extreme poverty isn't the only issue that's fundamentally global. So, too, is climate change, human rights, gender equality, even conflict. We found ourselves shoulder to shoulder with people who are passionate about targeting all these interrelated issues.

当我们这样做的时候，我们发现了一些非常令人激动的事情，当你让全球公民成为你的使命时，你突然发现自己和一些特别的盟友在一起。看，极端贫穷并不是唯一的全球性问题。气候变化、人权、两性平等甚至冲突也是如此。我们发现自己与那些对所有这些相互关联的问题充满热情的人肩并肩。

But how did we actually go about recruiting and engaging those global citizens? Well, we used the universal language: music. We launched the Global Citizen Festival in the heart of New York City in Central Park, and we persuaded some of the world's biggest artists to participate. We made sure that these festivals coincided with the UN General Assembly meeting, so that leaders who need to hear our voices couldn't possible ignore them.

但我们究竟是如何着手招募和吸引那些全球公民的呢？我们使用了通用语言：音乐。我们在纽约市中心的中心公园举办了全球公民节，我们说服了一些世界上最大的艺术家参加。我们确保这些节日与联合国大会一致，以便那些需要倾听我们声音的领导人不能忽视他们。

But there was a twist: you couldn't buy a ticket. You had to earn it. You had to take action on behalf of a global cause, and only once you'd done that could you earn enough points to qualify. Activism is the currency. I had no interest in citizenship purely as some sort of feel-good thing. For me, citizenship means you have to act, and that's what we required. And amazingly, it worked. Last year, more than 155,000 citizens in the New York area alone earned enough points to qualify. Globally, we've now signed up citizens in over 150 countries around the world. And last year, we signed up more than 100,000 new members each and every week of the whole year.

但是有一个转折：你买不到票。你必须得挣钱。你必须代表一个全球性的事业采取行动，只有当你做到了，你才能获得足够的分数。行动主义是货币。我对公民身份没有兴趣，纯粹是因为某种感觉好的东西。对我来说，公民身份意味着你必须采取行动，这就是我们所需要的。令人惊讶的是，它起作用了。去年，仅纽约地区就有155000多名公民获得了足够的资格。在全球范围内，我们已经在全球150多个国家注册了公民。去年，我们每年都有超过10万名新会员加入。

See, we don't need to create global citizens from nothing. We're already everywhere. We just need to be organized and motivated to start acting. And this is where I believe we can learn a lot from Davinia, who started taking action as a global citizen back in 2012. Here's what she did. It wasn't rocket science. She started writing letters, emailing politicians' offices. She volunteered her time in her local community. That's when she got active on social media and started to collect pennies -- a lot of pennies.

看，我们不需要从零开始创造全球公民。我们已经到处都是了。我们只是需要有组织和积极的开始行动。这就是我相信我们可以从达文尼那里学到很多东西的地方，他在2012年开始作为一个全球公民开始行动。这是她做的。这不是火箭科学。她开始写信，给政治家的办公室写信。她自愿在当地社区工作。那时，她在社交媒体上活跃起来，开始收集便士——很多便士。

Now, maybe that doesn't sound like a lot to you. How will that achieve anything? Well, it achieved a lot because she wasn't alone. Her actions, alongside 142,000 other global citizens', led the US government to double their investment into Global Partnership for Education. And here's Dr. Raj Shah, the head of USAID, making that announcement. See, when thousands of global citizens find inspiration from each other, it's amazing to see their collective power. Global citizens like Davinia helped persuade the World Bank to boost their investment into water and sanitation. Here's the Bank's president Jim Kim announcing 15 billion dollars onstage at Global Citizen, and Prime Minister Modi of India affirmed his commitment to put a toilet in every household and school across India by 2019. Global citizens encouraged by the late-night host Stephen Colbert launched a Twitter invasion on Norway. Erna Solberg, the country's Prime Minister, got the message, committing to double investment into girls' education. Global citizens together with Rotarians called on the Canadian, UK, and Australian governments to boost their investment into polio eradication. They got together and committed 665 million dollars.

也许这对你来说不太重要这将如何实现？嗯，因为她并不孤单，所以取得了很多成就。她的行动，以及142000名其他全球公民的行动，使美国政府将其投资额增加一倍，成为全球教育合作伙伴。这里是美国国际开发署的负责人RajShah博士。看，当成千上万的全球公民从彼此身上找到灵感时，看到他们的集体力量是令人惊奇的。像Davinia这样的全球公民帮助说服世界银行增加他们对水和卫生的投资。这是世行行长金·金在全球公民舞台上宣布的150亿美元，印度总理莫迪重申了他承诺到2019年在印度的每一个家庭和学校都安装一个厕所。受深夜主持人斯蒂芬·科尔伯特的鼓励，全球公民对挪威发动了一次Twitter入侵。该国总理埃尔纳·索尔伯格（erna solberg）得到了这一消息，承诺将对女孩的双重投资“教育。全球公民与扶轮社员一起呼吁加拿大、英国和澳洲政府增加对根除小儿麻痹症的投资。他们聚在一起，承诺6.65亿美元。

But despite all of this momentum, we face some huge challenges. See, you might be thinking to yourself, how can we possibly persuade world leaders to sustain a focus on global issues? Indeed, the powerful American politician Tip O'Neill once said, "All politics is local." That's what always got politicians elected: to seek, gain and hold onto power through the pursuit of local or at very best national interests.

但是，尽管有这样的势头，我们仍面临一些巨大的挑战。看，你可能在想，我们怎么能说服世界领导人继续关注全球问题呢？事实上，这位美国政界有实力的政治家曾说：“所有的政治都是地方性的。”这就是政客们的选择：通过追求地方或国家的最佳利益来寻求、获得和掌握权力。

I experienced this for the first time when I was 21 years old. I took a meeting with a then-Australian Foreign Minister who shall remain nameless --

我在21岁的时候第一次体验到了这一点。我和一位澳大利亚外交部长开会，他应该是无名的。

[Alexander Downer]

[Alexander Downer]

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And behind closed doors, I shared with him my passion to end extreme poverty. I said, "Minister -- Australia has this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals. We can do this." And he paused, looked down on me with cold, dismissive eyes, and he said, "Hugh, no one gives a funk about foreign aid." Except he didn't use the word "funk." He went on. He said we need to look after our own backyard first.

在紧闭的门后，我和他分享了结束极端贫穷的热情。我说，“部长——澳大利亚有这个千载难逢的机会来帮助实现千年发展目标。我们可以这样做。”他停了下来，用冷漠而轻蔑的目光看着我，他说：“休，没有人会对外国援助感到恐惧。”除了他没有用“funk”这个词他接着说。他说我们需要先照顾好自己的后院。

This is, I believe, outdated, even dangerous thinking. Or as my late grandfather would say, complete BS. Parochialism offers this false dichotomy because it pits the poor in one country against the poor in another. It pretends we can isolate ourselves and our nations from one another. The whole world is our backyard, and we ignore it at our peril. See, look what happened when we ignored Rwanda, when we ignore Syria, when we ignore climate change. Political leaders ought to give a "funk" because the impact of climate change and extreme poverty comes right to our shore.

我认为，这是过时的，甚至是危险的想法。或者像我已故的祖父所说的那样，完成BS。狭隘主义提供了这种错误的二分法，因为它使一个国家的穷人与另一个国家的穷人对立。它假装我们可以孤立我们自己和我们的国家彼此。整个世界都是我们的后院，我们忽视它是危险的。看，当我们忽视了叙利亚，当我们忽视了气候变化时，我们忽略了卢旺达，我们会看到发生了什么。由于气候变化和极端贫困的影响，政治领导人应该给我们一个“恐惧”。

Now, global citizens -- they understand this. We live in a time that favors the global citizen, in an age where every single voice can be heard. See, do you remember when the Millennium Development Goals were signed back in the year 2000? The most we could do in those days was fire off a letter and wait for the next election. There was no social media. Today, billions of citizens have more tools, more access to information, more capacity to influence than ever before. Both the problems and the tools to solve them are right before us. The world has changed, and those of us who look beyond our borders are on the right side of history.

现在，全球公民——他们明白这一点。我们生活在一个有利于全球公民的时代，在这个时代，每一个声音都可以听到。你还记得2000年千年发展目标是什么时候签署的吗？在那些日子里，我们能做的最多的事情就是发一封信，等待下一次选举。没有社交媒体。今天，数以亿计的公民拥有更多的工具，更多地获得信息，比以往任何时候都更有影响力。问题和解决这些问题的工具都摆在我们面前。世界已经改变，我们这些超越国界的人站在历史的正确一边。

So where are we? So we run this amazing festival, we've scored some big policy wins, and citizens are signing up all over the world. But have we achieved our mission? No. We have such a long way to go.

那么我们在哪里？因此，我们举办了这个令人惊叹的节日，我们取得了一些重大的政策胜利，而公民们也在全世界报名。但我们实现了我们的使命吗？没有。我们还有很长的路要走。

But this is the opportunity that I see. The concept of global citizenship, self-evident in its logic but until now impractical in many ways, has coincided with this particular moment in which we are privileged to live. We, as global citizens, now have a unique opportunity to accelerate large-scale positive change around the world. So in the months and years ahead, global citizens will hold world leaders accountable to ensure that the new Global Goals for Sustainable Development are tracked and implemented. Global citizens will partner with the world's leading NGOs to end diseases like polio and malaria. Global citizens will sign up in every corner of this globe, increasing the frequency, quality and impact of their actions. These dreams are within reach. Imagine an army of millions growing into tens of millions, connected, informed, engaged and unwilling to take no for an answer.

但这是我所看到的机会。全球公民权的概念在其逻辑上是不言自明的，但直到现在在许多方面都是不切实际的，与我们有幸生活的这一特定时刻正好吻合。作为全球公民，我们现在有一个独特的机会来加速全球范围内的大规模积极变革。因此，在今后的几个月和几年里，全球公民将对世界各国领导人负责，以确保对可持续发展的新的全球目标进行跟踪和执行。全球公民将与世界领先的非政府组织合作，以消灭小儿麻痹症和疟疾等疾病。全球公民将在这个世界的每个角落登记，增加他们行动的频率、质量和影响。这些梦想是遥不可及的。想象一下，一支数以百万计的军队正在成长为数以千万计的、有联系的、知情的、参与的、不愿意接受任何答案的军队。

Over all these years, I've tried to reconnect with Sonny Boy. Sadly, I've been unable to. We met long before social media, and his address has now been relocated by the authorities, as often happens with slums. I'd love to sit down with him, wherever he is, and share with him how much the time I spent on Smoky Mountain inspired me. Thanks to him and so many others, I came to understand the importance of being part of a movement of people -- the kids willing to look up from their screens and out to the world, the global citizens. Global citizens who stand together, who ask the question "Why?," who reject the naysayers, and embrace the amazing possibilities of the world we share.

这些年来，我一直在努力与桑尼男孩重新联系。可悲的是，我一直无法。我们在社交媒体前很久就认识了，他的地址现在已经被当局重新安置了，就像经常发生在贫民窟里一样。我愿意和他坐在一起，无论他在哪里，和他分享我在烟雾缭绕的山上花了多少时间激励我。多亏了他和其他许多人，我才认识到成为一个运动的一员的重要性--孩子们愿意从屏幕上抬起头来，向世界、全球的公民们看。站在一起的全球公民，谁问“为什么？”，谁拒绝了反对者，并拥抱我们所分享的世界的惊人的可能性。

I'm a global citizen.

我是一个全球公民。

Are you?

是吗？

Thank you.

谢谢。

Level7 Unit3 Part2

How we read each other's minds（我们如何解读别人的想法）

Today I'm going to talk to you about the problem of other minds. And the problem I'm going to talk about is not the familiar one from philosophy, which is, "How can we know whether other people have minds?" That is, maybe you have a mind, and everyone else is just a really convincing robot. So that's a problem in philosophy, but for today's purposes I'm going to assume that many people in this audience have a mind, and that I don't have to worry about this.

今天我要和大家谈的是有关于人的观念 接下来我要讲的内容 不是我们所熟悉的哲学的问题 比如“我们根本不知道 其它人是否真的有思想” 也就是说，也学你是有思想的 但对其它人实际上不过就一机器人 这类问题都是哲学的问题 但为了今天的演讲，我会假设 这里的听众都有自己的思想， 所以我就不用担心“是否有观念”这个命题

There is a second problem that is maybe even more familiar to us as parents and teachers and spouses and novelists, which is, "Why is it so hard to know what somebody else wants or believes?" Or perhaps, more relevantly, "Why is it so hard to change what somebody else wants or believes?"

第二个问题是 是像我们这些作为父母，老师,已婚之人还有小说家 经常碰到 “为什么去了解 别人的企图或者想法如此之难？" 也许更贴切的说法是 “为什么去改变他人的企图和信仰如此难？"

I think novelists put this best. Like Philip Roth, who said, "And yet, what are we to do about this terribly significant business of other people? So ill equipped are we all, to envision one another's interior workings and invisible aims." So as a teacher and as a spouse, this is, of course, a problem I confront every day. But as a scientist, I'm interested in a different problem of other minds, and that is the one I'm going to introduce to you today. And that problem is, "How is it so easy to know other minds?"

我觉得小说家们最能描述这个问题 正如菲利普·罗斯所说 我们究竟对别人做了什么 恐怖的事？ 那就是我们所有人在没有能力的情况下 的去预想他人的内心想法 还有那些无法看见的目的” 当然，作为一名教师，而且还是一名一个已婚人士 我每天也同样遭遇类似的问题 但是作为一名科学家，我对其它的不同于这些的观点更有兴趣 这也是我今天将要给大家介绍的内容 这个问题就是 “怎么才能简单的去知道别人的想法？”

So to start with an illustration, you need almost no information, one snapshot of a stranger, to guess what this woman is thinking, or what this man is. And put another way, the crux of the problem is the machine that we use for thinking about other minds, our brain, is made up of pieces, brain cells, that we share with all other animals, with monkeys and mice and even sea slugs. And yet, you put them together in a particular network, and what you get is the capacity to write Romeo and Juliet. Or to say, as Alan Greenspan did, "I know you think you understand what you thought I said, but I'm not sure you realize that what you heard is not what I meant." (Laughter)

我们以这张图片开始 你几乎不需要额外信息 第一眼看见这个陌生人 就能猜到这个女人在想什么 或者这个男人呢 换一种说法，这问题的纠结在于 我们是用什么样的机制去思考别人的想法， 我们的大脑，是由各种成千上万的脑细胞所组成 这点和其它动物，如猴子 老鼠，甚至于软体动物都是一样 然而，当你把它们以某种特殊的网络组合在一起的时候 你就拥有书写《罗密欧与朱丽叶》这样的能力 或者说，像格林斯潘做过的一样 “我知道你认为自己已经能理解我说过的话 但是我不确定你是否真的听明白我说的内容 它是不是我要表达的意思” （笑）

So, the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience is to stand with these ideas, one in each hand. And to try to understand how you can put together simple units, simple messages over space and time, in a network, and get this amazing human capacity to think about minds. So I'm going to tell you three things about this today. Obviously the whole project here is huge. And I'm going to tell you just our first few steps about the discovery of a special brain region for thinking about other people's thoughts. Some observations on the slow development of this system as we learn how to do this difficult job. And then finally, to show that some of the differences between people, in how we judge others, can be explained by differences in this brain system.

我工作的研究领域是认知神经科学 就是研究每一个人的 这些想法 然后尝试如何能把它们归到一起 简单的单元，简单的信息，不受到时间和空间的限制 具有这些就可以拥有人类思考的能力 我下来要和大家主要谈三个方面的事情 很明显，这样的一个研究项目非常庞大 我只谈到的只是我们最初的几个研究阶段 有关于发现 大脑中用于思考的区域 另外一些是观察这个机制是如何慢慢发展起来 因为我们要明白如何去完成这份困难的任务 最后一个是，展现下人与人之间的差别 我们如何去给他人下结论 通过脑系统可以解释这之前的差异

So first, the first thing I want to tell you is that there is a brain region in the human brain, in your brains, whose job it is to think about other people's thoughts. This is a picture of it. It's called the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction. It's above and behind your right ear. And this is the brain region you used when you saw the pictures I showed you, or when you read Romeo and Juliet or when you tried to understand Alan Greenspan. And you don't use it for solving any other kinds of logical problems.So this brain region is called the Right TPJ. And this picture shows the average activation in a group of what we call typical human adults. They're MIT undergraduates. (Laughter)

那么首先，第一个和大家讲述的是 在人类的大脑中有一个区域 这个区域的任务就是去思考别人是如何思考的 这里是一张关于它的图片 我们称它为右颞顶联合 它大概就在你右耳的后上方 这张图片就是我们所使用的大脑区域 当你在读《罗密欧和朱丽叶》时 又或当你试着去理解格林斯潘时候就用到它 但你不会使用它来解决任何逻辑推理的问题 我们称这块脑区域为 RTPJ 这张图片显示了典型成人的 RTPJ的平均水平 这种水平就是是麻省理工的大学生水平 笑

The second thing I want to say about this brain system is that although we human adults are really good at understanding other minds, we weren't always that way. It takes children a long time to break into the system. I'm going to show you a little bit of that long, extended process. The first thing I'm going to show you is a change between age three and five, as kids learn to understand that somebody else can have beliefs that are different from their own. So I'm going to show you a five-year-old who is getting a standard kind of puzzle that we call the false belief task.

第二个我要谈的是这个脑系统 尽管我们成人的脑系统 很擅长去理解他人的想法 但也不是绝对的 对于小孩而言需要很长的一段时间才能构建这个系统 我会给大家看下这个有点缓慢的、需要外部协助发展的过程 第一个演示的是3岁的孩子与5岁孩子的变化差异 因为孩子要学会去理解 别人可以有完全不同于自己的想法 先看下一个5岁大的 他面临一个标准的困惑 我们把这个困惑称为“错误信念任务”

Rebecca Saxe (Video): This is the first pirate. His name is Ivan. And you know what pirates really like?

视频：这是第一个海盗，名字叫做艾凡 你知道海盗最喜欢什么吗？

Child: What? RS: Pirates really like cheese sandwiches.

海盗最喜欢乳酪三明治

Child: Cheese? I love cheese!

乳酪?我爱吃乳酪

RS: Yeah. So Ivan has this cheese sandwich, and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I really love cheese sandwiches." And Ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest. And Ivan says, "You know what? I need a drink with my lunch." And so Ivan goes to get a drink. And while Ivan is away the wind comes, and it blows the sandwich down onto the grass. And now, here comes the other pirate. This pirate is called Joshua. And Joshua also really loves cheese sandwiches. So Joshua has a cheese sandwich and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I love cheese sandwiches."And he puts his cheese sandwich over here on top of the pirate chest.

对的！那么艾凡有这个乳酪三明治 然后他说着“嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯! 我最爱乳酪三明治" 然后艾凡把他的三明治放在这里，一个海盗箱的上面 然后艾凡又说“你知道不, 我要为午餐去弄点喝的” 然后艾凡离开去取酒 当艾凡离开的时候 一阵风挂来 把三明治吹到了草地上这时候，又来了另外一个海盗 这个海盗叫做约书亚 当然约书亚也一样很喜欢乳酪三明治约书亚也有一个乳酪三明治，然后他说 “嗯 嗯 嗯 嗯！我爱乳酪三明治” 接着他把他的乳酪三明治放到了这个海盗箱的上面

Child: So, that one is his.

孩子：这个就是他的

RS: That one is Joshua's. That's right.

丽蓓卡.萨克斯:那个是约书亚。对极了！

Child: And then his went on the ground.

孩子：接着他离开这里

RS: That's exactly right.

丽蓓卡.萨克斯:完全正确

Child: So he won't know which one is his.

孩子：那他不会知道哪个是他自己的

RS: Oh. So now Joshua goes off to get a drink. Ivan comes back and he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." So which one do you think Ivan is going to take?

丽蓓卡.萨克斯:喔，那现在约书亚离开去喝酒了 艾凡回来，他说“我要我的乳酪三明治."那你认为艾凡将会拿走哪一个呢？

Child: I think he is going to take that one.

孩子：我认为他会拿走那一个

RS: Yeah, you think he's going to take that one? All right. Let's see. Oh yeah, you were right. He took that one.

丽蓓卡.萨克斯:耶，你认为他会拿走这个吧？对极了。我们看看 哦，你猜对了。他拿走了那个

So that's a five-year-old who clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs and what the consequences are for their actions. Now I'm going to show you a three-year-old who got the same puzzle.

对于一个5岁大的孩子已经可以清晰的理解 别人可能会有误解 那这种行为会有什么影响呢？ 现在我给你看下一个三岁大的孩子 他也碰到相同的问题

RS: And Ivan says, "I want my cheese sandwich." Which sandwich is he going to take? Do you think he's going to take that one? Let's see what happens. Let's see what he does. Here comes Ivan. And he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." And he takes this one. Uh-oh. Why did he take that one?

视频：丽蓓卡.萨克斯：艾凡说“我想要我的乳酪三明治” 他会拿那个走呢？ 你认为他会拿走那个吗？我们看下会有什么发生 艾凡来啦。我们看看他会怎么做。 他说“我要我的乳酪三明治” 接着他拿走了这一个 噢。他为什么要拿那个啊？

Child: His was on the grass.

他的掉在了草地上了

So the three-year-old does two things differently. First, he predicts Ivan will take the sandwich that's really his. And second, when he sees Ivan taking the sandwich where he left his, where we would say he's taking that one because he thinks it's his, the three-year-old comes up with another explanation: He's not taking his own sandwich because he doesn't want it, because now it's dirty, on the ground. So that's why he's taking the other sandwich. Now of course, development doesn't end at five. And we can see the continuation of this process of learning to think about other people's thoughts by upping the ante and asking children now, not for an action prediction, but for a moral judgment. So first I'm going to show you the three-year-old again.

丽蓓卡.萨克斯：那么三岁大的孩子做了两件不同的事情 第一个是他认定艾凡会带走那个真正是他的三明治 第二，当他看到艾凡从他放置的地方拿走三明治 对于我们而言会认为艾凡会拿走那一个因为艾凡认为那个是他的 但是三岁大的孩子会有另外一种解释 艾凡不带走本属于他三文治是他不想要 因为它现在已经掉在地上被搞脏了 所以这是为什他拿走另外的三明治 当然，智力的发展不是在5岁时候就结束了 我们可以看到随着年龄增长，去学习理解他人想法的 是一个连续的过程 接着我问小孩子们，不是关于海盗的做法 而是对道德的判断 首先再给大家看下三岁大的孩子的情况

RS.: So is Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?

视频：艾凡是不是不应该拿走约书亚的三明治呢？

Child: Yeah.

孩子：当然

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?

那艾凡拿走了约书亚的三明治会不会惹上麻烦？

Child: Yeah.

孩子：当然.

So it's maybe not surprising he thinks it was mean of Ivan to take Joshua's sandwich,since he thinks Ivan only took Joshua's sandwich to avoid having to eat his own dirty sandwich. But now I'm going to show you the five-year-old. Remember the five-year-old completely understood why Ivan took Joshua's sandwich.

丽蓓卡.萨克斯：因此不奇怪当艾凡拿走约书亚的三明治时候 他认为不应该 因为他认为艾凡拿走约书亚是为了 不想吃他那个已经弄脏的三明治 但现在我给大家看下5岁的孩子的情况 还记得5岁大的孩子完全能理解 艾凡为什么拿走约书亚的三明治吧

RS: Was Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?

丽蓓卡.萨克斯：因此不奇怪当艾凡拿走约书亚的三明治时候 他认为不应该 因为他认为艾凡拿走约书亚是为了 不想吃他那个已经弄脏的三明治 但现在我给大家看下5岁的孩子的情况 还记得5岁大的孩子完全能理解 艾凡为什么拿走约书亚的三明治吧

Child: Um, yeah.

恩，当然

And so, it is not until age seven that we get what looks more like an adult response.

同时，一直到7岁大的孩子 我们看到了类似于成人的反应

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?

视频：艾凡拿走了约书亚的三明治是否会惹麻烦啊？

Child: No, because the wind should get in trouble.

孩子：不会，因为是风惹的

He says the wind should get in trouble for switching the sandwiches. (Laughter)

他回答说风会惹上麻烦 因为它调换了三明治 （笑）

And now what we've started to do in my lab is to put children into the brain scannerand ask what's going on in their brain as they develop this ability to think about other people's thoughts. So the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region, the Right TPJ, being used while children are thinking about other people. But it's not quite like the adult brain.

现在我们实验室所做的 就是扫描这些孩子的大脑 然后问他们打算做什么 因为他们开发这种能力去思考别人的想法 所以第一个我们我们发现在相同的大脑区域，即RTPJ区域孩子们在思考别人时候使用到了它 但这又和成人的不太一样

So whereas in the adults, as I told you, this brain region is almost completely specialized -- it does almost nothing else except for thinking about other people's thoughts -- in children it's much less so, when they are age five to eight, the age range of the children I just showed you. And actually if we even look at eight to 11-year-olds, getting into early adolescence, they still don't have quite an adult-like brain region. And so, what we can see is that over the course of childhood and even into adolescence, both the cognitive system, our mind's ability to think about other minds,and the brain system that supports it are continuing, slowly, to develop.

那么成年人用那块区域思考呢？正我之前说的 这片脑区域几乎完全是思考专用的 它几乎不做其他任何事情，除了思考别人的想法 对于5到8岁的孩子来说 这块区域很少 这年龄段也就是刚刚给大家演示的孩子 事实上，如果我们看下11岁大的 也刚进入青春期的小孩 他们依然没有类似于成人的脑区域 也就是说，我们能够可以在整个幼年期看到这一过程 即使进入了青春期 对于两个认知系统 一个我们去认知别人想法的能力 另一个是大脑的基本系统 都在持续的缓慢的发展

But of course, as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately. And so what we wanted to know was, could differences among adults in how they think about other people's thoughts be explained in terms of differences in this brain region? So, the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version of the pirate problem that we gave to the kids. And I'm going to give that to you now.

当然，你也可能意识到 即使是在成年人阶段 人与人之间是否能准确的判断出他人的想法的区别 取决于是否经常使用 也取决于能够达到多精确 那么我们想要知道的是，能否在成年人中区分出 他们是如何思考别人的想法 也就能解释出不同的大脑区域的关键 我们第一个做的事情就是拿出一个成人版的海盗问题 类似于我们给小孩们做的一样 我现在就拿出来给大家

So Grace and her friend are on a tour of a chemical factory, and they take a break for coffee. And Grace's friend asks for some sugar in her coffee. Grace goes to make the coffee and finds by the coffee a pot containing a white powder, which is sugar. But the powder is labeled "Deadly Poison," so Grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison. And she puts it in her friend's coffee. And her friend drinks the coffee, and is fine.

葛瑞丝和她的朋友去化工厂参观 然后她们中途去喝杯咖啡 而且葛瑞丝的朋友想要加些糖葛瑞丝就离开去弄咖啡 并找到了一个装满咖啡的罐子 还包括一些白色的粉，这粉末就是糖 但是那个装有粉末的标签上却写着“剧毒” 所以葛瑞丝认为那些粉末就是一个剧毒物质接着她把这东西放到了朋友的咖啡 朋友喝了这玩意后呢，一切正常

How many people think it was morally permissible for Grace to put the powder in the coffee? Okay. Good. (Laughter) So we ask people, how much should Grace be blamed in this case, which we call a failed attempt to harm?

有多少人认同 葛瑞丝把这粉末倒入咖啡在道德上是允许的呢？ 好，很好!(笑） 对于这个案例中，我们问下有多少人认为葛瑞丝应该受到责备 我们把这种行为称为故意伤害

And we can compare that to another case, where everything in the real world is the same. The powder is still sugar, but what's different is what Grace thinks. Now she thinks the powder is sugar. And perhaps unsurprisingly, if Grace thinks the powder is sugar and puts it in her friend's coffee, people say she deserves no blame at all.Whereas if she thinks the powder was poison, even though it's really sugar, now people say she deserves a lot of blame, even though what happened in the real world was exactly the same.

我们可以拿它和其它例子比较 在现实世界中 如果粉末依然是糖，但要是葛瑞丝不是这么认为呢？ 现在 她认为这些粉末就是糖 也许毫无意外的，如果葛瑞丝认为粉末就是糖的话 并把他们放到朋友的咖啡里面 大家都认为她不应该受到任何责备 但假如她认为粉末就是毒药，尽管事实是真的糖 但大家就会认为她应该受到严厉的惩罚 哪怕现实中这结果完全一样

And in fact, they say she deserves more blame in this case, the failed attempt to harm, than in another case, which we call an accident. Where Grace thought the powder was sugar, because it was labeled "sugar" and by the coffee machine, but actually the powder was poison. So even though when the powder was poison, the friend drank the coffee and died, people say Grace deserves less blame in that case,when she innocently thought it was sugar, than in the other case, where she thought it was poison and no harm occurred.

事实上他们认为她应该受到更多的惩罚 在这个案例中，企图伤害的行为 不像上一个案例我们换称为“意外” 当葛瑞丝认为粉末是糖 因为咖啡机上的标签就是糖 但实际上粉末就是毒药 尽管粉末是毒药 朋友喝了咖啡然后就挂掉 在这个案例中，大家会认为葛瑞丝应该少受些惩罚 但在上一个案例中，她认为是毒药，但没有危害发生糖 现在她完全的认为是糖 并且也没有危害

People, though, disagree a little bit about exactly how much blame Grace should getin the accident case. Some people think she should deserve more blame, and other people less. And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look insidethe brains of people while they're making that judgment. So what I'm showing you, from left to right, is how much activity there was in this brain region, and from top to bottom, how much blame people said that Grace deserved.

葛瑞丝应该受到怎么样程度的惩罚 对于此大家意见不一 在这个事故的案例中 有人认为她应该受到更多的惩罚 而另一部分人认为应该少些 下来我给大家观看下当我们做出决断时候 我们大脑里面的样子 我要播放的是，从左到右 他们的活动究竟有多少 同时从上到下，人们认为 葛瑞丝应该受到惩罚

And what you can see is, on the left when there was very little activity in this brain region, people paid little attention to her innocent belief and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident. Whereas on the right, where there was a lot of activity, people paid a lot more attention to her innocent belief, and said she deserved a lot less blamefor causing the accident.

你能看到，在左边 的脑区域只有很小的一部分是活动的 人们只把一部分注意力放在无罪的想法 然后说她应该为这个事故受到更多的惩罚 不同的是，在右边，脑区域活动非常多人们把很多注意力放到了 葛瑞丝应该为这个事故 少程度些责任

So that's good, but of course what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgment. And we do have such a tool. It's called Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS. This is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull, into a small region of their brain, and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region.

这虽然很好，但是当然 我们期望有某种接口 能够调用到大脑的区域 然后看看是否能改变人们的道德观判断 我们实现了这样一种工具 成为“颅磁刺激” 或者 TMS 这个工具能让我们传递一个脉冲磁感应 以穿透头骨抵达到他们的脑区域 临时的扰乱这些区域的脑神经元

So I'm going to show you a demo of this. First, I'm going to show you that this is a magnetic pulse. I'm going to show you what happens when you put a quarter on the machine. When you hear clicks, we're turning the machine on. So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain, to the part of my brain that controls my hand. So there is no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.

下来给大家播放下这个东西的演示视频 第一个演示的是一个磁感脉冲 给大家看下当你放入1/4机器时候有什么发生 当你听到点击时候我们就把机器打开 然后我接着把这个脉冲用到我的大脑 这部分脑区域控制我的手 这里没有物理上的强迫，仅仅是磁场的脉冲

Woman (Video): Ready, Rebecca? RS: Yes.

视频：女：准备好没？好的

Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain. And we can use that same pulse, now applied to the RTPJ, to ask if we can change people's moral judgments. So these are the judgments I showed you before, people's normal moral judgments. And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJand ask how people's judgments change. And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall.

好的。把这个磁感应脉冲放到我的大脑上 它稍微的引起了我的手下意识的反应 同时我们可以使用相同的脉冲 应用到RTPJ 去尝试下我们是否能改变人们的道德判断 正如之前我给你们看到的人们做的道德判断 现在我把TMS应用到RTPJ上 然后迫使改变人们的观念的判断 结果第一个是，人们依然可以完全的做原来的判断

So their judgments of the case when everything was fine remain the same. They say she deserves no blame. But in the case of a failed attempt to harm, where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar, people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee.

因此当一切是正常时候，对于这个案例 的判断完全一致。他们认为她不应该受到惩罚 但在企图伤害的案例中 也就是葛瑞丝认为是毒药，尽管他真正是糖的时候 大家马上就说很好，葛瑞丝 把这粉末放到了咖啡应该受些许惩罚

And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar, but it was really poison and so she caused a death, people say that it was less okay, she deserves more blame. So what I've told you today is that people come, actually, especially well equipped to think about other people's thoughts.

而在那个事故的案例中，也就是葛瑞丝认为是糖 但实际却是毒药最后导致死亡时 更少的人同意，认为她应该受到更多的惩罚 那么我今天要告诉大家的是 未来的人类，真正的拥有一个设备 去思考其他人的想法。

We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking. This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence. And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.

我们有这样一个特殊的脑系统 可以使得我们去思考其他人的想法 这个系统需要漫长的时间去实现 遍及整个幼年时期也包括早期的青春期 而且即使在成人阶段，在不同的脑区域能够解释成人之间 如何去思考和判断其他人想法的区别

But I want to give the last word back to the novelists, and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying, "The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. It's getting them wrong that is living. Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong, and then on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again." Thank you.(Applause)

我想在最后结束前引用前面提到的小说家 也就是菲利普·罗斯说过的话作为结束 “事实上，人们的权利不是 不顾现实是如何的 而是让错误存在生活中 让他们一错再错 并且小心谨慎 的让错误发生” 谢谢 （笑）

Chris Anderson: So, I have a question. When you start talking about using magnetic pulses to change people's moral judgments, that sounds alarming. (Laughter) Please tell me that you're not taking phone calls from the Pentagon, say.

你们是从什么时候开始讨论用 磁场脉冲去改变人们的观念的判断呢？ 这玩意听起来吓人（笑） 告诉我你没有收到过五角大楼的电话吧？

RS: I'm not. I mean, they're calling, but I'm not taking the call. (Laughter)

丽贝卡.萨克斯：这到没有 我的意思是他们打过了，但我没有去接 （笑）

CA: They really are calling? So then seriously, you must lie awake at night sometimeswondering where this work leads. I mean, you're clearly an incredible human being,but someone could take this knowledge and in some future not-torture chamber, do acts that people here might be worried about.

他们真的打了？ 那我严肃的问你 你一定有段时间睡不着 不知道这个研究导致什么结果我指的是虽然我们完全相信你 但将来可能会有些人 利用这些知识 进行审问 这才是我们现场所有人所担心的

RS: Yeah, we worry about this. So, there's a couple of things to say about TMS. One is that you can't be TMSed without knowing it. So it's not a surreptitious technology.It's quite hard, actually, to get those very small changes. The changes I showed you are impressive to me because of what they tell us about the function of the brain, but they're small on the scale of the moral judgments that we actually make.

是的，我们也担心这个 所以有很多关于TMS的需要说明下 第一个是你不能对不知情的人使用TMS 因为它不是一项暗中使用的技术 即使是很小的一些改变也是很难的 刚才给你看的那些变化也让我挺难忘的 因为它告诉了我们大脑的功能是什么 虽然我们用来做道德判但的脑区域很小 但我们就是用它来判断的

And what we changed was not people's moral judgments when they're deciding what to do, when they're making action choices. We changed their ability to judge other people's actions. And so, I think of what I'm doing not so much as studying the defendant in a criminal trial, but studying the jury.

而我们所能改变的不是人们 在做决定时候的道德观念的判断 也不是影响他们做选择时候的决定 我们改变只是如何去思考别人时候的判断 所以我认为我在做的不是 针对被告 而是针对陪审团

CA: Is your work going to lead to any recommendations in education, to perhaps bring up a generation of kids able to make fairer moral judgments?

你的研究工作是否会带到 教育领域， 比如让下一代的孩子做出更加公平的道德判断呢？

RS: That's one of the idealistic hopes. The whole research program here of studyingthe distinctive parts of the human brain is brand new. Until recently, what we knew about the brain were the things that any other animal's brain could do too, so we could study it in animal models. We knew how brains see, and how they control the body and how they hear and sense. And the whole project of understanding how brains do the uniquely human things -- learn language and abstract concepts, and thinking about other people's thoughts -- that's brand new. And we don't know yet what the implications will be of understanding it.

这是一个比较理想的结果 目前整个研究阶段 是针对比较脑力发达的人，这是一个崭新的领域 到目前为止我们所了解的大脑 在其它动物身上一样可以适用 所以我们可以研究动物的模型 我们要知道大脑看到的是什么，它是如何去控制身体的 还有他们所听到的、感觉到的 整个项目需要搞明白的是 人类的大脑为什么是如此特别，能够 学习语言、学习抽象的概念 还能够去思考其他人的想法，这就是一个新的领域 还有目前我们所不知道，如果研究出这些 将会有什么影响

CA: So I've got one last question. There is this thing called the hard problem of consciousness, that puzzles a lot of people. The notion that you can understand why a brain works, perhaps. But why does anyone have to feel anything? Why does it seem to require these beings who sense things for us to operate? You're a brilliant young neuroscientist. I mean, what chances do you think there are that at some time in your career, someone, you or someone else, is going to come up with some paradigm shift in understanding what seems an impossible problem?

好的，那我再问我最后一个问题。那个被称为 意识的难题 也难倒了很多人 正如你提到的，如果你能够 搞懂大脑的工作原理 但为什么人要感知所有的事情？ 我们为什么要去控制人类这些 感知行为呢？ 你作为一个年轻有为的神经系统科学家 我的意思是，你认为在你的 研究生涯中的某刻 一些人，你或者其他的人 是否会带来根本性的成果 能够研究出这个看起来不肯能的难题

RS: I hope they do. And I think they probably won't.

我希望他们能做到。但我认为他们可能实现不了

CA: Why?

为什么？

RS: It's not called the hard problem of consciousness for nothing. (Laughter)

那说的那个叫做意识的难题根本不存在 （笑）

CA: That's a great answer. Rebecca Saxe, thank you very much. That was fantastic.(Applause)

真精彩的回答。 Rebecca Saxe谢谢你，非常的精彩 （掌声）

Level7 Unit3 Part3

The unheard story of David and Goliath

大卫和歌利亚的故事

by Malcolm Gladwell

So I wanted to tell a story that really obsessed me when I was writing my new book, and it's a story of something that happened 3,000 years ago, when the Kingdom of Israel was in its infancy. And it takes place in an area called the Shephelah in what is now Israel. And the reason the story obsessed me is that I thought I understood it, and then I went back over it and I realized that I didn't understand it at all.

所以我想讲一个故事，当我写我的新书时，我真的着迷了，这是一个3000年前发生的事情的故事，当时以色列的王国还在襁褓中。它发生在一个叫做舍斐拉的地方，在现在的以色列。这个故事让我着迷的原因是我想我理解了它，然后我回到了它，我意识到我根本不理解它。

Ancient Palestine had a -- along its eastern border, there's a mountain range. Still same is true of Israel today. And in the mountain range are all of the ancient cities of that region, so Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Hebron. And then there's a coastal plain along the Mediterranean, where Tel Aviv is now. And connecting the mountain range with the coastal plain is an area called the Shephelah, which is a series of valleys and ridges that run east to west, and you can follow the Shephelah, go through the Shephelah to get from the coastal plain to the mountains. And the Shephelah, if you've been to Israel, you'll know it's just about the most beautiful part of Israel. It's gorgeous, with forests of oak and wheat fields and vineyards.

古巴勒斯坦有一个--沿着它的东部边界，有一个山脉。以色列今天也是如此。在这山上，有那一带的古城，就是耶路撒冷，伯利恒，希伯仑。还有一个沿地中海沿岸的平原，特拉维夫现在在那里。把山脉和沿海平原联系起来，是一个叫做“舍斐拉”的地区，它是一系列东向西的山谷和山脊，你可以跟着它走，从沿海平原到山区去。如果你去过以色列，你就会知道这是以色列最美丽的地方。这里很美，有橡树、麦田和葡萄园的森林。

But more importantly, though, in the history of that region, it's served, it's had a real strategic function, and that is, it is the means by which hostile armies on the coastal plain find their way, get up into the mountains and threaten those living in the mountains. And 3,000 years ago, that's exactly what happens. The Philistines, who are the biggest of enemies of the Kingdom of Israel, are living in the coastal plain. They're originally from Crete. They're a seafaring people. And they may start to make their way through one of the valleys of the Shephelah up into the mountains, because what they want to do is occupy the highland area right by Bethlehem and split the Kingdom of Israel in two. And the Kingdom of Israel, which is headed by King Saul, obviously catches wind of this, and Saul brings his army down from the mountains and he confronts the Philistines in the Valley of Elah, one of the most beautiful of the valleys of the Shephelah. And the Israelites dig in along the northern ridge, and the Philistines dig in along the southern ridge, and the two armies just sit there for weeks and stare at each other, because they're deadlocked. Neither can attack the other, because to attack the other side you've got to come down the mountain into the valley and then up the other side, and you're completely exposed.

但更重要的是，在这个地区的历史上，它的作用是，它具有真正的战略作用，也就是说，它是沿海平原上敌对的军队找到出路的手段，上山去威胁那些住在山里的人。而3000年前，这正是所发生的。非利士人是以色列国最大的敌人，住在沿海平原。它们来自克里特岛。他们是航海的人。他们可以从一个平原的山谷中走到山上，因为他们想做的是占领高地地区的伯利恒，把以色列王国分成两半。以扫罗王为首的以色列国，显然是捕风，扫罗使他的军队从山上下来，在以拉谷与非利士人打仗，一个最美丽的山谷的shephelah。以色列人在北方挖土厄恩里奇和非利士人沿着南部的山脊挖掘，两支军队在那里坐了几个星期，互相凝视着，因为他们僵持不下。也不能攻击对方，因为攻击对方，你必须下山进入山谷，然后在另一边，你完全暴露。

So finally, to break the deadlock, the Philistines send their mightiest warrior down into the valley floor, and he calls out and he says to the Israelites, "Send your mightiest warrior down, and we'll have this out, just the two of us."

最后，为了打破僵局，非利士人将他们最强大的战士送上谷底，他呼唤着以色列子民说：“把你们最强大的战士打倒在地，我们要把这件事解决，就我们两个。”

This was a tradition in ancient warfare called single combat. It was a way of settling disputes without incurring the bloodshed of a major battle. And the Philistine who is sent down, their mighty warrior, is a giant. He's 6 foot 9. He's outfitted head to toe in this glittering bronze armor, and he's got a sword and he's got a javelin and he's got his spear. He is absolutely terrifying. And he's so terrifying that none of the Israelite soldiers want to fight him. It's a death wish, right? There's no way they think they can take him.

这是古代战争中所谓的单一战斗的传统。这是一种解决争端的方式，而不是引发一场重大战争的流血冲突。非利士人被降下来，他们的勇士，就是巨人。他身高6英尺9英寸，他在这个闪闪发光的青铜盔甲上从头到脚，他有一把剑，他拿着标枪，他拿着他的长矛。他太可怕了。他是如此的可怕，以至于以色列的士兵都不想和他作战。这是一个死亡的愿望，对吗？他们不可能认为他们能把他带走。

And finally the only person who will come forward is this young shepherd boy, and he goes up to Saul and he says, "I'll fight him."

最后，唯一能站出来的人就是这个小牧童，他走到撒乌耳跟前，说：“我要跟他打。”

And Saul says, "You can't fight him. That's ridiculous. You're this kid. This is this mighty warrior."

扫罗说，你不能与他打仗。那太荒谬了。你就是这个孩子。这就是这位伟大的战士。”

But the shepherd is adamant. He says, "No, no, no, you don't understand, I have been defending my flock against lions and wolves for years. I think I can do it."

但牧羊人是坚定不移的。他说：“不，不，不，你不明白，我多年来一直在保护我的羊群对抗狮子和狼。”我想我能做到。”

And Saul has no choice. He's got no one else who's come forward. So he says, "All right." And then he turns to the kid, and he says, "But you've got to wear this armor. You can't go as you are."

扫罗也没有选择。他已经没有其他人了。所以他说：“好吧。”然后他转向孩子，他说，“但是你必须穿上这件盔甲。”你不能像现在这样去。”

So he tries to give the shepherd his armor, and the shepherd says, "No." He says, "I can't wear this stuff." The Biblical verse is, "I cannot wear this for I have not proved it," meaning, "I've never worn armor before. You've got to be crazy."

于是他试着给牧羊人披上盔甲，牧羊人说：“不。”他说，“我不能穿这些东西。”圣经中的诗句是：“我不能穿这个，因为我没有证明它，”意思是，“我从来没有穿过盔甲。”你一定是疯了。”

So he reaches down instead on the ground and picks up five stones and puts them in his shepherd's bag and starts to walk down the mountainside to meet the giant. And the giant sees this figure approaching, and calls out, "Come to me so I can feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field." He issues this kind of taunt towards this person coming to fight him. And the shepherd draws closer and closer, and the giant sees that he's carrying a staff. That's all he's carrying. Instead of a weapon, just this shepherd's staff, and he says -- he's insulted -- "Am I a dog that you would come to me with sticks?"

于是他在地上爬了下来，捡起五块石头，放进他的牧羊人的袋子里，开始沿着山坡向下走去迎接巨人。巨人看见这人影靠近，就呼叫说：“到我这里来，我好把你的肉喂给天上的飞鸟和田野的走兽。”他对前来与他作战的人发出这种嘲讽。牧羊人越来越近，巨人看到他手里拿着一根拐杖。那是他所有的东西。而不是武器，只是这个牧羊人的工作人员，他说，他被侮辱了，“我是一只狗，你会用棍子来找我吗？”

And the shepherd boy takes one of his stones out of his pocket, puts it in his sling and rolls it around and lets it fly and it hits the giant right between the eyes -- right here, in his most vulnerable spot -- and he falls down either dead or unconscious, and the shepherd boy runs up and takes his sword and cuts off his head, and the Philistines see this and they turn and they just run.

牧童把他的一块石头从口袋里拿出来，放在他的弹弓里，把它滚过来，让它飞起来，然后它就在眼睛之间撞到了巨人的右面--就在这里，在他最脆弱的地方，他倒下了，要么死了，要么失去了知觉，牧童跑了起来，拿起他的剑，砍下了他的头，非利士人看见，就转身逃跑。

And of course, the name of the giant is Goliath and the name of the shepherd boy is David, and the reason that story has obsessed me over the course of writing my book is that everything I thought I knew about that story turned out to be wrong.

当然，巨人的名字叫歌利亚，牧童的名字叫大卫，而故事之所以让我着迷于写我的书的过程，就是我所知道的关于那个故事的一切都是错误的。

So David, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right? In fact, that term, David and Goliath, has entered our language as a metaphor for improbable victories by some weak party over someone far stronger. Now why do we call David an underdog? Well, we call him an underdog because he's a kid, a little kid, and Goliath is this big, strong giant. We also call him an underdog because Goliath is an experienced warrior, and David is just a shepherd. But most importantly, we call him an underdog because all he has is -- it's that Goliath is outfitted with all of this modern weaponry, this glittering coat of armor and a sword and a javelin and a spear, and all David has is this sling.

所以大卫，在那个故事里，应该是失败者，对吗？事实上，这个词，大卫和歌利亚，已经进入我们的语言作为一个比喻，不可能的胜利，一些弱党对某人远远强。为什么我们称大卫为失败者？好吧，我们称他为失败者，因为他是个孩子，一个小孩，而歌利亚是这个又大又强壮的巨人。我们也称他为失败者，因为歌利亚是一个有经验的战士，而大卫只是一个牧羊人。但最重要的是，我们称他为失败者，因为他所拥有的一切都是：歌利亚装备了所有这些现代武器，这件闪闪发光的盔甲和一把剑，一支标枪和一支长矛，所有的大卫都是这个弹弓。

Well, let's start there with the phrase "All David has is this sling," because that's the first mistake that we make. In ancient warfare, there are three kinds of warriors. There's cavalry, men on horseback and with chariots. There's heavy infantry, which are foot soldiers, armed foot soldiers with swords and shields and some kind of armor. And there's artillery, and artillery are archers, but, more importantly, slingers. And a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch with two long cords attached to it, and they put a projectile, either a rock or a lead ball, inside the pouch, and they whirl it around like this and they let one of the cords go, and the effect is to send the projectile forward towards its target. That's what David has, and it's important to understand that that sling is not a slingshot. It's not this, right? It's not a child's toy. It's in fact an incredibly devastating weapon. When David rolls it around like this, he's turning the sling around probably at six or seven revolutions per second, and that means that when the rock is released, it's going forward really fast, probably 35 meters per second. That's substantially faster than a baseball thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers. More than that, the stones in the Valley of Elah were not normal rocks. They were barium sulphate, which are rocks twice the density of normal stones. If you do the calculations on the ballistics, on the stopping power of the rock fired from David's sling, it's roughly equal to the stopping power of a [.45 caliber] handgun. This is an incredibly devastating weapon. Accuracy, we know from historical records that slingers -- experienced slingers could hit and maim or even kill a target at distances of up to 200 yards. From medieval tapestries, we know that slingers were capable of hitting birds in flight. They were incredibly accurate. When David lines up -- and he's not 200 yards away from Goliath, he's quite close to Goliath -- when he lines up and fires that thing at Goliath, he has every intention and every expectation of being able to hit Goliath at his most vulnerable spot between his eyes. If you go back over the history of ancient warfare, you will find time and time again that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry in one kind of battle or another.

好吧，让我们从“所有大卫都是这个吊带”这个短语开始，因为这是我们犯的第一个错误。在古代战争中，有三种武士。有骑兵，骑兵和战车。那里有重步兵，他们是步兵，带着剑和盾牌的步兵，还有一些盔甲。还有火炮和弓箭，但更重要的是，弹弓。还有一个杀手是有一个有两条长绳子的皮革袋子的人，他们把一个弹片，或者一块石头或者一个铅球放在袋子里，他们像这样旋转着，让其中一条绳索离开，效果是将炮弹朝着目标前进。这就是大卫所拥有的，重要的是要明白，吊索不是弹弓。不是这个吧？这不是孩子的玩具。事实上，这是一种令人难以置信的毁灭性武器。当大卫像这样滚动时，他可能会在六点或七点左右转动弹弓.

So what's Goliath? He's heavy infantry, and his expectation when he challenges the Israelites to a duel is that he's going to be fighting another heavy infantryman. When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field," the key phrase is "Come to me." Come up to me because we're going to fight, hand to hand, like this. Saul has the same expectation. David says, "I want to fight Goliath," and Saul tries to give him his armor, because Saul is thinking, "Oh, when you say 'fight Goliath,' you mean 'fight him in hand-to-hand combat,' infantry on infantry."

那歌利亚是什么？他是一个重步兵，当他挑战以色列人决斗的时候，他的期望是他将与另一个重步兵战斗。当他说：“到我这里来，我要把你的肉喂给天上的飞鸟和田野的走兽，”关键的话是“到我这里来”。到我这里来，因为我们要战斗，手拉手，像这样。索尔也有同样的期望。大卫说：“我要和歌利亚作战，”扫罗想把他的盔甲给他，因为扫罗在想：“哦，当你说‘打歌利亚’时，你的意思是‘用手打他，用手打他，’用步兵对付步兵。”

But David has absolutely no expectation. He's not going to fight him that way. Why would he? He's a shepherd. He's spent his entire career using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves. That's where his strength lies. So here he is, this shepherd, experienced in the use of a devastating weapon, up against this lumbering giant weighed down by a hundred pounds of armor and these incredibly heavy weapons that are useful only in short-range combat. Goliath is a sitting duck. He doesn't have a chance. So why do we keep calling David an underdog, and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable?

但大卫完全没有期望。他不会那样跟他打。他为什么会这样？他是个牧羊人。他整个职业生涯都是用一个吊索来保护自己的羊群对抗狮子和狼。那就是他的力量所在。因此，他在这里，这个牧羊人，经历了一个毁灭性的武器的使用，对抗这个笨重的巨人的重量下降了100磅的装甲和这些令人难以置信的重型武器是有用的，只有在短程作战。歌利亚是一个坐着的鸭子。他没有机会。那么，为什么我们一直称大卫为一个失败者，为什么我们总是说他的胜利是不可能的呢？

There's a second piece of this that's important. It's not just that we misunderstand David and his choice of weaponry. It's also that we profoundly misunderstand Goliath. Goliath is not what he seems to be. There's all kinds of hints of this in the Biblical text, things that are in retrospect quite puzzling and don't square with his image as this mighty warrior. So to begin with, the Bible says that Goliath is led onto the valley floor by an attendant. Now that is weird, right? Here is this mighty warrior challenging the Israelites to one-on-one combat. Why is he being led by the hand by some young boy, presumably, to the point of combat? Secondly, the Bible story makes special note of how slowly Goliath moves, another odd thing to say when you're describing the mightiest warrior known to man at that point. And then there's this whole weird thing about how long it takes Goliath to react to the sight of David. So David's coming down the mountain, and he's clearly not preparing for hand-to-hand combat. There is nothing about him that says, "I am about to fight you like this." He's not even carrying a sword. Why does Goliath not react to that? It's as if he's oblivious to what's going on that day. And then there's that strange comment he makes to David: "Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?" Sticks? David only has one stick.

第二件事很重要这不仅仅是我们误解了大卫和他选择的武器。我们也深深地误解了歌利亚。歌利亚并不是他看起来的样子。在圣经经文中有各种各样的暗示，回想起来很令人困惑，也不符合他这个强大的战士的形象。首先，圣经上说歌利亚被一个随从带到了谷底。这很奇怪吧？这里是一个强大的战士挑战以色列人一对一的战斗。为什么他被一个年轻的男孩牵着手，大概，到了战斗的地步？第二，圣经故事特别说明了歌利亚移动的速度有多慢，当你描述当时人类所知道的最强大的战士时，另一件奇怪的事情就是这样说。还有一件奇怪的事情是，歌利亚要多久才能对大卫的视线作出反应。所以大卫下山了，他显然没有准备格斗。他并没有说：“我要像这样打你。”他连一把剑都没有。为什么歌利亚对此没有反应？好像他忘记了那天发生的事情。然后有一个奇怪的评论他对大卫说：“我是一只狗，你应该来找我用棍子吗？”棍子？大卫只有一根棍子。

Well, it turns out that there's been a great deal of speculation within the medical community over the years about whether there is something fundamentally wrong with Goliath, an attempt to make sense of all of those apparent anomalies. There have been many articles written. The first one was in 1960 in the Indiana Medical Journal, and it started a chain of speculation that starts with an explanation for Goliath's height. So Goliath is head and shoulders above all of his peers in that era, and usually when someone is that far out of the norm, there's an explanation for it. So the most common form of giantism is a condition called acromegaly, and acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor on your pituitary gland that causes an overproduction of human growth hormone. And throughout history, many of the most famous giants have all had acromegaly. So the tallest person of all time was a guy named Robert Wadlow who was still growing when he died at the age of 24 and he was 8 foot 11. He had acromegaly. Do you remember the wrestler André the Giant? Famous. He had acromegaly. There's even speculation that Abraham Lincoln had acromegaly. Anyone who's unusually tall, that's the first explanation we come up with. And acromegaly has a very distinct set of side effects associated with it, principally having to do with vision. The pituitary tumor, as it grows, often starts to compress the visual nerves in your brain, with the result that people with acromegaly have either double vision or they are profoundly nearsighted.

事实上，在过去的几年里，医学界一直有大量的猜测，关于歌利亚是否存在根本性的错误，试图使所有这些明显的反常现象变得有意义。已经写了很多文章。第一个是1960年在印第安纳医学杂志，它开始了一系列的猜测，开始对歌利亚的高度的解释。因此，在那个时代，歌利亚比他所有的同龄人都要长得高，而且通常当有人远离标准时，就有一种解释。因此，最常见的Giantism形式是一种称为肢端肥大症的疾病，肢端肥大症是由脑下垂体的良性肿瘤引起的，导致人类生长激素分泌过多。纵观历史，许多著名的巨人都有过肢端肥大症。因此，所有时间里最高的人是一个名叫罗伯特·瓦德洛的人，他在24岁时去世，享年8英尺11岁。他有ACR欧米茄。你还记得那个摔跤手和巨人吗？很有名。他有肢端肥大症。甚至有人猜测亚伯拉罕林肯有肢端肥大症。任何一个异常高的人，这是我们提出的第一个解释。肢端肥大症有一套非常明显的副作用，主要与视觉有关。垂体瘤，随着它的生长，常常开始压迫你的大脑中的视觉神经，结果是肢端肥大症的人要么有双重视力，要么是极度近视。

So when people have started to speculate about what might have been wrong with Goliath, they've said, "Wait a minute, he looks and sounds an awful lot like someone who has acromegaly." And that would also explain so much of what was strange about his behavior that day. Why does he move so slowly and have to be escorted down into the valley floor by an attendant? Because he can't make his way on his own. Why is he so strangely oblivious to David that he doesn't understand that David's not going to fight him until the very last moment? Because he can't see him. When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field," the phrase "come to me" is a hint also of his vulnerability. Come to me because I can't see you. And then there's, "Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?" He sees two sticks when David has only one.

因此，当人们开始猜测歌利亚可能出了什么问题时，他们说：“等一下，他看起来很像一个有肢端肥大症的人。”这也解释了他那天的行为有多奇怪。为什么他走得那么慢，还得由一个服务员护送下到谷底？因为他不能自己走自己的路。为什么他如此奇怪地忘记了大卫，以至于他不知道大卫不会和他战斗到最后一刻？因为他看不见他。当他说：“到我这里来，我可以把你的肉喂给天上的飞鸟和田野的走兽，”“到我这里来”这句话也暗示了他的脆弱。来找我，因为我看不见你。然后，“我是一只狗，你应该用棍子来找我吗？”他看见大卫只有一根棍子。

So the Israelites up on the mountain ridge looking down on him thought he was this extraordinarily powerful foe. What they didn't understand was that the very thing that was the source of his apparent strength was also the source of his greatest weakness.

于是，以色列人在山脊上俯视着他，以为他是一个非常强大的敌人。他们不明白的是，他明显的力量来源，也是他最大弱点的根源。

And there is, I think, in that, a very important lesson for all of us. Giants are not as strong and powerful as they seem. And sometimes the shepherd boy has a sling in his pocket.

我认为，在这一点上，对我们大家来说是一个非常重要的教训。巨人并不像看起来那么强大和强大。有时那个牧童的口袋里有一个吊带。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）