Part One  拓展阅读科普笔记

1.atom  原子

subatomic particle:

electron 电子  symbol: e-/β-

proton 质子    symbol: p / p+

neutron 中子

2.particle  粒子

可分为

(1)subatomic particles: electrons

(2)microscopic particles: atoms, molecules

(3)macroscopic particles（肉眼可见的）: powders, granular materials（颗粒物）

3.原子核家族

nucleus原子核the positively charged dense center of an atom

nuclei原子核（复数）

nucleon核子（指质子或中子）a constituent部分(proton or neutron) of an atomic nucleus

nucleonics    the branch of physics that studies the internal structure of atomic nuclei(Synonyms: atomic physics, nuclear physics)

4.isotope VS nuclide

isotope同位素  one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons

An isotope of a chemical element is an atom that has a different number of neutrons (that is, a greater or lesser atomic mass) than the standard for that element.

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Atomic mass adds to that the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Each element has a typical atomic mass, but when the number of protons stays the same and the number of neutrons changes, you have an isotope.

同位素的表示是在该元素符号的左上角注明质量数（质子数+中子数），左下角注明质子数。 例如碳14，一般用14C而不用C-14。

发现意义：同位素的发现，使人们对原子结构的认识更深一步。这不仅使元素概念有了新的含义，而且使相对原子质量的基准也发生了重大的变革，再一次证明了决定元素化学性质的是质子数（核电荷数），而不是原子质量数。

nuclide核素

A nuclide (from nucleus) is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus.

Identical nuclei belong to one nuclide, for example each nucleus of the carbon-13 nuclide is composed of 6 protons and 7 neutrons.

核素常用符号AZX表示，其中X是元素符号，Z是原子序数，A是质量数，A-Z=N，N是该核素中的中子数。由于元素符号X已经确定了它的原子序数，因此，通常核素也可简记为AX。

比较

The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, while the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of each element) emphasizes chemical over nuclear.

核素是同一种元素因为中子数不同而形成的不同原子，比如氢有三种核素，同位素是同一种元素的不同核素间的互称，比如氢的三种核素彼此之间互称为同位素。核素和同位素都指的是原子。

5.ion离子

An ion is an atom or a molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge. Ions can be created, by either chemical or physical means, via ionization.

plasma等离子体

an ionized state of matter similar to a gas.

Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, the others being solid, liquid, and gas. Yet unlike these three states of matter, plasma does not naturally exist on the Earth, and can only be artificially generated from neutral gases. The term was first introduced by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.

等离子体是一种由自由电子和带电离子为主要成分的物质形态，广泛存在于宇宙中，常被视为是物质的第四态，被称为等离子态，或者“超气态”，也称“电浆体”。等离子体具有很高的电导率，与电磁场存在极强的耦合作用。它是部分电离的气体,由电子,离子,自由基,中性粒子,及光子组成.等离子体本身是含有物理和化学活泼粒子的电中性混合物.这些活泼自由基粒子能够做化学功,而带电原子和分子通过溅射能够做物理功,结果,通过物理轰击和化学反应,等离子工艺能够完成各种材料表面改性,包括表面活化、 污染物去除、刻蚀等功效.

6.particle decay

Particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple other particles.

粒子衰变是一基本粒子变成其他基本粒子的自发过程。在这个过程中，一基本粒子变成质量更轻的另一种基本粒子，及一中间粒子，例如μ子衰变中的W玻色子。这中间粒子随即变成其他粒子。如果生成的粒子不稳定，那么衰变过程还会继续。

粒子衰变这种过程，与放射性衰变不一样，后者为一不稳定的原子核，变成一更小的原子核，当中还伴随着粒子或辐射的发射。

7.helium 氦气

8.polonium & uranium & thorium分别为放射性化学元素：钋 铀 钍(produce nuclear energy)

bismuth化学元素：铋（用于医学）

Part Two  体会

It is the first article in gambition's intensive reading class. I just regard it as a warm-up task. In this way, I have gone through the process of reading original pages and making notes on the first day, picturing a mind map and listening to Annie's anaysis on the second day as well as summing up on the third day. Athough I attempted to catch up the pace of the class, I still encounter lots of problems: both in text itself and in software techniques, esp. difficulties on the use of mind map apps.