17.12.06 ArrayList的原理

ArrayList概述

---

ArrayList可以理解为动态数组，用MSDN中的说法，就是Array的复杂版本。与Java中的数组相比，它的容量能动态增长。ArrayList是List接口的可变数组的实现。实现了所有可选列表操作，并允许包括 null 在内的所有元素。除了实现 List 接口外，此类还提供一些方法来操作内部用来存储列表的数组的大小。（此类大致上等同于 Vector 类，除了此类是不同步的。）

每个ArrayList实例都有一个容量，该容量是指用来存储列表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少等于列表的大小。随着向ArrayList中不断添加元素，其容量也自动增长。自动增长会带来数据向新数组的重新拷贝，因此，如果可预知数据量的多少，可在构造ArrayList时指定其容量。在添加大量元素前，应用程序也可以使用ensureCapacity操作来增加ArrayList实例的容量，这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。

注意，此实现不是同步的。如果多个线程同时访问一个ArrayList实例，而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了列表，那么它必须保持外部同步。（结构上的修改是指任何添加或删除一个或多个元素的操作，或者显式调整底层数组的大小；仅仅设置元素的值不是结构上的修改。）

ArrayList的实现

---

对于ArrayList而言，它实现List接口、底层使用数组保存所有元素。其操作基本上是对数组的操作。下面我们来分析ArrayList的源代码：

• 实现的接口

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
}

ArrayList继承了AbstractList，实现了List。它是一个数组队列，提供了相关的添加、删除、修改、遍历等功能。

ArrayList实现了RandmoAccess接口，即提供了随机访问功能。RandmoAccess是java中用来被List实现，为List提供快速访问功能的。在ArrayList中，我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象；这就是快速随机访问。

ArrayList实现了Cloneable接口，即覆盖了函数clone()，能被克隆。

ArrayList实现java.io.Serializable接口，这意味着ArrayList支持序列化，能通过序列化去传输

• 底层使用数组实现

/**
* The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
* The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
*/
private transient Object[] elementData;

• 构造方法

/**
 * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
 */
public ArrayList() {
    this(10);
}
/**
 * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
 *
 * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
 *         is negative
 */
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
    super();
    if (initialCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                           initialCapacity);
    this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
}

/**
 * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
 * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
 * iterator.
 *
 * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
 * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
 */
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
    elementData = c.toArray();
    size = elementData.length;
    // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
    if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
}

ArrayList提供了三种方式的构造器：

• public ArrayList()可以构造一个默认初始容量为10的空列表；
• public ArrayList(int initialCapacity)构造一个指定初始容量的空列表；
• public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)构造一个包含指定collection的元素的列表，这些元素按照该collection的迭代器返回它们的顺序排列的。

• 存储

ArrayList中提供了多种添加元素的方法，下面将一一进行讲解：
1、 set(int index, E element)：该方法首先调用rangeCheck(index)来校验index变量是否超出数组范围，超出则抛出异常。而后，取出原index位置的值，并且将新的element放入Index位置，返回oldValue。

/**
 * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
 * the specified element.
 *
 * @param index index of the element to replace
 * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
 * @return the element previously at the specified position
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public E set(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheck(index);

    E oldValue = elementData(index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    return oldValue;
}
/**
  * Checks if the given index is in range.  If not, throws an appropriate
  * runtime exception.  This method does *not* check if the index is
  * negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
  * which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
  */
  private void rangeCheck(int index) {
    if (index >= size)
    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
  }

2、 add(E e)：该方法是将指定的元素添加到列表的尾部。当容量不足时，会调用grow方法增长容量。

/**
 * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
 *
 * @param e element to be appended to this list
 * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
 */
public boolean add(E e) {
    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    elementData[size++] = e;
    return true;
}
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
    modCount++;
    // overflow-conscious code
    if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
        grow(minCapacity);
}
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
    // overflow-conscious code
    int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
    int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
    if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
        newCapacity = minCapacity;
    if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
        newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
    // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}

3、 add(int index, E element)：在index位置插入element。

/**
 * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
 * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
 * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
 *
 * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
 * @param element element to be inserted
 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
 */
public void add(int index, E element) {
    rangeCheckForAdd(index);

    ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
    System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                     size - index);
    elementData[index] = element;
    size++;
}

4、 addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)和addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)：将特定Collection中的元素添加到Arraylist末尾。

/**
     * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
     * this list, in the order that they are returned by the
     * specified collection's Iterator.  The behavior of this operation is
     * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
     * is in progress.  (This implies that the behavior of this call is
     * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
     * list is nonempty.)
     *
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

    /**
     * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
     * list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
     * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
     * the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
     * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
     * specified collection's iterator.
     *
     * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
     *              specified collection
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

        int numMoved = size - index;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                             numMoved);

        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }

在ArrayList的存储方法，其核心本质是在数组的某个位置将元素添加进入。但其中又会涉及到关于数组容量不够而增长等因素。

• 读取

这个方法就比较简单了，ArrayList能够支持随机访问的原因也是很显然的，因为它内部的数据结构是数组，而数组本身就是支持随机访问。该方法首先会判断输入的index值是否越界，然后将数组的index位置的元素返回即可。

/**
* Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
*
* @param  index index of the element to return
* @return the element at the specified position in this list
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E get(int index) {
    rangeCheck(index);
    return (E) elementData[index];
}
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
    if (index >= size)
    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}

• 删除

ArrayList提供了根据下标或者指定对象两种方式的删除功能。需要注意的是该方法的返回值并不相同，如下：

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).
     *
     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
     * @return the element that was removed from the list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work

        return oldValue;
    }
/**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
     * if it is present.  If the list does not contain the element, it is
     * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
     * <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).  Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
     * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
     * changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }

注意：从数组中移除元素的操作，也会导致被移除的元素以后的所有元素的向左移动一个位置。

• 调整数组容量

从上面介绍的向ArrayList中存储元素的代码中，我们看到，每当向数组中添加元素时，都要去检查添加后元素的个数是否会超出当前数组的长度，如果超出，数组将会进行扩容，以满足添加数据的需求。数组扩容有两个方法，其中开发者可以通过一个public的方法ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)来增加ArrayList的容量，而在存储元素等操作过程中，如果遇到容量不足，会调用priavte方法private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity)实现。

public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
    if (minCapacity > 0)
        ensureCapacityInternal(minCapacity);
}

private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
    modCount++;
    // overflow-conscious code
    if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
        grow(minCapacity);
}
/**
 * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
 * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
 *
 * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
 */
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
    // overflow-conscious code
    int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
    int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
    if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
        newCapacity = minCapacity;
    if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
        newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
    // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
    elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}

从上述代码中可以看出，数组进行扩容时，会将老数组中的元素重新拷贝一份到新的数组中，每次数组容量的增长大约是其原容量的1.5倍（从int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)这行代码得出）。这种操作的代价是很高的，因此在实际使用时，我们应该尽量避免数组容量的扩张。当我们可预知要保存的元素的多少时，要在构造ArrayList实例时，就指定其容量，以避免数组扩容的发生。或者根据实际需求，通过调用ensureCapacity方法来手动增加ArrayList实例的容量。

• Fail-Fast机制

ArrayList也采用了快速失败的机制，通过记录modCount参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时，迭代器很快就会完全失败，而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。
关于Fail-Fast的更详细的介绍，我在之前将HashMap中已经提到。