笃学奖-Topic 6-B18030-甘比精读
Day18 单词作业
1. encounter
1.a meeting, especially one that happens by chance
I had a rather alarming encounter with a wild pig.
2.an occasion when people have sex, usually with someone they have not met before
3.an occasion when two teams play against each other
In their last encounterwithItaly, England won 3-2.
2. reassess
-to think again about something in order to decide whether to change the way you feel about it or deal with it
We need to reassess our values as a nation.
3. carapace
-a hard shell that covers and protects animals such as crabs and turtles
4. painstaking
-extremely careful and correct, and using a lot of effort
It took months of painstaking research to write the book.
5. qualm
-an uncomfortable feeling of doubt about whether you are doing the right thing
She had no qualms about lying to the police.
6. throng
-a crowd or a large group of people
A huge throng had gathered round the speaker.
7. uncontroversial
-not controversial，没有争议的
8. consultant
1.someone who advises people on a particular subject
a management/financial/computer consultant
2.[UK] a specialist(= doctor with special training and knowledge in a particular area of medicine)
9. dwell on sb.
-to keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or unpleasant
In his speech, he dwelt on the plight of the sick and the hungry.
10. hegemony
-[FORMAL] (especially of countries) the position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore able to control others
The three nations competed for regional hegemony.
11. Thucydides
( circa 455– circa 400 bc ) , Greek historian. Remembered for his History of the Peloponnesian War, he fought in the conflict on the Athenian side. 休斯得底斯
12. befall
-If something bad or dangerous befalls you, it happens to you
Should any harm befall me on my journey, you may open this letter.
13. Sparta
斯巴达
14. deputy secretary of state
国务秘书
15. subtle
1.not loud, bright, noticeable or obvious in any way
The room was painted a subtle shade of pink.
2.small but important
There is a subtle difference between these two plans.
3.achieved in a quiet way which does not attract attention to itself and which is, therefore, good or clever
a subtle plan/suggestion
subtle questions
16. amplify
1.to make something louder
amplified music/guitar
2.[formal] to increase the size or effect of something
A funeral can amplify the feelings of regret and loss for the relatives.
17. flesh sth. out
-to add more details or information to something
These plans need to be fleshed out with some more figures.
18. realm
1.an area of interest or activity
Her interests are in the realm of practical politics.
2.[formal] a country ruled by a king or queen
the defence of the realm
3. within the realms of possibility
-possible
A pay rise is not within the realms of possibility, I'm afraid.
19. wont
1. as is someone's wont
-in the way that someone usually does
She arrived an hour late, as is her wont.
2. be wont to do sth
-to often do something
The previous city council was wont to overspend.
20. distil
1. [T] to make a liquid stronger or purer by heating it until it changes to a gas and then cooling it so that it changes back into a liquid
Some strong alcoholic drinks such as whisky are made by distilling.
2.[T usually passive] literary to get or show only the most important part of something
Over 80 hours of footage have been distilled into these 40 minutes.
21. mnemonic /nɪˈmɒn.ɪk/
-something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember something
The musical notes on the lines go EGBDF - use the mnemonic 'every good boy deserves fun'.
22. mouthpiece
1.the part of a telephone, musical instrument or other devices that go near or between the lips
To play the recorder, blow gently into the mouthpiece.
2.disapprovinga person or a newspaper that only expresses the opinions of one particular organisation
This newspaper is just a Republican mouthpiece.
23. infrastructure
-the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organisation uses in order to work effectively
The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure.
24. wary
-not completely trusting or certain about something or someone
I'm a bit wary of/about giving people my address when I don't know them very well.
25. bolster
-to support or improve something or make it stronger
More money is needed to bolster the industry.
26. tribunal
-a special court or group of people who are officially chosen, especially by the government, to examine (legal) problems of a particular type
a war-crimes tribunal
27. promptly
-quickly, without delay, or at the arranged time
We'll have to leave fairly promptly(= on time)if we want to catch that train.
28. disavow
-to say that you know nothing about something, or that you have no responsibility for or connection with something
They were quick to disavow the rumour.
29. eschew
-to avoid something intentionally, or to give something up
We won't have discussions with this group unless they eschew violence.
30. maritime
1.connected with human activity at sea
Amalfi and Venice were important maritime powers.
2.near the sea or coast
The temperature change in winter is less pronounced in maritime areas.
31. overlap
1.[I orT] to cover something partly by going over its edge; to cover part of the same space
The fence is made of panels which overlap (each other).
2.[I] If two or more activities, subjects or periods of time overlap, they have some parts which are the same
My musical tastes don't overlap with my brother's at all.
32. Belt on Road Initiative
一带一路
33. convene
-to arrange (a group of people for) a meeting, or to meet for a meeting
The Prime Minister convened (a meeting of) his ministers to discuss the matter.
34. revisionist
修正主义者，修正主义的
35. predecessor
-someone who had a job or a position before someone else, or something which comes before another thing in time or in a series
My predecessor worked in this job for twelve years.
36. assertive
-describes someone who behaves confidently and is not frightened to say what they want or believe
If you really want the promotion, you'll have to be more assertive.
37. template
1.a pattern made of metal, plastic or paper, which is used for making many copies of a shape or to help cut material accurately
2.something that is used as a pattern for producing other similar things
We used the structure of his report as the template for ours.
3.a system that helps you arrange information on a computer screen
a letter template
38. lingua franca
-通用语
39. dismantle
1.[I orT] to take a machine apart or to come apart into separate pieces
She dismantled the washing machine to see what the problem was, but couldn't put it back together again.
2.[T] to get rid of a system or organisation, usually over a period of time
Unions accuse the government of dismantling the National Health Service.
Day19 神句翻译+思维导图
【专有名词和词句】
1.Keep a low profile, never take the lead, and make a difference
保持低调，永不出头，有所作为。
韬光养晦、决不当头、有所作为.邓小平1992年提出韬光养晦有所作为的外交战略,这里翻译较为贴切,用了keep low profile意指保持低调。
最早的官方译本都是hide our capabilities and bide our time意思就是掩盖自己的能力，等待时机东山再起,极易引起误解。此后，国外还有一些英文书籍或者是文章，进一步翻译成隐藏能力假装弱小，或者叫做隐藏真实目的，或者是隐藏野心收集爪子等等。其潜台词无外乎就是说，“韬光养晦”是中国在特定的内外形势下，所采取的一种权宜之际，是在隐蔽自己的真实意图等待时机成熟再出手。事实上,韬光养晦的核心含义是:要紧紧抓住经济建设这条主线，埋头苦干发展自己。只有发展自己才能够解决很多的问题。‘韬光养晦’目的就是我们要立足于自身的发展和壮大，才能在国际事务中发挥更大的、积极建设性作用。
关于韬光养晦和有所作为这个中国当年邓小平提出的外交方面的一个指导思想，两者间并不是对立的，不是非此即彼的，而是像中国的易经所讲的，是阴和阳不可分离的，并且阴中有阳，阳中有阴，在相互在一定条件可以转化的，这是一个战略哲学的问题，并不存在要么韬光养晦，要么有所作为问题，在韬光养晦的时候，我们要坚持原则并且不断的有所进取，在我们有所作为的时候也要注意量力而行，不说过头话，不做过头事，坚持我们的主权立场
2.ThucydidesTrap
休斯得底斯陷阱
“修昔底德陷阱”，是指一个新崛起的大国必然要挑战现存大国，而现存大国也必然会回应这种威胁，这样战争变得不可避免。此说法源自古希腊著名历史学家修昔底德，他认为，当一个崛起的大国与既有的统治霸主竞争时，双方面临的危险多数以战争告终。雅典和斯巴达的战争之所以最终变得不可避免，是因为雅典实力的增长，以及这种增长在斯巴达所引起的恐惧。自1500年到2014年，共有15例威胁案例，其中发生战争的有11例。
3.Washington consensus
华盛顿共识
1989年，陷于债务危机的拉美国家急需进行国内经济改革。美国国际经济研究所邀请国际货币基金组织、世界银行、美洲开发银行和美国财政部的研究人员，以及拉美国家代表在华盛顿召开了一个研讨会，旨在为拉美国家经济改革提供方案和对策。美国国际经济研究所的约翰·威廉姆森（John Williamson）对拉美国家的国内经济改革提出了已与上述各机栄达成共识的10条政策措施，称作华盛顿共识。，“华盛顿共识”的教条是“主张政府的角色最小化、快速私有化和自由化。Subsequentto Williamson's use of the terminology, and despite his emphatic opposition,the phrase Washington Consensus has come to be used fairly widely in a second,broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards astrongly market-based approach(sometimes described asmarket fundamentalismorneoliberalism).
4.State-of-the-nation speech
代表国家的演讲
另一种说法是state-of-the-union address国情咨文，不仅是美国，俄罗斯、菲律宾等实行总统制的国家，也都把总统向国会发表的年度报告称为“国情咨文”。美国政府的施政纲领，主要阐明美国总统每年面临的国内外情况，以及政府将要采取的政策措施。按照美国惯例，每年年初，现任总统都要在国会做年度报告，阐述政府的施政方针，被称为“国情咨文”。
类似于我国的“政府工作报告”也就是文中提到的Work Report.
5.Not interfering in other countries’ internal affairs
不干涉他国内政
6. Common and differentiated responsibilities
共同的和各自的责任
共同但有区别的责任，当中and更多时候是被but替换。
“共同但有区别的责任”发端于上世纪70年代初。1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议宣示，保护环境是全人类的“共同责任”；同时指出，发展中国家的环境问题“在很大程度上是发展不足造成的”。这已是“共同但有区别的责任”的雏形。
从上世纪80年代末起，“共同但有区别的责任”逐渐成为国际谈判中的一项规范用语。1997年，《京都议定书》第十条确认了这一原则，并以法律形式予以明确、细化。它规定发达国家应承担的减少温室气体排放(“减排”)的量化义务，而没有严格规定发展中国家应当承担的义务。这是这条原则的具体体现。
【神词组】
1.go viral 广为流传
2.marks a change 标志着转变
3.be wary of sth 警惕
4.boss others around 对周围的……指手画脚
（美语口语）颐指气使，发号施令，好似老板指使下属。另有相关形容词bossy：专横好指使人，Her loud bossy sister爱管人的大嗓门姐姐
5.step up its multilateral commitments 增进多边承诺
6.model on 效仿
7.be resistant to 抵抗，不情愿
完全不对~！
对……又抵抗力，耐……的
8.one-size-fits-all approach 一刀切，一风吹
【神句】
1.The signals are amplified by similar ones further down the system and fleshed out by controlled discussions in state-owned media.
这样的暗示在这套系统的作用下被进一步放大，并在国有媒体控制下的讨论中血肉丰满起来。
体系内进一步类似的信号会增强先前的，国有媒体谨慎的报道则将这些信号具体化。
2. China is a revisionist power, wanting to expand influence within the system. It is neither a revolutionary power bent on overthrowing things nor a usurper, intent on grabbing global control.
秉承修正主义的中国想要在既定系统内扩大影响力。它既不是决心颠覆的革命者，也不是觊觎全球控制力的篡位者。
中国是一股修正主义的力量，试图在机制内扩大影响力。他既非推翻一切的革命主义力量，也非夺取全球控制权的篡位者。
用词多样化：want to & bent on & intent on
3. Global rules on trade and finance, it seems, are too important for Mr.Xi not to defend.
贸易和金融的全球规则对于习总书记来说是极其重要的，必须加强捍卫。
全球贸易金融规则似乎太过重要，习主席必须对其加以捍卫。
Too....not to:太。。。。而必须。。。
The dish is too delicious not to eat.
The city is too beautiful not to visit.
He is too talented not to succeed.
对比：too...to....太...所以不可能.....
Too good to be true:太美好，所以不可能是真的/美好的不现实
Too weak to handle the job:太弱，所以不可能胜任该工作/弱的无法胜任工作
【思维导图】
tortoise v hare
Day20 总结反思
这是我第一次用外文阅读与政治相关的文章，从另一个角度来看国际关系，也有另一种感受。
以前接触到的文章很多都是中国威胁论的支持者所写的，论点在我们看来难以理解，简直难以想象中国人为什么会被看作妖魔一般的存在。当然，也有一些人的言论比较中立，不至于一边倒地人为中国的崛起会危害世界经济政治社会安全；但这样有条有理的、论点清晰明了的文章还真是第一次阅读。
印象最深刻的是文章最后一句话：If China is required to play a leadership role, it will assume its responsibilities.
中国正在崛起，正在复兴，但我们没有睥睨世界的“雄心”，也没有支配小国的想法。如果中国“required”——被要求成为一个领导者，那么我们会履行我们的责任。
我们无意称霸，但我们有一个大国的胸襟与魄力。
那一条韬光养晦的对外政策，我现在才知道它原来翻译成“Keep a low profile, never take the lead, and make a difference"。莫名有一种关起门来搞事情的感觉……但是我们搞事情也不会像某国一样在别人家里搞，害得别人家里乌烟瘴气；我们是要建设社会主义的，我们自己的事务自己解决，不插手别国事务，也轮不到某国来插手！
当然，作者提到的我国政策的出台走的一套舆论导向的过程，让人忍不住扶额……我感觉完全没错呀，每回要出台什么政策的时候，新闻媒体就开始不停地重复某些个关键词，直让人听得耳朵起茧。然后官方再出来说一句，我们要以AA为指导，坚持BB的原则，对CC问题采取DD的措施……最后媒体再一通报道，全国各地开始贴大幅宣传海报，红框白底黑字看的人眼前发晕。
……我这么说不会被河蟹吧……
富强民主文明和谐自由平等公正法制爱国敬业诚信友善
可是这一套模式真的让人难以不麻木呀。
事物总是发展的，也许今后会有体制的改革呢？对国家还是很信任的wwww
