深入理解覆盖索引 sql优化的门槛

2024-03-24 本文已影响0人饱饱抓住了灵感

膜拜大神，转载自什么叫做覆盖索引？

一、什么是覆盖索引？

在了解覆盖索引之前我们先大概了解一下什么是聚集索引(主键索引)和辅助索引(二级索引)

聚集索引（主键索引）：

聚集索引就是按照每张表的主键构造一颗B+树，同时叶子节点中存放的即为整张表的记录数据。

聚集索引的叶子节点称为数据页，聚集索引的这个特性决定了索引组织表中的数据也是索引的一部分。

辅助索引（二级索引）：

非主键索引，叶子节点=键值+书签。Innodb存储引擎的书签就是相应行数据的主键索引值。

再来看看什么是覆盖索引，有下面三种理解：

解释一：就是select的数据列只用从索引中就能够取得，不必从数据表中读取，换句话说查询列要被所使用的索引覆盖。
解释二：索引是高效找到行的一个方法，当能通过检索索引就可以读取想要的数据，那就不需要再到数据表中读取行了。如果一个索引包含了（或覆盖了）满足查询语句中字段与条件的数据就叫做覆盖索引。
解释三：是非聚集组合索引的一种形式，它包括在查询里的Select、Join和Where子句用到的所有列（即建立索引的字段正好是覆盖查询语句[select子句]与查询条件[Where子句]中所涉及的字段，也即，索引包含了查询正在查找的所有数据）。

不是所有类型的索引都可以成为覆盖索引。覆盖索引必须要存储索引的列，而哈希索引、空间索引和全文索引等都不存储索引列的值，所以MySQL只能使用B-Tree索引做覆盖索引

当发起一个被索引覆盖的查询(也叫作索引覆盖查询)时，在EXPLAIN的Extra列可以看到“Using index”的信息

[图片上传失败...(image-ff891f-1711266452365)]

从执行结果上看，这个SQL语句只通过索引，就取到了所需要的数据，这个过程就叫做索引覆盖。

二、几种优化场景：

1.无WHERE条件的查询优化：

[图片上传失败...(image-194bcd-1711266452365)]

执行计划中，type 为ALL，表示进行了全表扫描

如何改进？优化措施很简单，就是对这个查询列建立索引。如下，

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n26" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">ALERT TABLE t1 ADD KEY(staff_id);</pre>

再看一下执行计划

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n32" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">explain select sql_no_cache count(staff_id) from t1
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t1
type: index
possible_keys: NULL
key: staff_id
key_len: 1
ref: NULL
rows: 1023849　　　　　 Extra: Using index
1 row in set (0.00 sec)</pre>

possible_key: NULL，说明没有WHERE条件时查询优化器无法通过索引检索数据，这里使用了索引的另外一个优点，即从索引中获取数据，减少了读取的数据块的数量。无where条件的查询，可以通过索引来实现索引覆盖查询，但前提条件是，查询返回的字段数足够少，更不用说select *之类的了。毕竟，建立key length过长的索引，始终不是一件好事情。

查询消耗

[图片上传失败...(image-ced911-1711266452365)]

从时间上看，小了0.13 sec

2、二次检索优化

如下这个查询：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n45" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select sql_no_cache rental_date from t1 where inventory_id<80000;
…
…
| 2005-08-23 15:08:00 |
| 2005-08-23 15:09:17 |
| 2005-08-23 15:10:42 |
| 2005-08-23 15:15:02 |
| 2005-08-23 15:15:19 |
| 2005-08-23 15:16:32 |
+---------------------+
79999 rows in set (0.13 sec)</pre>

执行计划：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n51" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">explain select sql_no_cache rental_date from t1 where inventory_id<80000
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t1
type: range
possible_keys: inventory_id
key: inventory_id
key_len: 3
ref: NULL
rows: 153734
Extra: Using index condition
1 row in set (0.00 sec)</pre>

Extra：Using index condition 表示使用的索引方式为二级检索，即79999个书签值被用来进行回表查询。可想而知，还是会有一定的性能消耗的

尝试针对这个SQL建立联合索引，如下：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n56" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">alter table t1 add key(inventory_id,rental_date);</pre>

执行计划：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n60" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">explain select sql_no_cache rental_date from t1 where inventory_id<80000*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t1
type: range
possible_keys: inventory_id,inventory_id_2
key: inventory_id_2
key_len: 3
ref: NULL
rows: 162884
Extra: Using index
1 row in set (0.00 sec)</pre>

Extra：Using index 表示没有会标查询的过程，实现了索引覆盖

3、分页查询优化

如下这个查询场景

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n68" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select tid,return_date from t1 order by inventory_id limit 50000,10;
+-------+---------------------+
| tid | return_date |
+-------+---------------------+
| 50001 | 2005-06-17 23:04:36 |
| 50002 | 2005-06-23 03:16:12 |
| 50003 | 2005-06-20 22:41:03 |
| 50004 | 2005-06-23 04:39:28 |
| 50005 | 2005-06-24 04:41:20 |
| 50006 | 2005-06-22 22:54:10 |
| 50007 | 2005-06-18 07:21:51 |
| 50008 | 2005-06-25 21:51:16 |
| 50009 | 2005-06-21 03:44:32 |
| 50010 | 2005-06-19 00:00:34 |
+-------+---------------------+
10 rows in set (0.75 sec)</pre>

在未优化之前，我们看到它的执行计划是如此的糟糕

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n74" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">explain select tid,return_date from t1 order by inventory_id limit 50000,10*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t1
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 1023675

1 row in set (0.00 sec)</pre>

看出是全表扫描。加上而外的排序，性能消耗是不低的

如何通过覆盖索引优化呢？

我们创建一个索引，包含排序列以及返回列，由于tid是主键字段，因此，下面的复合索引就包含了tid的字段值

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n80" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">alter table t1 add index liu(inventory_id,return_date);</pre>

那么，效果如何呢？

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n84" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select tid,return_date from t1 order by inventory_id limit 50000,10;
+-------+---------------------+
| tid | return_date |
+-------+---------------------+
| 50001 | 2005-06-17 23:04:36 |
| 50002 | 2005-06-23 03:16:12 |
| 50003 | 2005-06-20 22:41:03 |
| 50004 | 2005-06-23 04:39:28 |
| 50005 | 2005-06-24 04:41:20 |
| 50006 | 2005-06-22 22:54:10 |
| 50007 | 2005-06-18 07:21:51 |
| 50008 | 2005-06-25 21:51:16 |
| 50009 | 2005-06-21 03:44:32 |
| 50010 | 2005-06-19 00:00:34 |
+-------+---------------------+
10 rows in set (0.03 sec)</pre>

可以发现，添加复合索引后，速度提升0.7s！

我们看一下改进后的执行计划

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n91" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">explain select tid,return_date from t1 order by inventory_id limit 50000,10\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: t1
type: index
possible_keys: NULL
key: liu
key_len: 9
ref: NULL
rows: 50010
　　　　Extra: Using index
1 row in set (0.00 sec)</pre>

执行计划也可以看到，使用到了复合索引，并且不需要回表

对比一下如下的改写SQL，思想是通过索引消除排序

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n98" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select a.tid,a.return_date from t1 a
inner join
(select tid from t1 order by inventory_id limit 800000,10) b on a.tid=b.tid;</pre>

并在此基础上，我们为inventory_id列创建索引，并删除之前的覆盖索引liu(inventory_id,return_date)

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n100" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">alter table t1 add index idx_inid(inventory_id)；
drop index liu;</pre>

然后收集统计信息。

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n104" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select a.tid,a.return_date from t1 a inner join (select tid from t1 order by inventory_id limit 800000,10) b on a.tid=b.tid;
+--------+---------------------+
| tid | return_date |
+--------+---------------------+
| 800001 | 2005-08-24 13:09:34 |
| 800002 | 2005-08-27 11:41:03 |
| 800003 | 2005-08-22 18:10:22 |
| 800004 | 2005-08-22 16:47:23 |
| 800005 | 2005-08-26 20:32:02 |
| 800006 | 2005-08-21 14:55:42 |
| 800007 | 2005-08-28 14:45:55 |
| 800008 | 2005-08-29 12:37:32 |
| 800009 | 2005-08-24 10:38:06 |
| 800010 | 2005-08-23 12:10:57 |
+--------+---------------------+</pre>

这种优化手段较前者时间多消耗了大约140ms。这种优化手段虽然使用索引消除了排序，但是还是要通过主键值回表查询。

因此，在select返回列较少或列宽较小的时候，我们可以通过建立复合索引的方式优化分页查询，效果更佳，因为它不需要回表！

4、建了索引但是查询不走索引

表结构：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n112" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">CREATE TABLE t_order (
id bigint(20) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
order_code char(12) NOT NULL,
order_amount decimal(12,2) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (id),
UNIQUE KEY uni_order_code (order_code) USING BTREE )
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;</pre>

查询语句：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n116" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">select order_code,order_amount from t_order order by order_code limit 1000; </pre>

发现虽然在order_code上建了索引，但是看查询计划却不走索引，为什么呢？因为数据行读取order_amount，所以是随机IO。那怎么办？重新建索引，使用覆盖索引。

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n118" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">ALTER TABLE t_order ADD INDEX idx_ordercode_orderamount USING BTREE (order_code ASC, order_amount ASC);</pre>

这样再查看SQL的执行计划，就发现可以走到索引了。

三、总结：覆盖索引的优化及限制

覆盖索引是一种非常强大的工具，能大大提高查询性能，只需要读取索引而不需要读取数据

优点：

1、索引项通常比记录要小，所以MySQL访问更少的数据。

2、索引都按值得大小存储，相对于随机访问记录，需要更少的I/O。

3、数据引擎能更好的缓存索引，比如MyISAM只缓存索引。

4、覆盖索引对InnoDB尤其有用，因为InnoDB使用聚集索引组织数据，如果二级索引包含查询所需的数据，就不再需要在聚集索引中查找了。

限制：

1、覆盖索引也并不适用于任意的索引类型，索引必须存储列的值。

2、Hash和full-text索引不存储值，因此MySQL只能使用BTree。

3、不同的存储引擎实现覆盖索引都是不同的，并不是所有的存储引擎都支持覆盖索引。

4、如果要使用覆盖索引，一定要注意SELECT列表值取出需要的列，不可以SELECT * ，因为如果将所有字段一起做索引会导致索引文件过大，查询性能下降。