【英语学习】的进阶（4）：语法进阶 之 三大从句

【英语学习】这个系列的文章，共99篇，这是第21篇！

在基本功（3）中，我们讲解了基础语法，要点：

1. 词性

2. 句子成分

3. 简单句

4. 非谓语动词

5. 并列句和复合句

这是宏观语法框架，简洁清晰：

1. 词性 好比  基本建材（砖瓦、水泥等）

2. 句子成分 好比  基本名称（客厅、餐厅、厨房等）

3. 简单句 好比   普通商品房

4. 非谓语动词 好比  人工复合建材

5. 并列句和复合句 好比  洋房、别墅等

这些内容如此简单，可现实中为何还有很多学生觉得语法很难呢？

这是因为以上宏观内容只要认知即可，而其中的微观细节内容需要厘清并理解，这事不容易。

此进阶（4）系列文章分析这些语法疑难点，此篇分析语法疑难点 之三大从句。

1

名词从句

顾名思义：把完整句子当作名词来使用

充当：主语、宾语、表语 和 同位语

1. 主语从句

That the seas are being overfishedhas been known for years.

划线部分的that引导的从句在整句中做主语，即主语从句；但，此结构主语太长，通常会改为：

It has been known for years that the seas are being overfished. (it做形式主语)

When I decided to quit my full-time employment, it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.

(it never occurred to me that...  我没想到)

What happened on September 11, 2001will be forever etched（铭刻）in our memories.

(what引导的名词从句，what在从句中充当成分；而上面that引导名词从句时，在从句中不充当成分)

疑难点：

Just because something appears valuabledoes not mean that it really is valuable.

只是看起来很值钱的东西并不意味着真的很值钱。

(通常because引导状语从句，但此句中because引导的整个从句却做主语，谓语是mean；此结构较为特殊，需单独记忆，且通常为just because)

2. 宾语从句

I assure you that I had no intention of offending you.

(assure后接双宾语，所以you和that从句均为宾语)

They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.

There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured. 

(what从句和how从句并列，做about这个介词的宾语)

We must makeitclearthat the parties involved are to make every effort to curb the pollution.

(it做形式宾语，that从句是真正宾语)

I once read that "the beauty of life is its changes" and that "the art of life lies in a constant readjustment to our surroundings".

(两个that引导的宾语从句并列时，一般不省略that)

3. 表语从句

和宾语从句结构类似，只是跟在了系动词后面而已。

The reason for my return is that I left my keys behind.

(注意此处 that 不可写成 because)

The mountain was where many animals, such as wolves, badges and rabbits, once haunted, but now it is so silent.

(where引导的表语从句)

4. 同位语从句

同位语，就是用来补充说明名词的成分。

同位语从句，就是用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词。

I have been left with the knowledge that it's better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed.

(that引导的同位语从句补充说明knowledge)

The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court.

(that引导的同位语从句补充说明statement；和上句比，中间多了by the driver of the vehicle而已)

Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.

(that引导的同位语从句补充说明concerns；由于谓语较短，则谓语写前面，复合英文“先主后次”原则)

疑难点：

The question is howwhat you have learnedcan be put into practice.

(how引导的从句在整句中做表语，故为表语从句；此表语从句中，主语是what引导的从句，故为主语从句。)

这样，名词从句里面还嵌套另一个名词从句，我们称为名词从句的“嵌套结构”。

此类结构存在一定难度，分析时，分清主次，厘清成分，才能准确理解含义。

2

定语从句

顾名思义：把完整句子当作定语来修饰名词

两个重要概念：先行词和关系词

先行词：被（定语从句）修饰的名词

先行词可以是一个词、短语、分句或者独立的句子等。

Onlythosewho have the patience to do simple things perfectly will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.（先行词是一个词）

In the Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media group have been increasinglysuccessful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. （先行词是一个短语）

He saidthat he had no time, which isn't true.（先行词是一个从句）

My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys, which really drives me crazy.（先行词是一个主句）

If there isanythingin the worldthat a young man should be more grateful for than another, it is the poverty which necessitates starting life under very great disadvantage.（定语从句不一定紧靠先行词）

关系词：引导定语从句的词，且充当成分

1. 关系代词

who/whom（人） 

which（物）

that/whose（人或物）

There are nationswhose lack of contact with the outside world has resulted in poverty.（whose从属关系；也可指物）

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the modeby which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. （by the mode，构成介词＋which结构；此时不可用that）

疑难点：

1. He is her son,than whom a kinder son does not exist.

此句表面上难理解，实则定语从句，her son是先行词，whom是关系词；与上句一样：than为介词，than her son，构成介词＋whom结构。

后面为句子剩余部分，调整语序后a kinder son than her son does not exist. 

2. He may be late,in which case we should wait for him.

in which case就是由短语in this case变过来，这里which指前面整个句子he may be late

3. 定语从句的省略

(1) The farmer used wood to build a housein which he could store grains.

(2) The farmer used wood to build a housein which to store grains.

句(2)为句(1)的简化；句(2)还可以再简化

(3) The farmer used wood to build a houseto store grains in.

句(3)直接变成为一个不定式了

所以，定语从句可以简化成非谓语形式。

练习：

We moved to the country so that the kids would have a garden (  ).

A. in which to play

B. to play with

C. to play in

D. to play

E. where to play

F. which to play

G. which to play in

H. in which they could play

I. which they could play in

点击下方空白区域查看答案

▼

正确答案有：A, C, H, I

1）“介词+关系代词”不能用一个关系副词来替换。不选E。2）有介词、有关系代词时，不能将介词置于句末。不选G。  3）若没有介词，我们不能采用“半定语从句半不定式”的混合形式作后置定语。

4. 关系代词 as

as引导非限定性定语从句

As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

as引导的定语从句，放在句首（也可放句中或句末）；

as所指代的先行词是后面的完整主句；

as在定语从句中作主语。

as引导的定语从句中，as有“正好……”、“就像……”、“由……而知”的含义。

(1) She has married again,as was expected.

(2) She has married again,which was unexpected.

句(2)中，定语从句中的关键词unexpected表明定语从句意思与前面主句意思是排斥的关系，所以用which比较妥当，表示“这是出乎人们意料的”。

as引导限定性定语从句，只能用在such, the same, as修饰的先行词后面。

Sucha studentasworks hard will be sure to succeed.

He tried to makeasfew mistakesashe could avoid.

They madethe same mistakeasothers would have made on such an occasion.

5. 关系代词 than

毫无疑问，用在含有比较的语境中。

(1) Children are likely to have less supervision at homethan was common in the traditional family structure.（less...than...）

(2) Children are likely to have the supervision at homethat was common in the traditional family structure.（无比较）

(3) Children are likely to have the same supervision at homeaswas common in the traditional family structure.（the same...as...）

6. 关系代词 but

There are very few rules of grammarbuthave exceptions; the exception proves the rule.

1. but相当于that...not；

2. but常与具有否定意义的主句连用。(如few...but...)

译文：很少有语法规则是没有例外的，因为有例外才证明规则存在。

There is no manbuterrs.

译文：人必犯错。

2. 关系副词

when（表示时间）

where（表示地点）

why（表示原因）

关系副词和关系代词的核心区别：

关系副词在从句中充当状语（修饰成分）；

关系代词在从句中充当主语或宾语（核心成分）。

(1) I'll never forget the time whichI spent on campus.

(2) I'll never forget the day whenwe first met in the park.

先行词都是时间，但句(1)中which在定语从句中充当spent的宾语（相当于the time），句(2)中when在定语从句中充当时间状语（相当于on the day）

when/where引导的定语从句和状语从句的区别：

引导定从，前面有时间或地点类的先行词；

引导状从，前面无先行词，整句相当于时间或地点。

(1) 45 percent of the world's population livewhere mosquitoes transmit malaria.

(2) 45 percent of the world's population live in the climate zone wheremosquitoes transmit malaria.

句(1)整句表示地点，状从；

句(2)前面有地点类先行词the climate zone，定从。

疑难点：

We stopped for a minute to walk out towhere we had seen George Mills work in the mud the night before.

此处用法特殊，where 相当于 the place where

即可看成宾语从句，也可理解成定语从句。

不做过多争执，理解句意即可。

how不可以作为表示方式的关系副词

而是用以下四种句型：

1. the way+从句

2. the way that+从句

3. the way in which+从句

4. the manner that+从句

Confidence is probably one of the most noticeable traits in the Americans. They show confidence inthe way they talk, the way they smile, the way they dress and the way they walk.

限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：

限定性定语从句：

无逗号；

表限定；

不可或缺的成分。

非限定性定语从句:  

有逗号；

表补充；

删除后不影响主句；

不能用that引导。

(1) I live in Suzhou, which is a historic city.  

(2) I live in the place which is a historic city. 

核心：看先行词是否确定

句(1)中，已确定是苏州，后面只是补充说明；

句(2)中，未确定地方，后面是不可或缺的限定。

3

状语从句

顾名思义：完整句子做状语，补充说明主句的时间、地点、原因等。

状语从句从属连词：

1. 时间

when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as

一些表示时间的名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time

一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly

固定搭配的连词：no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when

例句：Metals expand when they are heated and contractwhen they are cooled.

2. 地点

where 

wherever, anywhere, everywhere

例句：Where there is a will, there is a way.

3. 原因

because, as, for, since

seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

例句：Sinceyou are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.

4. 目的

so that, in order that, that

lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that

例句：I spoke slowly and clearlyso that/in order that the audience could understand me.

例句：People evacuated the buildingfor fear thatthe wall should collapse.

5. 结果

so...that, so that, such...that

such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that

例句：We areso accustomed to adopting a mask before othersthatwe end by being unable to recognize ourselves.

例句：The bereaved mother was grievedto the degree thatshe couldn't eat anything for 3 days.

6. 条件

if, unless

suppose, supposing, providing, provided, on condition that, so long as, as long as

例句：So long asyou work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.

7. 让步

although, though, even though, even if

while（一般用在句首）, as （用于倒装结构）

wh-ever: whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether...or

例句：Whilemany countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year, there are some countries such as Denmark and Belgium which also celebrate Mother's Day on the second Sunday of May. (尽管)

例句：Oldest in our workshop ashe is, he works hardest. (as表尽管，用倒装结构)

例句：As much asJohn hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight. (尽管)

8. 比较

as, than

其他比较句型：

the more..., the more...; 

just as..., so...; 

A is to B what/as C is to D; 

no more...than; 

not A so much as B/not so much A as B

例句：Small as it is, the ant is as much a creatureas are all other animals on the earth.

分析：第一个as表让步(前文已讲)，后面as...as...表比较，最后有个倒装（实为:all other animals on the earth are）

翻译：尽管蚂蚁很小，但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样，也是一种动物。

例句：Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.

人的品格，犹如花的芳香。

9. 方式

as, the way, like, as if, as though等

例句：When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

例句：Worklikeyou don't need the money.

状语从句疑难点：

1. 状语从句的省略

Metals expandwhen they are heatedand contractwhen they are cooled.

省略后：

Metals expandwhen heatedand contractwhen cooled.

从句主语与主句主语一样时，才可省略；

否则，不可省略。

Although he is not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.

省略后：

Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.

2. until 和 not...until...

“我将要离开办公室，要到下周二才能回来。”

I will leave my office until next Tuesday. ❌

I will be away from my office until next Tuesday.✅

until前面的主句谓语必须是延续性的，而until后面接的从句谓语必须是短暂动词或接时间点。

We'llstayhere until it stops raining.(stay是延续性)

Hedidn't leavethe office until his boss came back. (leave是短暂动词，not leave是延续性)

It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled.(强调句)

原型：The little boy didn't smile until he saw his mother.

3. "一...就..."

“我一到家就开始下雨了”

(1) No soonerhad I arrived home than it began to rain.✅

(2) It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.✅

4.一些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句

Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

The dayhe returned, his father was already dead.

5. 引导原因状语的特殊连词

Seeing thatit's raining hard, we'll have to stay here for the night. (鉴于)

I haven't finished writing the report yet,not thatI'm lazy,but thatI have no time.(不是因为，而是因为)

Inasmuch asthe two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. (“由于”，只用于很正式的书面语或演讲中)

6. so that 和 such that也能引导结果状语从句

As the dome grows, it develops seed cracks; in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

so that引导目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别：一是若so that引导结果状语从句，往往会有逗号将主句与从句隔开；

二是在结果状语从句中往往没有情态动词，而目的状语从句通常都含有情态动词。

His anger wassuch thathe lost control of himself.

在such that引导的结果状语从句中，such就相当于“so+形容词”。

His anger wasso explosive thathe lost control of himself.

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. (倒装，起强调作用)

7. 表让步的特殊结构

All substances,be they gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of atoms. (相当于whether they may be gaseous, liquid or solid，是个让步)

8. 比较状语从句

“南方的天气比北方湿”

The weather of the South is wetter than the North.❌

“南方的天气”没法和“北方”比较，只能和“北方的天气”比较，即比较对象要一致。

The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North. ✅ （为避免重复，用that代替 the weather）

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.

分析：no more...than的变体句型not...any more than；否定词用了no (reason)相当于not的强调形式。

翻译：正如他们没有理由限制你每天喝多少水一样，他们也绝没有理由限制你维生素的摄入量。

总结

英语学习的核心思想是：主次分明！

名词从句，简单句中的主语、宾语、表语、同位语成了个句子，核心不变，依然做这四种成分。

定语从句，简单句中的定语成了个句子，核心不变，依然辅助先行词（通常名词）。

状语从句，简单句中的状语成了个句子，核心不变，依然辅助主句。

（全文参考《英语语法新思维》，张满胜老师著，非常感谢！）

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