30秒建筑知识｜古希腊/CLASSICAL GREEK

古希腊/CLASSICAL GREEK

《30-SECOND ARCHITECTURE》

古希腊的建筑（约公元前500-320年）似乎很熟悉， 因为它的许多特征后来被复兴和重塑。当西方城市的银行、图书馆和博物馆用古希腊建筑来展示他们的外观时，这些建筑主要是借鉴神庙或柱廊。古希腊的其他建筑类型包括剧院（大量的阶梯和座位）、赛马场（赛道）、和陵墓（坟墓）。古希腊的建筑是横梁式， 也就是由垂直的柱来支撑水平的梁。由原本的木材过渡到石头的过程中，这些基本部件变得越来越形式化和具有装饰性。这些部件的间距和组织遵循几何比例，以产生各部件间的和谐关系。过梁被水平划分成几部分，一个朴素的额枋位于带饰（装饰着庆祝历史和神话事件的浮雕）下面，上面是一个突出的檐口。柱子是有凹槽的，柱头被处理成不同的形式，形成三种明确的希腊建筑风格或秩序：多立克柱式有一个朴素的柱头；爱奥尼柱式的柱头被雕刻成漩涡的形式；科林斯柱式的柱头被雕刻成类似植物的形式。

原文：Classical Greek architecture (c. 500–320 BC) seems familiar because many of its features were subsequently revived and reinvented. While banks, libraries and museums in Western cities use Classical Greek architecture to inform their appearance, these mainly draw on the temple or stoa (a covered arcade). Other building types of Classical Greece include the theatre (a large bowl of steps and seats), the hippodrome (a racing track), and the mausoleum (tomb). Classical Greek architecture is trabeated, which means it is constructed from vertical posts (columns) supporting horizontal lintels (beams). Originally of timber, in the transition to stone these basic elements became increasingly formalized and decorated. The spacing and organization of the elements followed geometric proportions designed to produce harmonious relations between the parts. Lintels were divided into horizontal sections: a plain architrave below a frieze (decorated with relief carvings celebrating historical and mythical events), above that a projecting cornice. Columns were fluted, and the top – the capital – was treated in different ways, resulting in three distinct styles or ‘orders’ of Greek architecture: the Doric has a plain capital; the Ionic has a capital carved to form scrolls; and the Corinthian capital is carved to resemble foliage.