语言学习之前的生理术语课
在学习英语的过程中，我们不可避免地会遇到一些为了描述发音方法而使用的生理专用术语。大部分的学习资料使用着这些术语，却没有给出明确的定义或描述，我们有必要在学习开始之前，对这些术语的定义达成一致。（这些术语的描述来自：http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/index.html#english）
1、Oral Cavity（口腔）
oral cavity
The oral cavity is also referred to as the mouth. It is a resonating chamber whose shape is modified by the articulators to produce the various oral and nasal speech sounds.
口腔也被称为嘴。它是一个共鸣室，通过发音器官调整其形状，以产生各种口和鼻语音。
2、Nasal cavity（鼻腔）
nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is a resonating chamber lying above the hard and soft palate.
鼻腔是一个共鸣室，位于硬和软腭之上。
3、Lips（嘴唇）
lips
The lips form the orifice of the mouth and are comprised of muscle fibers from a number of different facial muscles.
嘴唇形成嘴巴的孔口，由一些不同面部肌肉的肌纤维组成。
4、Teeth（牙齿）
teeth
The teeth are embedded in the alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible.
牙齿被嵌在上颌骨和下颌骨的牙槽突中。
5、Alveolar Ridge（牙槽嵴）
alveolar ridge
The alveolar ridge is also referred to as the alveolar process. This inferiorly directed ridge of the maxilla houses the upper teeth.
牙槽嵴也被称为牙槽突。上颌骨的向下定位嵴包围和支持上齿。
6、Hard Palate（硬腭）
hard palate
Along with the soft palate, the hard palate forms the roof of the mouth.
连着软腭，硬腭形成口腔的顶部。
7、Soft Palate（软腭）
soft palate
The Soft palate is also referred to as the velum. This musculotendinous structure extends posteriorly from the hard palate and acts to modify the communication between the oral cavity below and nasal cavity above.
软腭也被称为缘膜。这个肌腱结构是硬腭（hard palate）向后地延伸，用以调整下面口腔和上面鼻腔之间交流。
8、Mandible（下颚）
mandible
Also known as the lower jaw, the mandible houses the lower teeth. The tongue and lower lip also ride on the mandible.
又被称作下颌，下颚支持下齿。舌头和下唇也依靠着下颚。
9、Tongue tip(apex)（舌尖）
tongue tip
The tongue tip is that part of the tongue lying closest to the front teeth.
舌尖是舌头最接近门牙的那部分。
10、Tongue Blade（舌叶/舌端）
tongue blade
The blade is that part of the tongue lying just below the upper alveolar ridge.
舌叶是舌头在上牙槽嵴正下方的那部分。
11、Tongue Back（舌后部）
tongue back
The tongue back is that part of the tongue lying below the soft palate.
舌后是舌头在软腭下面的那部分。
12、Pharynx（咽）
pharynx
The pharynx is a resonating cavity or chamber lying above the larynx and posterior to the oral cavity.
咽是一个共鸣腔或室，位于喉之上口腔之下。
13、Epiglottis（会厌）
epiglottis
The epiglottis is a leaf shaped cartilaginous structure located behind the hyoid bone and root of the tongue.
会厌是叶子形状的软骨结构，位于舌骨和舌根之后。
14、Vocal Folds（声带）
vocal folds
The paired vocal folds are located in the larynx, coursing from the thyroid cartilage anteriorly to the arytenoids cartilages posteriorly. The vocal folds vibrate to create sound for vowels and voiced consonants.
成对的声带位于喉，前起甲状软骨，后止杓状软骨。声带振动为元音和浊辅音产生声音。
