Runnable Callable FutureTask

2018-09-28  本文已影响2人  tracy_668

Runnable

Runnable接口只有一个run函数,该函数没有返回值。Thread类在调用start()函数后就是执行的Runnable的run()方法。其声明如下:

public interface Runnable {
 
    public abstract void run();
}

Callable

Callable与Runnable的功能大致相似,它有一个call方法,该方法有返回值,其申明如下:

public interface Callable<V> {
    V call() throws Exception;
}

Future

Future就是对于具体的Runnable和Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果、设置结果等。其中get方法会阻塞知道任务返回结果。其声明如下:

public interface Future<V> {
 
    /**
     * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will
     * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
     * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
     * and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called,
     * this task should never run.  If the task has already started,
     * then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines
     * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
     * an attempt to stop the task.     *
     */
    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
 
    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed
     * normally.
     */
    boolean isCancelled();
 
    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed.
     *
     */
    boolean isDone();
 
    /**
     * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
     * retrieves its result.
     *
     * @return the computed result
     */
    V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
 
    /**
     * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
     * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @return the computed result
     */
    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

在Future接口中声明了5个方法,下面依次解释每个方法的作用:

  1. 判断任务是否完成;
  2. 中断任务
    3 获取任务的执行结果

FutureTask

Future只是一个接口,无法直接创建对象,所以有了FutureTask,FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture<V>,而RunnableFuture又实现了Runnable和Future这两个接口,

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    /**
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
     * unless it has been cancelled.
     */
    void run();
}

FutureTask还可以包装Runnable和Callable,由构造函数注入依赖。

    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }
 
    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

Runnable注入会被Executors.callable()函数转换为Callable类型,也就是说FutureTask最终都是执行Callable类型的任务,该适配函数实现如下:

    public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {
        if (task == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
    }

    /**
     * A callable that runs given task and returns given result
     */
    static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
        final Runnable task;
        final T result;
        RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
            this.task = task;
            this.result = result;
        }
        public T call() {
            task.run();
            return result;
        }
    }

FutureTask实现了Runnable,因此它既可以通过Thread包装来直接执行,也可以提交给ExecutorService来执行。

原理讲解

      Runnable和Callable描述的都是抽象的计算任务,这些任务通常是有生命周期的,由于有些任务可能要执行很长的时间,因此通常希望可以取消这些任务。而Future用来表示一个任务的生命周期,并提供方法来判断任务是否已经完成或取消,以及获取任务的结果等。Future是接口,无法直接创建对象,所以才有了FutureTask,而FutureTask之所以能支持cancel操作,是因为FutureTask有两个很重要的属性state和runner。

  private volatile int state; // 注意volatile关键字
    /**
     * 在构建FutureTask时设置,同时也表示内部成员callable已成功赋值,
     * 一直到worker thread完成FutureTask中的run();
     */
    private static final int NEW = 0;

    /**
     * woker thread在处理task时设定的中间状态,处于该状态时,
     * 说明worker thread正准备设置result.
     */
    private static final int COMPLETING = 1;

    /**
     * 当设置result结果完成后,FutureTask处于该状态,代表过程结果,
     * 该状态为最终状态final state,(正确完成的最终状态)
     */
    private static final int NORMAL = 2;

    /**
     * 同上,只不过task执行过程出现异常,此时结果设值为exception,
     * 也是final state
     */
    private static final int EXCEPTIONAL = 3;

    /**
     * final state, 表明task被cancel(task还没有执行就被cancel的状态).
     */
    private static final int CANCELLED = 4;

    /**
     * 中间状态,task运行过程中被interrupt时,设置的中间状态
     */
    private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;

    /**
     * final state, 中断完毕的最终状态,几种情况,下面具体分析
     */
    private static final int INTERRUPTED = 6;

state有四种可能的状态转换:

NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL
NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
NEW -> CANCELLED
NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED

     创建一个FutureTask首先调用构造方法, 这是state设置为初始态NEW, 当创建完一个Task通常会提交给Executors或者Thread来执行,最终会调用Task的run方法,

 public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
 }
public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

   FutureTask的run方法首先会判断任务的状态,如果任务状态不是NEW,说明任务状态已经改变,说明已经走了上面4种可能变化的一种,比如调用了cancel,此时状态为Interrupting。
   如果状态是NEW,判断runner是否为null,如果为null,则把当前执行任务的线程赋值给runner,如果runner不为null,说明已经有线程在执行,直接返回。这里使用cas来赋值worker thread是保证多个线程同时提交同一个FutureTask时,确保该FutureTask的run方法只被调用一次。

!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,                                   null, Thread.currentThread())
语义相当于
if (this.runner == null ){
    this.runner = Thread.currentThread();
}

    接着开始执行任务,如果要执行的任务不为空,并且state为New就执行,调用Callable的call方法,如果执行成功则set结果,如果出现异常则setException。最后把runner设为null。
set方法:如果现在的状态是NEW就把状态设置成cCOMPLETING,然后再设置成NORMAL,state的状态变化就是:NEW->COMPLETING->NORMAL.最后执行finishCompletion()方法。

protected void set(V v) {
        if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {
            outcome = v;
            UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state
            finishCompletion();
        }
    }
private void finishCompletion() {
        // assert state > COMPLETING;
        for (WaitNode q; (q = waiters) != null;) {
            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, null)) {
                for (;;) {
                    Thread t = q.thread;
                    if (t != null) {
                        q.thread = null;
                        LockSupport.unpark(t); //唤醒阻塞队列
                    }
                    WaitNode next = q.next;
                    if (next == null)
                        break;
                    q.next = null; // unlink to help gc
                    q = next;
                }
                break;
            }
        }

        done();

        callable = null;        // to reduce footprint
 }

finishCompletion()会解除所有阻塞的worker thread,调用done方法,将成员变量callable设为null。
    接下来分析FutureTask非常重要的get方法:

 public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        int s = state;
        if (s <= COMPLETING)
            s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
        return report(s);
    }
}

    首先判断FutureTask的状态是否为完成状态,如果是完成状态,说明已经执行过set或setException方法,返回report(s)。

private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {
        Object x = outcome;
        if (s == NORMAL)
            return (V)x;
        if (s >= CANCELLED)
            throw new CancellationException();
        throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);
    }

   可以看到,若FutureTask的状态是Normal,即正确执行了set方法,get方法直接返回处理的结果,如果是取消状态,即执行了setException,则抛出CancellationException异常。

    如果get时,FutureTask的状态为未完成状态,则调用awaitDone方法进行阻塞。awaitDone():

    private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
        throws InterruptedException {
        final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
        WaitNode q = null;
        boolean queued = false;
        for (;;) {
            if (Thread.interrupted()) {
                removeWaiter(q);
                throw new InterruptedException();
            }

            int s = state;
            if (s > COMPLETING) {
                if (q != null)
                    q.thread = null;
                return s;
            }
            else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet
                Thread.yield();
            else if (q == null)
                q = new WaitNode();
            else if (!queued)
                queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, 
                                                     q.next = waiters, q); // 放进阻塞队列
            else if (timed) {
                nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
                if (nanos <= 0L) {
                    removeWaiter(q);
                    return state;
                }
                LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
            }
            else
                LockSupport.park(this);
        }
    }

awaitDone方法可以看成是不断轮询查看FutureTask的状态。在get阻塞期间:

再来看看Future的cancel方法

// 这个方法有一个参数 是否中断running
     public boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning) {
          /*
          * 这个意思是 如果state不是new 那么就退出方法,这时的任务任务坑是已经完成了 或是被取消了 或是被中断了
          * 如果state 是new 就设置state 为中断状态 或是取消状态
          *
          **/
        if (!(state == NEW &&
              UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW,
                  mayInterruptIfRunning ? INTERRUPTING : CANCELLED)))
            return false;
        try {    // in case call to interrupt throws exception
            //如果是可中断 那么就 调用系统中断方法 然后把状态设置成INTERRUPTED
            if (mayInterruptIfRunning) {
                try {
                    Thread t = runner;
                    if (t != null)
                        t.interrupt();
                } finally { // final state
                    UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, INTERRUPTED);
                }
            }
        } finally {
            finishCompletion();
        }
        return true;
    }

FutureTask的使用场景

    FutureTask可用于异步获取执行结果或者取消执行任务的场景,通过传入Runnable或者Callable的任务给FutureTask,直接调用其run方法或者放入线程池执行,之后通过FutureTask的get方法异步获取执行结果,它非常适合用于耗时的计算,主线程可以在完成自己的任务后,再去获取结果,并且FutureTask还可以确保即使调动了多次run方法,它都只执行一次Runnable或者Callable任务,或者通过cancel取消FuturTask的执行。

public class FutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        System.out.println("====进入主线程执行任务");

        //通过线程池管理多线程
        ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

        //线程池提交一个异步任务
        System.out.println("====提交异步任务");
        Future<HashMap<String,String>> future = threadPool.submit(new Callable<HashMap<String,String>>() {

            @Override
            public HashMap<String,String> call() throws Exception {

                System.out.println("异步任务开始执行....");
                Thread.sleep(2000);
                System.out.println("异步任务执行完毕,返回执行结果!!!!");

                return new HashMap<String,String>(){
                    {this.put("futureKey", "成功获取future异步任务结果");}
                };
            }

        });

        System.out.println("====提交异步任务之后,立马返回到主线程继续往下执行");
        Thread.sleep(1000);

        System.out.println("====此时需要获取上面异步任务的执行结果");

        boolean flag = true;
        while(flag){
            //异步任务完成并且未被取消,则获取返回的结果
            if(future.isDone() && !future.isCancelled()){
                HashMap<String,String> futureResult = future.get();
                System.out.println("====异步任务返回的结果是:"+futureResult.get("futureKey"));
                flag = false;
            }
        }

        //关闭线程池
        if(!threadPool.isShutdown()){
            threadPool.shutdown();
        }
    }
}
====进入主线程执行任务
====提交异步任务
====提交异步任务之后,立马返回到主线程继续往下执行
异步任务开始执行....
====此时需要获取上面异步任务的执行结果
异步任务执行完毕,返回执行结果!!!!
====异步任务返回的结果是:成功获取future异步任务结果
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