"人工智障 机器瞎学 数据掩埋" 入门笔记我爱编程

Matplotlib快速入门

2018-03-16  本文已影响20人  HeoLis

Matplotlib

可能还有小伙伴不知道Matplotlib是什么,下面是维基百科的介绍。

Matplotlib 是Python编程语言的一个绘图库及其数值数学扩展 NumPy。它为利用通用的图形用户界面工具包,如Tkinter, wxPython, Qt或GTK+向应用程序嵌入式绘图提供了面向对象的应用程序接口。

简单说就是画图的工具包。本文将教会你如何使用Matplotlib绘图,如果你没有Python基础也没关系,依葫芦画瓢也完全OK的。关于如何安装Python以及Matplotlib,文末有链接。

绘制第一个图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1, 2, 4, 9, 5, 3])
plt.show()
1
plt.plot([-3, -2, 5, 0], [1, 6, 4, 3])
plt.show()
2
plt.plot([-3, -2, 5, 0], [1, 6, 4, 3])
plt.axis([-4, 6, 0, 7])
plt.show()
3
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 500)
y = x**2

plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()
4
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Square function")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("y = x**2")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
5

线条样式和颜色

plt.plot([0, 100, 100, 0, 0, 100, 50, 0, 100], [0, 0, 100, 100, 0, 100, 130, 100, 0])
plt.axis([-10, 110, -10, 140])
plt.show()
6
plt.plot([0, 100, 100, 0, 0, 100, 50, 0, 100], [0, 0, 100, 100, 0, 100, 130, 100, 0], "g--")
plt.axis([-10, 110, -10, 140])
plt.show()
7
plt.plot([0, 100, 100, 0, 0], [0, 0, 100, 100, 0], "r-", [0, 100, 50, 0, 100], [0, 100, 130, 100, 0], "g--")
plt.axis([-10, 110, -10, 140])
plt.show()
8
plt.plot([0, 100, 100, 0, 0], [0, 0, 100, 100, 0], "r-")
plt.plot([0, 100, 50, 0, 100], [0, 100, 130, 100, 0], "g--")
plt.axis([-10, 110, -10, 140])
plt.show()
9
x = np.linspace(-1.4, 1.4, 30)
plt.plot(x, x, 'g--', x, x**2, 'r:', x, x**3, 'b^')
plt.show()
10

接受以下格式字符来控制线条样式或标记

character description
'-' solid line style
'--' dashed line style
'-.' dash-dot line style
':' dotted line style
'.' point marker
',' pixel marker
'o' circle marker
'v' triangle_down marker
'^' triangle_up marker
'<' triangle_left marker
'>' triangle_right marker
'1' tri_down marker
'2' tri_up marker
'3' tri_left marker
'4' tri_right marker
's' square marker
'p' pentagon marker
'*' star marker
'h' hexagon1 marker
'H' hexagon2 marker
'+' plus marker
'x' x marker
'D' diamond marker
'd' thin_diamond marker
' ' vline marker
'_' hline marker

支持以下颜色缩写

character color
‘b’ blue
‘g’ green
‘r’ red
‘c’ cyan
‘m’ magenta
‘y’ yellow
‘k’ black
‘w’ white
x = np.linspace(-1.4, 1.4, 30)
line1, line2, line3 = plt.plot(x, x, 'g--', x, x**2, 'r:', x, x**3, 'b^')
line1.set_linewidth(3.0)
line1.set_dash_capstyle("round")
line3.set_alpha(0.2)
plt.show()
11

Line2D属性

Property Value Type
alpha float
animated [True / False]
antialiased or aa [True / False]
clip_box a matplotlib.transform.Bbox instance
clip_on [True False]
clip_path a Path instance and a Transform instance, a Patch
color or c any matplotlib color
contains the hit testing function
dash_capstyle ['butt' / 'round' / 'projecting']
dash_joinstyle ['miter' / 'round' / 'bevel']
dashes sequence of on/off ink in points
data (np.array xdata, np.array ydata)
figure a matplotlib.figure.Figure instance
label any string
linestyle or ls [ '-' / '--' / '-.' / ':' / 'steps' / ...]
linewidth or lw float value in points
lod [True / False]
marker [ '+' / ',' / '.' / '1' / '2' / '3' / '4' ]
markeredgecolor or mec any matplotlib color
markeredgewidth or mew float value in points
markerfacecolor or mfc any matplotlib color
markersize or ms float
markevery [ None / integer / (startind, stride) ]
picker used in interactive line selection
pickradius the line pick selection radius
solid_capstyle ['butt' / 'round' / 'projecting']
solid_joinstyle ['miter' / 'round' / 'bevel']
transform a matplotlib.transforms.Transform instance
visible [True / False]
xdata np.array
ydata np.array
zorder any number

保存图像

savefig(fname, dpi=None, facecolor='w', edgecolor='w',
        orientation='portrait', papertype=None, format=None,
        transparent=False, bbox_inches=None, pad_inches=0.1,
        frameon=None)

参数

示例

x = np.linspace(-1.4, 1.4, 30)
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.savefig("my_square_function.png", transparent=True)
12

组合图

x = np.linspace(-1.4, 1.4, 30)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 1st subplot = top left
plt.plot(x, x)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 2nd subplot = top right
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 3rd subplot = bottow left
plt.plot(x, x**3)
plt.subplot(224)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 4th subplot = bottom right
plt.plot(x, x**4)
plt.show()
13
plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 1st subplot = top left
plt.plot(x, x)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)  # 2 rows, 2 columns, 2nd subplot = top right
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)  # 2 rows, *1* column, 2nd subplot = bottom
plt.plot(x, x**3)
plt.show()
14
plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (0, 0), rowspan=2, colspan=2)
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (0, 2))
plt.plot(x, x**3)
plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (1, 2), rowspan=2)
plt.plot(x, x**4)
plt.subplot2grid((3,3), (2, 0), colspan=2)
plt.plot(x, x**5)
plt.show()
15

绘制文本

x = np.linspace(-1.5, 1.5, 30)
px = 0.8
py = px**2

plt.plot(x, x**2, "b-", px, py, "ro")

plt.text(0, 1.5, "Square function\n$y = x^2$", fontsize=20, color='blue', horizontalalignment="center")
plt.text(px - 0.08, py, "Beautiful point", ha="right", weight="heavy") # ha是horizontalalignment的别名。
plt.text(px, py, "x = %0.2f\ny = %0.2f"%(px, py), rotation=50, color='gray')

plt.show()
20
plt.plot(x, x**2, px, py, "ro")
plt.annotate("Beautiful point", xy=(px, py), xytext=(px-1.3,py+0.5),
                           color="green", weight="heavy", fontsize=14,
                           arrowprops={"facecolor": "lightgreen"})
plt.show()
21
plt.plot(x, x**2, px, py, "ro")

bbox_props = dict(boxstyle="rarrow,pad=0.3", ec="b", lw=2, fc="lightblue")
plt.text(px-0.2, py, "Beautiful point", bbox=bbox_props, ha="right")

bbox_props = dict(boxstyle="round4,pad=1,rounding_size=0.2", ec="black", fc="#EEEEFF", lw=5)
plt.text(0, 1.5, "Square function\n$y = x^2$", fontsize=20, color='black', ha="center", bbox=bbox_props)

plt.show()
22
with plt.xkcd():
    plt.plot(x, x**2, px, py, "ro")

    bbox_props = dict(boxstyle="rarrow,pad=0.3", ec="b", lw=2, fc="lightblue")
    plt.text(px-0.2, py, "Beautiful point", bbox=bbox_props, ha="right")

    bbox_props = dict(boxstyle="round4,pad=1,rounding_size=0.2", ec="black", fc="#EEEEFF", lw=5)
    plt.text(0, 1.5, "Square function\n$y = x^2$", fontsize=20, color='black', ha="center", bbox=bbox_props)

    plt.show()
23

图例

x = np.linspace(-1.4, 1.4, 50)
plt.plot(x, x**2, "r--", label="Square function")
plt.plot(x, x**3, "g-", label="Cube function")
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
24

非线性尺度

x = np.linspace(0.1, 15, 500)
y = x**3/np.exp(2*x)

plt.figure(1)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.yscale('linear')
plt.title('linear')
plt.grid(True)

plt.figure(2)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.yscale('log')
plt.title('log')
plt.grid(True)

plt.figure(3)
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.yscale('logit')
plt.title('logit')
plt.grid(True)

plt.figure(4)
plt.plot(x, y - y.mean())
plt.yscale('symlog', linthreshy=0.05)
plt.title('symlog')
plt.grid(True)

plt.show()
25
26
27
28

Ticks and tickers 刻度和刻度控制器

x = np.linspace(-2, 2, 100)

plt.figure(1, figsize=(15,10))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.plot(x, x**3)
plt.grid(True)
plt.title("Default ticks")

ax = plt.subplot(132)
plt.plot(x, x**3)
ax.xaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(-2, 2, 1))
plt.grid(True)
plt.title("Manual ticks on the x-axis")

ax = plt.subplot(133)
plt.plot(x, x**3)
plt.minorticks_on()
ax.tick_params(axis='x', which='minor', bottom='off')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks([-2, 0, 1, 2])
ax.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(-5, 5, 1))
ax.yaxis.set_ticklabels(["min", -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, "max"])
plt.title("Manual ticks and tick labels\n(plus minor ticks) on the y-axis")


plt.grid(True)

plt.show()
29

极坐标投影

radius = 1
theta = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi*radius, 1000)

plt.subplot(111, projection='polar')
plt.plot(theta, np.sin(5*theta), "g-")
plt.plot(theta, 0.5*np.cos(20*theta), "b-")
plt.show()
30

3D投影

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

x = np.linspace(-5, 5, 50)
y = np.linspace(-5, 5, 50)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(x, y)
R = np.sqrt(X**2 + Y**2)
Z = np.sin(R)

figure = plt.figure(1, figsize = (12, 4))
subplot3d = plt.subplot(111, projection='3d')
surface = subplot3d.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=matplotlib.cm.coolwarm, linewidth=0.1)
plt.show()
31
plt.contourf(X, Y, Z, cmap=matplotlib.cm.coolwarm)
plt.colorbar()
plt.show()
32

散点图

from numpy.random import rand
x, y = rand(2, 100)
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
33
x, y, scale = rand(3, 100)
scale = 500 * scale ** 5
plt.scatter(x, y, s=scale)
plt.show()
34
for color in ['red', 'green', 'blue']:
    n = 100
    x, y = rand(2, n)
    scale = 500.0 * rand(n) ** 5
    plt.scatter(x, y, s=scale, c=color, alpha=0.3, edgecolors='blue')

plt.grid(True)

plt.show()
35

直线(工具函数)

from numpy.random import randn

def plot_line(axis, slope, intercept, **kargs):
    xmin, xmax = axis.get_xlim()
    plt.plot([xmin, xmax], [xmin*slope+intercept, xmax*slope+intercept], **kargs)

x = randn(1000)
y = 0.5*x + 5 + randn(1000)*2
plt.axis([-2.5, 2.5, -5, 15])
plt.scatter(x, y, alpha=0.2)
plt.plot(1, 0, "ro")
plt.vlines(1, -5, 0, color="red")
plt.hlines(0, -2.5, 1, color="red")
plot_line(axis=plt.gca(), slope=0.5, intercept=5, color="magenta")
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
36

直方图

data = [1, 1.1, 1.8, 2, 2.1, 3.2, 3, 3, 3, 3]
plt.subplot(211)
plt.hist(data, bins = 10, rwidth=0.8)

plt.subplot(212)
plt.hist(data, bins = [1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3], rwidth=0.95)
plt.xlabel("Value")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")

plt.show()
37
data1 = np.random.randn(400)
data2 = np.random.randn(500) + 3
data3 = np.random.randn(450) + 6
data4a = np.random.randn(200) + 9
data4b = np.random.randn(100) + 10

plt.hist(data1, bins=5, color='g', alpha=0.75, label='bar hist') # default histtype='bar'
plt.hist(data2, color='b', alpha=0.65, histtype='stepfilled', label='stepfilled hist')
plt.hist(data3, color='r', histtype='step', label='step hist')
plt.hist((data4a, data4b), color=('r','m'), alpha=0.55, histtype='barstacked', label=('barstacked a', 'barstacked b'))

plt.xlabel("Value")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
38

图像

import matplotlib.image as mpimg

img = mpimg.imread('my_square_function.png')
print(img.shape, img.dtype)
# Out:(288, 432, 4) float32
img = np.arange(100*100).reshape(100, 100)
print(img)
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()
41
plt.imshow(img, cmap="hot")
plt.show()
42
img = np.empty((20,30,3))
img[:, :10] = [0, 0, 0.6]
img[:, 10:20] = [1, 1, 1]
img[:, 20:] = [0.6, 0, 0]
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show() 
43
plt.imshow(img, interpolation="nearest")
plt.show()
44

动画

绘制

import matplotlib.animation as animation

x = np.linspace(-1, 1, 100)
y = np.sin(x**2*25)
data = np.array([x, y])

fig = plt.figure()
line, = plt.plot([], [], "r-") # start with an empty plot
plt.axis([-1.1, 1.1, -1.1, 1.1])
plt.plot([-0.5, 0.5], [0, 0], "b-", [0, 0], [-0.5, 0.5], "b-", 0, 0, "ro")
plt.grid(True)
plt.title("Marvelous animation")

# this function will be called at every iteration
def update_line(num, data, line):
    line.set_data(data[..., :num] + np.random.rand(2, num) / 25)  # we only plot the first `num` data points.
    return line,

line_ani = animation.FuncAnimation(fig, update_line, frames=100, fargs=(data, line), interval=67)
plt.show()

保存

Writer = animation.writers['ffmpeg']
writer = Writer(fps=15, metadata=dict(artist='Me'), bitrate=1800)
line_ani.save('my_wiggly_animation.mp4', writer=writer)

更多

Matplotlib官网

安装Python以及Matplotlib

欢迎关注公众号:GainAnEpoch,与新人一起学习。


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