学术论文写作指南

2018-06-16  本文已影响0人  EdwardMa

写作的整体思路

好的学术论文特点

如何妙笔生花

  1. Good writing comes from good thinking.

  2. Improving your thinking on a subject will improve your writing about it

  3. Conversely, the process of writing usually helps writers to improve their thinking (at least about the subject of their prose)

  4. Good writing is the product of good re-writing.

  5. What matters most about the first draft is that it gets written.

  6. Your writing will be judged by the quality of the final draft.

  7. Good writing comes from understanding your work from the reader's perspective. A good writer chooses words that are apt and places them in a structure (using word order, grammar and punctuation) that conveys meaning clearly to reader.

To let your reader to understand your meaning with a minimum of confusion and wasted effort.

A good author writes from the reader's perspective

Part 1: 单词的选择和句子结构

  1. 仔细的选择主语跟合适的动词来表达你的中心思想
    尽量寻找is, has, dose之外的动词来真实的描述the action. "effect" 有点空洞,尽量用能展现出具体影响的词来表达。
常用词 替代词
affect involve, entail, require, imply, necessitate, shape, form, mold, manipulate, model, change, alter, modify, vary, transform, adjust, influence, have an impact on, have a bearing on, impinge on
increase add to, augment, boost, amplify, enhance, improve, enlarge, raise, swell(膨胀), multiply
decrease (vt) reduce, cut, diminish, deplete(耗尽), drain, lower, exhaust, tire out, wear out, fatigue(使疲劳), weaken, consume, use up
decrease(vi) decline, dwindle(减小), shrink, drop off, fall, wear out, fail
injure damage, harm, hurt, break, wound(使受伤), impair, destroy, devastate(毁灭), hinder
help promote, encourage, advance, foster, assist, improve, aid, facilitate, support, serve, relieve, sustain, maintain, preserve, retain, save, care for, amend(改善)
  1. 省略掉不需要的单词和空洞的短语
  2. 使用definite, specific, and concrete language,避免使用抽象的和技术性的语言(包括缩写)。
  3. 尽可能使用主动语态和active constructions.
  4. 保持相关的词在一块,主语应该跟它的动词很接近,修饰词应该和它的被修饰对象很接近。
  5. Express coordinated ideas in a similar form. 结构上的并列可以加强内容上的并列。

Writing tips for peer-reviewed journal articles

Getting started

1. Relevance

首先考虑内容!

头脑风暴是写好文章关键的一步。简单的写出方法和结果还不够,你的“value-added benefit”在你从你结果中得出的结论。期刊编辑想知道你的文章给科学领域带来什么新知。

Brainstorming Your paper
召集所有共同作者,将数据放在一个大表上,准备好咖啡,通过头脑风暴让科研更有趣。

文章头脑风暴
注意

2. Structure

先写大纲!

IMRDC

3. Style

保持段落合理。每一段==一个idea。先写中心句,然后写支撑中心句的话。使用简单句(减少错误数量,idea听起来不复杂,让同行更容易理解)
使用正确的动词形态

4. Accuracy

大部分情况下,你是唯一一个可以检查数据准确性的人,要经常做这个技术校对。

Write right first time (Action Learning)
没有努力的写作,读起来通常没有乐趣。
Action learning→写作(闭环不断refine的过程)
doing some writing, reading and thinking about what has been written, reviewing it to see which
parts work and which parts don't, deciding what needs to be changed, and then repeating the cycle by
making a new draft.
it is important to understand that action learning is about taking action in the real world. The real world is the world of others and, when action learning comes to writing, it does so as a group process so that the written
words are tested in the real world of readers. It is that external testing that forces a clarity and rigour on the written word that can otherwise be elusive.
Many of us think that we learn from our actions but, in reality, we just oscillate between "plan" and "act". Action learning helps writers both to get out of the starting blocks quicker and to stumble less often, so read on.

Ten simple rules for structuring papers (20170928)

Rules 1- 4: Principles

写作的根本目的是为了沟通,写作的时候要一直想着让读者更容易读懂。

1. Rule 1: 文章关注一个central contribution,也就是写在题目中的内容

2. Rule2: Write for flesh-and-blood human beings who do not know your work

3. Stick to the context-content-conclusion (C-C-C) scheme

4. Optimize your logical flow by avoiding zig-zag and using parallelism

Rules 5-8: 一篇文章的要素

文章中的每个部分有不同的objectives,因此每部分应用C-C-C结构的时候会有一些不同,从而分别实现各自的objectives。

5. Tell a complete story in the abstract

这个结构避免了常犯的错误:在读者准备理解结果前就谈论结果。好的摘要通常要refine很多次来确保结果fill the gap就像a key fits its lock.

6. Communicate why the paper matters in the introduction

7. Deliver the results as a sequence of statements, supported by figures, that connect logically to support the central contribution

8. Discuss how the gap was filled, the limitations of the interpretation, and the relevance to the field

文章结构要素总结

Rules 9-10: Process

文章的一些方面影响要更大一些,因此花时间要多一些。此外,多听听周围人对文章的意见来不断的refine文章。选择正确的方式makes writing papers easier and more effective.

9. Allocate time where it matters: Title, abstract, figures, and outlining

10. Get feedback to reduce, reuse, and recycle the story

10条规则的总结

写学术论文的建议

把草稿写出来

文章中的内容必须要统一,审稿人很在意这点,比如“Fig.”, “Fig” and “Figure”在一篇文章中要保持一致。参考文献格式要一致。

一些词的使用

避免如下空洞的短语

Empty phrase Equivalent
a majority of most
a number of many
as a consequence of because
due to the fact that because
in view of the fact that because
for the reason that because
on account of because
on the basis of because
owing to the fact that because
are the same opinion agree
at the present (moment) now
despite the fact that although
during the course of during, while
fewer in number fewer
for the purpose of for
has the capability of can
in all case always, invariably
in connection with about, concerning
in my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that I think
in order to to
it is clear that clearly
it is often the case that often
it is worth pointing out that note that
it may, however, be noted that but
lacked the ability to could not
large numbers of many
prior to before
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