javaweb之jsp指令

2020-04-22 本文已影响0人考拉考拉啊

1.JSP指令简介

JSP指令是为JSP引擎设计的，它们并不直接产生任何可见输出，而只是告诉引擎如何处理JSP页面中的其余部分。

在JSP 2.0规范中共定义了三个指令：page指令，Include指令，taglib指令。

JSP指令的基本语法格式：<%@ 指令属性名="值" %>

例如：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>

如果一个指令有多个属性，这多个属性可以写在一个指令中，也可以分开写。

例如：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>

<%@ page import="java.util.Date"%>

也可以写作：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312" import="java.util.Date"%>

2.page指令

page指令用于定义JSP页面的各种属性，无论page指令出现在JSP页面中的什么地方，它作用的都是整个JSP页面，为了保持程序的可读性和遵循良好的编程习惯，page指令最好是放在整个JSP页面的起始位置。

JSP 2.0规范中定义的page指令的完整语法：

<%@ page

[ language="java" ]

[ extends="package.class" ]

[ import="{package.class | package.*}, ..." ]

[ session="true | false" ]

[ buffer="none | 8kb | sizekb" ]

[ autoFlush="true | false" ]

[ isThreadSafe="true | false" ]

[ info="text" ]

[ errorPage="relative_url" ]

[ isErrorPage="true | false" ]

[ contentType="mimeType [ ;charset=characterSet ]" | "text/html ; charset=ISO-8859-1" ]

[ pageEncoding="characterSet | ISO-8859-1" ]

[ isELIgnored="true | false" ]

2.1 import属性

在jsp页面中，jsp引擎会自动导入下面的包和类：

java.lang.*

javax.servlet.*

javax.servlet.jsp.*

javax.servlet.http.*

可以在一条page指令引入多个类和包，其中的每个包和类之间使用逗号分隔开，例如，

<%@ page import="java.util.Date,java.sql.*,java.io.*"%>

2.2 errorPage属性

errorPage属性的设置值必须使用相对路径，如果以“/”开头，表示相对于当前Web应用程序的根目录(注意不是站点根目录)，否则，表示相对于当前页面。

可以在web.xml文件中使用<error-page>元素为整个Web应用程序设置错误处理页面。

<error-page>元素有3个子元素，<error-code>、<exception-type>、<location>

<error-code>子元素指定错误的状态码，例如：<error-code>404</error-code>

<exception-type>子元素指定异常类的完全限定名，例如：<exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>

<location>子元素指定以“/”开头的错误处理页面的路径，例如：<location>/ErrorPage/404Error.jsp</location>

如果设置了某个JSP页面的errorPage属性，那么在web.xml文件中设置的错误处理将不对该页面起作用。

jsperrorPage的相对路径，“/”表示当前web应用程序的根目录（WebRoot），“./”代表当前目录（即当前文件所在的目录），“../”代表当前文件所在目录的上一级目录。

例如有以下的工程目录结构：

testA.jsp中page指令的errorPage路径为：

<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>

即路径"/jspTest/error.jsp"为“WebRoot/jspTest/error.jsp”。

使用errorPage属性可以指明出错后跳转的错误页面，比如如下的testA.jsp代码：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>

String path = request.getContextPath();

String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>

<head>

<title>My JSP 'testA.jsp' starting page</title>

<!--

-->

</head>

<body>

int i=2/0;

</body>

</html>

int i=2/0，显然出错，第二行page指令的errorPage属性<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>指明出错后跳转到error.jsp文件，error.jsp的内容为：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%@ page import="java.io.PrintWriter" %>

String path = request.getContextPath();

String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>

<head>

<title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>

<!--

-->

</head>

<body>

PrintWriter outs=response.getWriter();

outs.write("出错啦!");

</body>

</html>

运行结果如下：

2.3 在web.xml中使用<error-page>标签为整个web应用设置错误处理页面

例如，使用<error-page>标签配置针对404错误的处理页面，在web.xml中的配置如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="3.0"

xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee

http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">

<display-name></display-name>

<welcome-file-list>

<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>

</welcome-file-list>

<error-page>

<error-code>404</error-code>

<location>/jspTest/error.jsp</location>

</error-page>

</web-app>

要跳转的error.jsp的代码如下：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<html>

<head>

<title>404错误友好提示页面</title>

</head>

<body>

<br/>

3秒钟后自动跳转回首页，如果没有跳转，请点击<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/index.jsp">这里</a>

</body>

</html>

当访问一个不存在的web资源时，就会跳转到在web.xml中配置的404错误处理页面error.jsp，

2.4 使用isErrorPage属性显示声明页面为错误

如果某一个jsp页面是作为系统的错误处理页面，那么建议将page指令的isErrorPage属性（默认为false）设置为“true”来显示声明这个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面。将error.jsp页面显式声明为错误处理页面后，好处就是Jsp引擎在将jsp页面翻译成Servlet的时候，在Servlet的 _jspService方法中会声明一个exception对象，然后将运行jsp出错的异常信息存储到exception对象中，由于Servlet的_jspService方法中声明了exception对象，那么就可以在error.jsp页面中使用exception对象，这样就可以在Jsp页面中拿到出错的异常信息了。如果没有设置isErrorPage="true"，那么在jsp页面中是无法使用exception对象的。

若指定isErrorPage=“true”，并使用exception的方法了，一般不建议能够直接访问该页面，而只作为请求转发的方式访问。

Jsp有9大内置对象，而一般情况下exception对象在Jsp页面中是获取不到的，只有设置page指令isErrorPage属性为“true”来显示声明一个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面之后才能够在jsp页面中使用exception对象。

3.include指令

在JSP中对于包含有两种语句形式：@include指令和<jsp:include>指令

3.1 @include指令

include指令用于引入其它JSP页面，如果使用include指令引入了其它JSP页面，那么JSP引擎将把这两个JSP翻译成一个servlet。所以include指令引入通常也称之为静态引入。

语法：<%@ include file="relativeURL"%>，其中的file属性用于指定被引入文件的路径。路径以“/”开头，表示代表当前web应用。

例如：

includeTest1.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

String path1 = request.getContextPath();

String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>

<head>

<title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>

<!--

-->

</head>

<body>

<h2>"includeTest1.jsp's content"</h2>

<%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>

</body>

</html>

includeTest2.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>

String path = request.getContextPath();

String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<html>

<head>

<title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>

<!--

-->

</head>

<body>

<h2>"includeTest2.jsp's content"</h2>

</body>

</html>

includeTest1.jsp使用<%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>将includeTest2.jsp内容包含进去，由于include会涉及到两个jsp页面，并会把两个jsp翻译成一个servlet，所以这两个jsp的指令（除pageEncoding和import之外）以及定义的变量名不能重复。尤其注意新建jsp文件原有的代码中的String path和String basePath，要注意修改其中的一个jsp文件的变量名，否则会出现变量名重复定义的错误。如下就是include includeTest2.jsp之后转换成的includeTest1_jsp类的源代码。

* Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat

* Version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.9

* Generated at: 2018-10-20 13:08:44 UTC

* Note: The last modified time of this file was set to

* the last modified time of the source file after

* generation to assist with modification tracking.

package org.apache.jsp.jspTest;

import javax.servlet.*;

import javax.servlet.http.*;

import javax.servlet.jsp.*;

import java.util.*;

public final class includeTest1_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase

implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,

org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {

private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =

javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

static {

_jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(1);

_jspx_dependants.put("/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp", Long.valueOf(1540040843018L));

}

private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;

private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;

static {

_jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();

_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");

_jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");

_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");

_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");

_jspx_imports_classes = null;

}

private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;

private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {

return _jspx_dependants;

}

public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {

return _jspx_imports_packages;

}

public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {

return _jspx_imports_classes;

}

public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {

if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {

synchronized (this) {

if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {

_el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();

}

return _el_expressionfactory;

}

public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {

if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {

synchronized (this) {

if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {

_jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());

}

return _jsp_instancemanager;

}

public void _jspInit() {

}

public void _jspDestroy() {

}

public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)

throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();

if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {

response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");

return;

}

final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;

javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;

final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;

final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;

javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;

final java.lang.Object page = this;

javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;

javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;

try {

response.setContentType("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1");

pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,

null, true, 8192, true);

_jspx_page_context = pageContext;

application = pageContext.getServletContext();

config = pageContext.getServletConfig();

session = pageContext.getSession();

out = pageContext.getOut();

_jspx_out = out;

out.write('\r');

out.write('\n');

String path1 = request.getContextPath();

String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";

out.write("\r\n");

out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");

out.write("<html>\r\n");

out.write(" <head>\r\n");

out.write(" <base href=\"");

out.print(basePath1);

out.write("\">\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write(" <title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<!--\r\n");

out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");

out.write("\t-->\r\n");

out.write("\r\n");

out.write(" <script>\"undefined\"==typeof CODE_LIVE&&(!function(e){var t={nonSecure:\"51550\",secure:\"51555\"},c={nonSecure:\"http://\",secure:\"https://\"},r={nonSecure:\"127.0.0.1\",secure:\"gapdebug.local.genuitec.com\"},n=\"https:\"===window.location.protocol?\"secure\":\"nonSecure\";script=e.createElement(\"script\"),script.type=\"text/javascript\",script.async=!0,script.src=c[n]+r[n]+\":\"+t[n]+\"/codelive-assets/bundle.js\",e.getElementsByTagName(\"head\")[0].appendChild(script)}(document),CODE_LIVE=!0);</script></head>\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write(" <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-8\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp\">\r\n");

out.write(" <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-8\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp\">\"includeTest1.jsp's content\"</h2>\r\n");

out.write(" ");

out.write('\r');

out.write('\n');

String path = request.getContextPath();

String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

out.write("\r\n");

out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");

out.write("<html>\r\n");

out.write(" <head>\r\n");

out.write(" <base href=\"");

out.print(basePath);

out.write("\">\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write(" <title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");

out.write("\t<!--\r\n");

out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");

out.write("\t-->\r\n");

out.write("\r\n");

out.write(" \r\n");

out.write(" <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-9\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp\">\r\n");

out.write(" <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled=\"false\" data-genuitec-file-id=\"wc1-9\" data-genuitec-path=\"/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp\">\"includeTest2.jsp's content\"</h2>\r\n");

out.write(" </body>\r\n");

out.write("</html>\r\n");

out.write("\r\n");

out.write(" </body>\r\n");

out.write("</html>\r\n");

} catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {

if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){

out = _jspx_out;

if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)

try {

if (response.isCommitted()) {

out.flush();

} else {

out.clearBuffer();

}

} catch (java.io.IOException e) {}

if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);

else throw new ServletException(t);

}

} finally {

_jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);

}

可以看到，includeTest1.jsp和includeTest2.jsp页面的内容都使用out.write输出到浏览器了。运行includeTest1.jsp后，显示如下的结果：

使用@include可以包含任意的内容，文件的后缀是什么都无所谓。这种把别的文件内容包含到自身页面的@include语句就叫作静态包含，作用只是把别的页面内容包含进来，属于静态包含。

3.2 jsp:include指令

接jsp标签。

javaweb之jsp指令

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