UNIT 8: GENDER DIFFERENCE AND COMMUNICATION

TEXT A: Gender Gap in Cyberspace

Good Usage（Para. 1-2）

computer pioneer

something of a novice

That paradox is telling.

go on to become a maven

hunger for the new technology

hang on to old equipment far too long

give up what I’m used to

make the wrong decision

Good Usage（Para. 3-4）

get hooked

talk on the telephone

spend time talking to friends

spend money upgrading it

E-mail draws me the same way the phone does.

is annoyed by

My marriage had no such strains.

Good Usage（Para. 5）

deepen my friendship with

next to

extended conversations

face to face

mumble

pour our hearts out to each other

open up

get on line

Good Usage（Para.6）

a combination of

in dribs and drabs

bear down on

keep going

in between

Good Usage（Para.7）

get the upper hand

tend to

maintain an appearance of cooperation

point out

are more likely to

be captivated by

are motivated by

social structure

by their nature

whip this into line

get away

Good Usage（Para.8）

think of.

tinker with

grappling with the challenge

appeal to

make

on the top side of

Good Usage（Para.9-10）

be flooded with

be staggered by

single-sex schools

worry about

getting the floor

according to

the anonymity of public networks

long, vituperative, sarcastic

turn most women off

lead to

deluge ... with

Good Usage（Para.11）

counterevidence to the claim

focus on

be interested in.

casual conversation

respond to

Good Usage（Para.12）

My interest waned.

learn the basics

write checks

balance my checkbook

Much as I’d like to use it to do more

begrudge the time it would take to…

Good Usage（Para.13-14）

costs him a lot of time

in need

is called upon by

damsel novices

get the computer to the point where…

pretty much explains how…

Key Words and Expressions for TextA

install vt.

1. [(in)] set (an apparatus) up, ready for use [常与in连用]安装（设备）

e.g.1)After I installed the latestsoftware, my computer started to work a lot faster.

2)They had installed a new phone line in the apartment.

他们已经在公寓里装上了新的电话线。

2.settle sb. / oneself in a place将某人安顿或安置於某处[在某处安顿下来]

e.g. 1) I am comfortably installedin a new home.

我在新居舒适地安顿下来

2)She installed herself in her father’sfavourite armchair.

她坐在她父亲最喜欢坐的扶手椅上。

3.place sb. in a new position of authority with the usual ceremony（以例行仪式）使某人就新职

e.g. 1) Professor Sawyer wasformally installed as President last Thursday.

索耶教授上周四被正式任命为校长。

2) The army has promised to install a newgovernment within a week.

军队已经许诺在一周内任命新一届政府。

give sb. / sth. away

1. get rid of by giving捐赠，让掉，分发，分送

e.g. 1) Nobody wants to buy last year’s fashions; you can’t even give themaway.

2) We have six copies of thebook to give away.

这本书我们要赠送6本出去。

2. to show someone”s secret feelings暴露（感情）

e.g. She thinks no one knows how much she likes him, but her face when Isaid he’d be there really gave her away!

3. reveal, betray泄露（秘密）

e.g. Don’t give away mysecret.

不要泄露我的秘密。

hooked a.

enjoying sth. so much that you are unable to stop having, watching, doing, etc. it着迷于，沉溺于

e.g. 1. He was hooked by online gambling and spent night and day gamblingaway.

2. Many of the leaders have become hooked on power and money.很多领导人都变得贪恋权力和金钱。

3. Open this book and read a few pages and you will be hooked.打开这本书读上几页，你就会沉迷其中。

Collocation:

be /become/get hooked着迷于，沉迷于

get /keep sb.hooked让/使某人着迷于

truly/completely /totally hooked完全沉迷于

hooked on着迷于，沉迷于

open up

speak more freely畅谈，倾吐心事

e.g. 1. He found it hard even to open up to his own parents, let alone tosomeone whom he doesn’t know well.

2. I’ve never opened up to anyone like I do to you.我从来没有像和你这样和别人畅谈心事。

get the upper hand

get an advantage over sb. so that you are in control of a particular situation取得优势，占上风

e.g. 1. In a business relationship, you may want to get the upper hand,but don’t do so at all costs.

2. Don’t let your feeling get the upper hand over you.不要感情用事。

dominate vi.&vt.

1. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)支配,统治,控制,影响（人、事等）e.g. 1)He has authority, but he doesn’t try todominate others.

他有权威,但并不想控制别人。

2) The strong usually dominate over the weak.强者常常支配弱者。

2. be the most

obvious or important person or thing in (sth)在（某事物）中处于优势或占上风;占最重要地位

e.g. 1)Price tends to dominate all other considerations.

首先考虑的往往是价格问题。

2) Sports, and not learning, seem to dominate inthe school.

似乎是运动而不是学习在那所学校占重要地位。

3. (of a high place) overlook (sth)（指高处）高於（某物）

e.g.The Acropolis dominates the city of Athens.

雅典的卫城高耸於雅典全城之上。

domination n.

exceptionn.

[(to)]a person or thing that isnot included in a general statement [常与to连用]例外的人或事

e.g. 1. Anyone entering this building must use an access card; there is noexception, not even for the manager himself.

2. Few guitarists can sing aswell as they can play; Eddie, however, is an exception.

很少有吉他手唱歌像弹吉他那么好，然而埃迪是个例外。

3. Thelaw makes no exceptions.

法律不容许搞特殊。

Collocation:

with the exception of

e.g. The whole of the island

was flooded with the exception of a small area in the north.

without exception

e.g. Without exception, all

employees must carry their identity card with them at all times.

exception to

e.g. Guide dogs are the one

exception to the store’s ban on dogs.

be no exception

e.g. The weather had been

rainy for days, and the day of the race was no exception.

be the exception rather thanthe rule

e.g. Nowadays a job for life

is very much the exception rather than the rule.

be the exception to the rule

e.g. Most of his family are

sports enthusiasts, but he’s the exception to the rule.

tinkervi.

[esp. (with)]work without afixed plan or useful results, making small changes, esp. when trying to repairor improve sth. [尤与with连用]随随便便地修理；摆弄

e.g. 1. This password on the computer will prevent others from tinkering withyour data.

2. He likes to tinker withradios.

他最爱鼓捣收音机。

eliminatevt.

[(from)] remove or get rid ofcompletely [常与from连用]消除；淘汰；剔除

e.g. 1. “Crimes can never be eliminated”, said the head of the policeforce, “but we are trying our very best to ensure that criminals are trackeddown and punished in time.”

2. If you think you may beallergic to a food or drink, eliminate it from your diet.

如果觉得可能对某种食物或饮料过敏，将其从日常饮食中去除。

CF: remove, eliminate, dismiss, expel

这些动词均有“开除，驱出，去掉”之意。

remove普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。

eliminate通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。

dismiss既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。

expel多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。

stagger v.

1. cause to feel shocked disbelief; seem almost unbelievable to使惊愕；使难以置信

e.g. 1) His incredible wealth staggers every single soul who has visitedhis business empire.

2) I was staggered to hear he had died.

2.cause to reel, totter, or become unsteady使摇晃；蹒跚

e.g.The blow staggered him.

3. cause to waver or falter使犹豫[踌躇]

e.g. 1) Thedifficulties of the examination did not stagger him.

考试的难度并没有使他畏缩。

2) His courage staggered in the face of the battle.

turn sb. off

infml cause to lose interest〖非正式〗（使）失去兴趣

e.g. 1. What turns teenagers off science and technology?

是什么使青少年对科学技术丧失了兴趣？

2. Teaching off a blackboard is boring, and undoubtedly turns people off.

照本宣科枯燥乏味，无疑会使人们丧失学习兴趣。

conveyvt.

1. [(to)]make (feelings, ideas,thoughts, etc.) known [常与to连用]传达；表达（感情、思想、意见等）

e.g. 1. In his email, he asked me to convey his thanks to you and asked mefor your contact details.

2. It is difficult to convey the sheer complexity of the situation.

很难说清楚形势究竟有多复杂。

2.to take or carry from one place to another;

transport运输；运送；输送

e.g. Passengers are conveyed by bus to the air terminal.

用公共汽车载送旅客前往航空站。

CF: bring, carry, take, fetch, get, convey, transport

这些动词均有“带，拿，取”之意。

bring指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。

carry指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。

take指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。

fetch指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。

get口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。

convey指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。

transport指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。

submitvi.

[(to)] admit defeat [常与to连用]屈服，认输

e.g. 1. She refused to submit herself to the threats of the corrupt policeofficers.

2. He was losing the fight but he would not submit.

他战败了，但不屈服。

CF: submit, yield, surrender

这些动词均含“屈服，投降”之意。

submit一般指放弃抵抗，愿意服从对方。

yield含义相近，还指由于缺乏坚强的意志、力量和忍耐心，而屈从于他人的权势或控制。

surrender指由于战败被迫投降或向战胜者或某种权势屈服。

balancevt.

compare the total debits and credits in (an account) and record the sumneeded to make them equal结算

e.g. 1. This is a smart piece of accounting software that helps youbalance your account.

2.I’m balancing the checkbook.

我正在结算支票簿。

rescuevt.

[(from)] [(from)] save or set free from harm, danger, or loss [常与from连用]拯救，解救；救援，救出

e.g. 1. The parents decided torescue their young son on his way to prison, so they told him to surrenderhimself to the police for the minor offence he had committed.

2. Helicopters rescued nearly 20 people from the roofof the burning building.

直升机从失火大楼的楼顶救出了将近20人。

CF: rescue, save

这两个动词均有“营救，拯救，搭救”之意。

rescue多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。

save含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。

TEXT B: Different Ways of Talking

relative

n.a member of the same family家人，亲戚

e.g. If he dies without making a will, his closestrelative will inherit.

如果他没有立下遗嘱就去世了，他的至亲将成为其继承人。

adj.having

meaning or significance only in relation to something else; not absolute相对的;比较的

e.g. He retired and lived in relative isolation.

他退休后,生活比较孤寂。

Relativeto the size, the city is sparsely populated.

与其面积相比，这个城市的人口是稀少的。

bossya.infmltoo fond of giving orders〖非正式〗好发号施令的，专横的

e.g. She turned me off with her bossy manner.

她态度专橫很讨我嫌。

Tommyis very bossy; he always wants to rule the roost.

汤米很专横，他总是想一切由他支配。

definevt.

1.explain the exact qualities, limits, duties, etc., of规定，限定；明确

e.g. Please listen while I define yourduties.

在我规定你的职责时，请仔细听好。

Wewere unable to define what exactly was wrong with him.

我们说不清楚他到底哪里不对劲。

2.to state precisely the meaning of (words, terms, etc.)给…下定义;解释

e.g. Collins English Dictionary defines aworkaholic as ‘a person obsessively addicted to work’.

《柯林斯英语词典》给“工作狂”一词下的定义是“一个过分沉溺于工作中的人”。

identity n.

1.the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or

known身份

e.g. Abu is not his real name, but it’s one he usesto disguise his identity.

阿布不是他的真名，是他用于伪装身份的名字。

Passportsare frequently serviceable in proving the identity of the traveler.

护照往往可用来证明旅行者的身份。

2. the distinct personality of an individual

regarded as a persisting entity个性,特性

e.g. I wanted a sense of my own identity.

我想要确立自己的个性意识。

The planners decided topreserve their distinct identities.

设计者们决定保留他们各自的特色。

competevi.[(with,

against, for)] try to win sth. in competition with sb. else [常与with, against, for连用]竞争；争夺

e.g. The stores will inevitably end up competingwith each other in their push for increased market shares.

在努力争取更大的市场份额的过程中，这些商场最终将不可避免地相互展开竞争。

Some 1000 athletes competed in20 events.

约1000名运动员参加了20个项目的比赛。

CF: compete,contend, contest, rival

这些动词均可表示“竞争”之意。

compete普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。

contend指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。

contest指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。

rival指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。

leadershipn.

1.the position or function of a leader领导，领导地位

e.g. This report has been examined and approved bythe leadership.

这份报告已经领导审批。

Britainhas lost her leadership in the shipbuilding industry.

英国已丧失在造船业的领导地位。

2. the period during which a person occupies theposition of leader

e.g. During herleadership very little was achieved.

她在任期间成就不大。

3. Capacity or ability to lead领导才能，领导作风

e.g. He is a manager capable of leadership.

他是个富有领导才能的经理。

Whatmost people want to see is determined, decisive action and firm leadership.

大多数人希望看到的是果决的行动和强有力的领导作风。

4. Guidance; direction

e.g. Without correct leadership, the enthusiasm ofthe masses cannot be sustained.

没有正确的领导，群众的积极性就不可能持久。

boastvi.[(about, of)]derogtalk orstate with unpleasant or unreasonable pride [常与about, of连用]〖贬〗夸口，夸耀，吹嘘

e.g. The old man is boasting again about his war

experience and how he singlehandedly combated five men.

He boast of being the bestfootball-player in the school.

他夸耀自己是学校里最棒的足球运动员。

It is nothing to boast of.

这没有什么可夸耀的。

CF: boast,brag, crow, pride

这些动词均含有“自夸，吹嘘”之意。

boast普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。

brag非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。

crow多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。

pride与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。

contrast

n.[(with，to)] the

comparison of objects or situations that are dissimilar, esp. to show

differences [常与with, to连用]对比，对照

e.g. The black paint on the door provides acontrast for the white walls.

门上的黑漆与白墙形成对比。

Hisactions were in stark contrast to his words.

他的行动同他说的话形成鲜明的对照。

v.todistinguish or be distinguished by comparison of unlike or opposite qualities对比，对照

e.g. She contrasted the situation thenwith the present crisis.

她将当时的情况和目前的危机进行对比。

Compareand contrast English with Chinese.

将汉语与英语比较对比。

CF: compare, compare to, compare with, contrast

这些动词(短语)均含“比较”之意。

compare侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。

compare to指两物有类似或相似之处，从而“把(一物)比作(另一物)。”

compare with指“把……用……作比较”以便找出差异或好坏。

contrast指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。

commandn.An order given with authority命令，指示

e.g. The general issued a command that all of themshould come at six o’clock.

将军颁布了一道命令,所有的人都要在六点钟到。

Hisrequest was in the nature of a command.

他的请求好像是命令。

CF: command, order, direction, instruction

这些名词均含“命令”之意。

command较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。

order普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。

direction正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。

instruction书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。

sympathy n.sensitivity

to and understanding of the sufferings of other people, often expressed in a willingness to give help.同情，同情心

e.g. He had sympathy with those who were broughtlow by misfortune.

对于那些因不幸而陷入贫困的人们他表示了同情。

She spoke words of sympathy.

她说了一些同情的话。

CF: pity, mercy, sympathy, compassion

这些名词均有“同情，怜悯”之意。

pity指对弱者、不幸者所表示的怜惜之情。

mercy侧重指对应受惩罚或地位卑下者的慈悲或怜悯。

sympathy普通常用词，含义广。指志趣、看法上的一致，也指感情相投，带有深深的恻隐之心的亲切之情。

compassion较正式较庄重用词，指对同等人的同情与理解，常含急切愿意帮忙的意味。

identifyvt.[(as)] prove or show the identity of[常与as连用]证明;认出，识别；确认，鉴定

e.g. Would you be able to identify the man whorobbed you?

你能够认出那个抢你东西的人吗?

Hishoarse voice was quickly identified.

他那沙哑的嗓音让人一听就知道是他。

CF: identify, recognize, make out

这些动词均含“认出，识别”之意。

identify指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。

recognize指所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。

make out通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。

likewise ad.

1.fml also; inaddition〖正式〗也，另外

e.g. Her speechand her manner likewise upset me.

她的言谈使我心烦意乱，她的举止也一样。

2.In the same way; similarly同样地

e.g. Watch him anddo likewise.

留心看着他并且照样做。

CF: also, too, aswell, either, likewise

这些词均含“也”之意。

also比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。

too语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。

as well一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。

either用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。

likewise是书面语用词。

at birth at the time when one is born出生时

e.g. At birth, most babies weigh between 6 and 8pounds.

大多数婴儿出生时的体重在6磅到8磅之间。

Killthe cases at birth.

防微杜渐。

in contrast (to / with)used when you are comparing objects or situations and saying that they are completely different from each other与之相反，与之相比

e.g. His actions were in stark contrast to hiswords.

他的行动同他说的话形成鲜明的对照。

Incontrast with most politicians, he was invariably polite.

与大多数政治家相比，他始终彬彬有礼。

take turnsdo it one after another轮流做

e.g. The students took turns to clean up theirclassroom.

学生们轮流打扫教室。

Susanand her brother take turns (at) doing the dishes.

苏珊和她的兄弟轮流洗盘子。

belong to[no pass] be a member of, or beconnected with [无被动态]是…的一员；与…有关联

e.g. We belong to the new club.

我们是这个新俱乐部的成员。

Britainbelongs to the EEC.

英国是欧洲经济共同体的一个成员国。

depend on[not in progressive forms] vary according to; be decided by [不用进行时]视…而定

e.g. Whether the game will be played depends on theweather.

比赛是否举行要看天气而定。

Thatdepends (on) how to tackle the problem.

全看怎样处理这个问题了。

be concerned with give attention to sth. because it is believed important关注,关切

e.g. A party in power must be concerned with theinterest of the masses.

执政党必须关心群众的利益。

Youonly need to be concerned with the inner aspect.

你只需要关心内在方面。