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Dart 语言简易教程(四)

2016-09-05  本文已影响746人  you的日常

Dart 语言简易教程(一): http://www.jianshu.com/p/8a62b1a2fd75
Dart 语言简易教程(二): http://www.jianshu.com/p/b2153a32dd8b
Dart 语言简易教程(三): http://www.jianshu.com/p/6d2495a0d3d7

Dart 语言简易教程(四)

操作符

Dart 支持各种类型的操作符,并且其中的一些操作符还能进行重载。
支持的完整操作如下:

Description Operator
unary postfix expr++ expr-- () [] . ?.
unary prefix -expr !expr ~expr ++expr --expr
multiplicative * / % ~/
additive + -
shift << >>
bitwise AND &
mbitwise XOR ^
bitwise OR |
relational and type test >= > <= < as is is!
equality == !=
logical AND &&
logical OR
if null ??
conditional expr1 ? expr2 : expr3
cascade ..
assignment = *= /= ~/= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |= ??=

在上表中,操作符的优先级依次降低。就是排在最上面的一行优先级最高,最后的一行优先级越低。

算术操作符

Dart 支持的基本算术操作符如下表所示:

Operator Meaning
+ Add
Subtract
-expr Unary minus, also known as negation (reverse the sign of the expression)
* Multiply
/ Divide
~/ Divide, returning an integer result
% Get the remainder of an integer division (modulo)

实例:

assert(2 + 3 == 5);
assert(2 - 3 == -1);
assert(2 * 3 == 6);
assert(5 / 2 == 2.5);   // Result is a double
assert(5 ~/ 2 == 2);    // Result is an integer
assert(5 % 2 == 1);     // Remainder

print('5/2 = ${5~/2} r ${5%2}'); // 5/2 = 2 r 1

Dart 同时也支持词前及词后的自增自减操作。

Operator Meaning
++var var = var + 1 (expression value is var + 1)
var++ var = var + 1 (expression value is var)
--var var = var – 1 (expression value is var – 1)
var-- var = var – 1 (expression value is var)

实例:

var a, b;

a = 0;
b = ++a;        // Increment a before b gets its value.
assert(a == b); // 1 == 1

a = 0;
b = a++;        // Increment a AFTER b gets its value.
assert(a != b); // 1 != 0

a = 0;
b = --a;        // Decrement a before b gets its value.
assert(a == b); // -1 == -1

a = 0;
b = a--;        // Decrement a AFTER b gets its value.
assert(a != b); // -1 != 0

关系操作符

Operator Meaning
== Equal;
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to

Dart 支持的关系操作符列表:

Operator Meaning
== Equal;
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to

假如要比对xy是否相等,==操作符的工作流程如下:

  • 如果x 或者 y 都是null 类型,比较的结果是true
  • 如果x 或者 y 只有一个是null 类型,比较的结果是false
  • 返回调用x.==(y)的结果作为== 操作的结果。

类型比较操作符

Dart 支持在运行时比较对象的类型,支持的操作如下:

Operator Meaning
as Typecast
is True if the object has the specified type
is! False if the object has the specified type

is操作,用来比较前操作数是否是后操作数的对象。
as操作,用来将前操作数指定为后操作数的类型。

指定操作符

=操作符,将后操作数的值赋给前操作数。
??=操作符,如果前操作数是null类型,则将后操作数赋值给前操作数;如果前操作数不等于null,则保持前操作数的值发生变化。

组合指定操作符

Dart 支持将算术操作符与=组合起来实现更复杂的功能。

下表演示了这是如何工作的:
| Compound assignment | Equivalent expression
--- | --- | ---
For an operator op: | a op= b | a = a op b
Example: | a += b | a = a + b

实例:

var a = 2;           // Assign using =
a *= 3;              // Assign and multiply: a = a * 3
assert(a == 6);

逻辑操作符

Operator Meaning
!expr inverts the following expression (changes false to true, and vice versa)
logical OR
&& logical AND

Dart 支持的逻辑操作符如下表:

Operator Meaning
!expr inverts the following expression (changes false to true, and vice versa)
logical OR
&& logical AND

逻辑操作符实例:

if (!done && (col == 0 || col == 3)) {
  // ...Do something...
}

位操作符及位移操作符

Dart 针对整数(int 类型)支持位操作符及位移操作符。

Operator Meaning
& AND
OR
^ XOR
~expr Unary bitwise complement (0s become 1s; 1s become 0s)
<< Shift left
>> Shift right

位操作符及位移操作符实例:

final value = 0x22;
final bitmask = 0x0f;

assert((value & bitmask)  == 0x02);  // AND
assert((value & ~bitmask) == 0x20);  // AND NOT
assert((value | bitmask)  == 0x2f);  // OR
assert((value ^ bitmask)  == 0x2d);  // XOR
assert((value << 4)       == 0x220); // Shift left
assert((value >> 4)       == 0x02);  // Shift right

条件表达式

Dart 支持条件表达式,同时为了减少代码,也提供了简化的操作符。
Dart中有两种方式简化类似其它语言的if-else 功能。

condition ? expr1 : expr2

condition的值为true, 则返回结果为expr1;反之则返回expr2

expr1 ?? expr2

如果expr1的值为non-null,则返回结果为expr1;反之则返回expr2

下面的例子演示了:将Dart 的? :操作符转化为'if-else' 的版本:

// Slightly longer version uses ?: operator.
String toString() => msg == null ? super.toString() : msg;

// Very long version uses if-else statement.
String toString() {
  if (msg == null) {
    return super.toString();
  } else {
    return msg;
  }
}

级联操作符(..)

通过级联操作符(..),可以连续的操作同一对象,达到减少中间变量,减少代码的目的。
如下面的例子:

querySelector('#button') // Get an object.
  ..text = 'Confirm'   // Use its members.
  ..classes.add('important')
  ..onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'));

下面的代码与上面的例子实现功能完全相同:

var button = querySelector('#button');
button.text = 'Confirm';
button.classes.add('important');
button.onClick.listen((e) => window.alert('Confirmed!'));

另一段例子:

final addressBook = (new AddressBookBuilder()
      ..name = 'jenny'
      ..email = 'jenny@example.com'
      ..phone = (new PhoneNumberBuilder()
            ..number = '415-555-0100'
            ..label = 'home')
          .build())
    .build();

其它的一些操作符

Operator Name Meaning
() Function application Represents a function call
[] List access Refers to the value at the specified index in the list
. Member access Refers to a property of an expression; example: foo.bar selects property bar from expression foo
?. Conditional member access Like ., but the leftmost operand can be null; example: foo?.bar selects property bar from expression foo unless foo is null (in which case the value of foo?.bar is null)
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