【笔记】斯坦福大学论文写作课程

2020-06-01  本文已影响0人  bsauce

视频传送门:斯坦福论文写作课程

课件传送门:链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1bX3x0RtGZk72GhxbGqNUFw 密码: nl2g

优秀笔记传送门:笔记1笔记2

目录

  1. 介绍
  2. 冗余和杂乱
  3. 动词
  4. 标点&句式
  5. 构思及写作(含前期步骤)
  6. 写作步骤
  7. 剽窃、作者、提交步骤

1 Introduction

总体:一定要清楚高效的表达自己的idea(有逻辑),之后再在个别表达上润色

好的作者:有内容、有逻辑思维、学技巧。

要做什么

  1. 多读论文,多模仿别人的写作方式
  2. 多记录
  3. 去编程化:写论文不要程序化
  4. 写论文之前多和别人讨论自己的研究点
  5. 拒绝枯燥式写作,要让读者能读的下去,采用一些生动的方式
  6. 每天都可以写,灵感不是等来的
  7. 写作我难人亦难
  8. 不厌其烦的修改很重要
  9. 学会删减,舍不得孩子套不住狼
  10. 互相帮忙修改论文,还能赚个挂名
  11. 多冒险,多写点东西。搞个知乎专栏啊啥的

Overview-高效写作的原则

  1. 删除不必要的单词和短语,避免混乱(也要避免使用缩写词)

  2. 尽量使用主动语态,而不是被动语态

  3. 动词写作:用强动词,避免把动词变成名词,也不要掩盖主动词。


2 冗余和杂乱

2.1 冗余杂乱的来源

  1. 重磅单词和短语

    表示众所周知只需要提供引文来证明它是众所周知的。

  1. 空单词和短语

    这些词没有添加任何内容,非常含糊和空洞

  1. 使用短的长单词或短语
长词 短词
A majority of most
A number of many
Are of the same opinion agree
Less frequently occuring rare
All three of the the three
Give rise to cause
Due to the fact that because
Have an effect on affect
Based on the assumption that if
  1. 不必要的行话和缩写词
  1. 删除重复的词语、短语
  1. 副词

    避免使用副词

2.2 减少冗余的其他技巧

(1)减少否定表达

当使用积极结构时,语句表达更清楚。

Original Now
Not harmful safe
Not important unimportant
Does not have lacks
Did not remember forgot
Did not pay attention to ignored
Did not succeed failed
Not honest dishonest

(2)少用there be,多用动词

Eg1,There was along line of bacteria on the plate. == Bacteria lined the plate.

Eg2,They agreed that it was true. == They agreed it was true.

(3)去掉不必要的介词(That/On)

Eg,The meeting happened on Monday == The meeting happened Monday.

2.3 练习

Original Now
Anti-inflammatory drugs may be protective for the occurrence of Alzheimer's Disease. protect against
Clinical seizures have been estimated to occur in 0.5% to 2.3% of the neonatal population. Clinical seizures occur in 0.5% to 2.3% of newborns.
Ultimately p53 guards not only against malignant transformation but also plays a role in developmental processes as diverse as aging, differentiation, and fertility. Besides preventing cancer, p53 also plays roles in aging, differentiation, and fertility.
Injures to the brain and spinal cord have long been known to be among the most devastating and expensive of all injuries to treat medically. Injures to the brain and spinal cord are among the most devastating and expensive.

3. 动词

3.1 使用主动语态

说明:少用被动语态(多用于Method部分,因为做了什么比谁做更重要),多用主动语态(多用于引言、结果、讨论部分)。

优点

  1. 强调作者责任:因为强调了主语是作者,来自作者的研究。
  2. 增强可读性
  3. 减少歧义

示例

Original Now
A recommendation was made by the DSMB committee that the study be halted. The DSMB committee recommended that the study be halted.
Major differences in the reaction times of the two study subjects were found. We observed major differences in the reaction times of the two study subject. or The two study subjects differed in reaction times.
It was concluded by the editors that the data had been falsified by the authors. The editors concluded that the authors falsified their data.
The first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star has been taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has taken the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star.
Therefore, the hypothesis that the overall kinetics of a double transtibial amputee athlete and an able-bodied sprinter at the same level of performance are not different was rejected. Therefore, we rejected the hypothesis that the overall kinetics of a double transtibial amputee athlete and an able-bodied sprinter at the same level of performance are comparable.

3.2 可以使用"We" & "I"

主动语态更活泼,更容易阅读,更加客观,主动语态就会主动迫使你为自己的断言承担责任,这是科学严谨性,是好的。更重要的是,期刊杂志的编辑要求在必要的时候,使用主动语态,便于阅读,主要是为了科学严谨性,客观性,易阅读性。

3.3 动词的使用

(1)多用强动词

尽量少用副词,选择准确的同义动词;用强动词代替be动词。

(2)避免将动词变名词

Original Now
Obtain estimates of estimate
Has been an expansion in has expanded
Provides a methodologic emphasis emphasizes methodology
Take an assessment of assess
Provide a review of review
Offer confirmation of confirm
Make a decision decide
Shows a peak peaks
Provide a description of describe

(3)避免隐藏主动词

说明:谓语动词接近主语,保持句首附近。因为读者其实看到主语后,一直在找谓语动词,找的很烦躁。

Eg,One study of 930 adults with multiple sclerosis(MS) receiving care in one of two managed care settings or in a fee-service setting found that only two-thirds of those needing to contact a neurologist for an MS-related problem in the prior 6 months had done so (VIckrey et. al. 1999).

== One study found that, of 930 adults with multiple sclerosis(MS) who were receiving care in one of two managed care settings or in a fee-service setting, only two-thirds of those needing to contact a neurologist for an MS-related problem in the prior 6 months had done so (VIckrey et. al. 1999).

3.4 语法技巧

(1)单词data(是datum的复数形式)

用第二人称,如the data arethese data showthe data support

(2)单词affect VS effect

affect:动词to influence

effect:名词influence

(3)短语compared to VS compared with

compared to:指出不同事物的相似性(不常见)。

compare with:指出相似事物的区别(较常见)。

(4)连接词that VS which

that:限定性,删除that后会对句子的意思造成影响;可指代许多同样的对象。

which:非限定性,删除which后不会对句子意思产生影响;仅仅特指一个对象。

(5)常见错误:主语是单数时,其代词是复数they or their

Eg,Each student worries about their grade.

=> All Students worry about their grades.


4. 标点&句式

4.1 标点介绍——分隔的优势

优点:丰富句子的结构,可用破折号、冒号、分号、括号。

(1)破折号:表达额外想法、列表、小道消息、描述,插入语。

说明:增加强调,插入突然的定义或描述,但不正式。比逗号更强,不如冒号正式,比括号轻松。

(2)冒号:将多个句子组合在一起,构建定义,简单明了。可用于引言的定义型句子

Eg,Many types of cells and tissues develop a kind of directionality. Certain events happen toward one end of the cell or tissue or the other. It’s a phenomenon called cell polarity.

=> Many cells and tissues develop a kind of directionality called cell polarity: certain events happen toward one end of the cell or tissue.

说明:冒号之前必须有主语+动词,用于介绍列表、一个引言、一个解释、一个结论、或一个放大的事件;冒号后+单词、短语或句子。

优点:冒号比逗号更有效,分隔能力比分号小,形式比破折号正式;冒号能强调冒号后面的成分,提高读者的兴趣。

(3)分号:连接2个独立句子。句子关系可以是前后顺承关系,也可以是相对论关系,即描述同一事件的多个方面。

(4)括号:插入事后思考,解释或额外的细节。去掉括号不影响句子的完整性,括号中可以是单词、词组或句子。

(5)分隔的力量对比

从上往下分隔力量逐渐增强。

4.2 并列句

连接词and/or/but

原则:使用并列连接词,两部分须遵循相同的语法结构。必须坚持使用。

对比1

Locusts denuded fields(主动语态) in Utah, rural Iowa was washed away(被动语态) by torrents, and in Arizona the cotton(短语) was shriveled by the placing heat. (不并列)

Locusts denuded fields in Utah, torrents washed away rural Iowa, and blazing heat shriveled Arizona’s cotton. (并列)

对比2

Not Parallel:

If you want to be a good doctor, you must study hard, critically think about the medical literature, and you should be a good listener.

Parallel:

If you want to be a good doctor you must study hard, listen well, and think critically about the medical literature. (命令, 命令, 命令)

Parallel:

If you want to be a good doctor, you must be a good student, a good listener, and a critical thinker about the medical literature. (名词, 名词, 名词)

4.3 段落

4.4 其他提示


5.构思及写作(含前期步骤)

5.1 写作三步骤

(1)准备阶段(70%)

(2)写初稿(10%)

(3)修改(20%)

5.2 准备阶段——注意点

5.3 写初稿

5.4 修改

5.5 最终的检查

(1)一致性:观点是否一致、前后数据是否一致。

(2)参考文献:


6. 写作顺序

将论文拆成多个部分,每天拿着相关文献去完成设定好的板块,最后再整理到一起。

  1. 图表 Tables and Figures
  2. 结论 Results
  3. 方法 Methods
  4. 介绍 Introduction
  5. 讨论 Discussion
  6. 摘要 Abstract

6.1 图表

(1)图表的要求

图的特点:视觉效果直观、能展现趋势和图案(吸引人)、能叙述整个故事、能突出特定结果。

表格特点:能展示精确的数值、展示数值和变量。

(2)表格

(3)图

分类:图分为图表图例

图表分类:

图例—legend:简短、信息丰富和主要观点的表达。要包含足够的细节,这样才能让图表独立;可以用图表中的图形来解释不同的数据;可以提供统计方法的描述,如用了什么测试、数据来源、p-value是什么等。

6-1-2-图例.png

绘制图形:折线图、散点图、条形图、单值条形图、柱状图、方框图、生存曲线。

曲线图,显示数据随时间(年龄或剂量)的变化而产生一定的趋势。


6-1-3-曲线图.png

条形图,用于比较一个时间点或一个剂量的组,直观易于理解。尽量不让读者去读图例。


6-1-4-条形图.png

散点图,用于显示两个变量之间的关系,通常为连续变量或数值变量,能展示所有数据点;散点图不需要加趋势线;可加入一定的数字来补充信息。


6-1-5-散点图.png

图解和绘画(Diagrams & Drawings):用动漫的形式展示那些难以用文字表达的内容,图解能直观说明变量之间存在的相互作用。

6-1-6-图解&绘画.png

6.2 结论 Results

内容:不要重复堆叠图表已展示过的数据(可少量展示,或通过图表得出新结论),表达要深层次,如,表格和图表代表什么(一张表一句话);指出图表和研究内容之间的简单关系;描述整体趋势;再补充说明图表中的数据证明这个趋势或关系

要求

6.3 方法与材料 Methods and materials

材料:提供材料或数据来源。

方法:概述所做的工作,要清楚简明。说明如何做实验、最后做了什么分析、可划分小标题小段落、可采用流程图或表格来展示方法、可用主动语态被动语态(sth were measuredwe observe / we analyze)。

6.4 Introduction

段数:引言的段落一般有2-5段。

内容:研究的问题假设研究目的

  1. 介绍已知信息,背景引入
  2. 指出先前的相关研究的差异性和局限性
  3. 再缩小范围,阐述你的假设,问题或目的(对自己要讲述的问题进行有目的的陈述)
  4. 简短讲述下实验方法(方法如何与众不同、推陈出新、非做不可)
  5. 讲述你的研究如何解决先前研究遗留的差异性或局限性(如,你的研究是新的、有效的且重要的方法,填补了空白)

要求

  1. 尝试为广泛的读者写,技术(材料方法等)细节尽量省去,简明的介绍所做之事。
  2. 要有一个明确的陈述(指向性句子),如我们提出是不是,我们假设,我们的目标等。
  3. 引言部分不应包括结果或启示,只需设定研究问题。
  4. 对先前的文献进行高度总结(说明存在什么问题),需研究每项研究的细节,如A做了研究,但它存在了缺陷,继续解决。

6.5 Disgussion

(1)原则

引言部分以存在的问题结束,所以讨论要先从i、引言的问题入手,再扩充。

(2)基本要素

(3)写作需注意的问题

(4)例如

先回答引言中提出的问题;

再提出局限性(过渡),解释说明后提出解决措施;

总结段:1.重申主要发现;2.重申回答的俩问题;3.宏观意义;4.综上所述,即大结论!

6.6 Abstract

注意

内容

  1. 一句话交代背景,阐述研究的重要性
  2. 陈述研究问题目的we asked that / we hypothesized that 如引言结尾部分;
  3. 实验部分的简短概述,方法中的片段,精简;
  4. 实验结果,关键结果和重要数据;
  5. 结论,回答2的问题,相关性等;
  6. 重要意义建议,起到的作用等,告诉读者为什么我要做这个

7. 剽窃、作者、提交步骤

7.1剽窃

7.2 作者

第一作者:初稿完成者、数据收集者

通讯作者:一般是实验室负责人,有一定地位,通讯作者一般放最后

致谢:资金来源;不适合出现在作者身份中的人,承认这些人,但不需要对文章负责。

7.3 提交步骤

找合适的期刊,修改格式,提交修改提交。。。

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