View

Android View 显示原理分析

2020-11-09  本文已影响0人  雷涛赛文

       当启动一个Activity的时候,Activity执行了onCreate() 、onStart()、 onResume()3个方法后,用户就能看见界面了,相应的XML布局文件中的View是如何显示到屏幕上的?有一个重要的方法是setContentView(R.layout.main_layout),我们一起来看一下setContentView()的执行过程。

一.setContentView()执行流程

       跟随调用关系,结合关键类来分析一下执行流程:

1.Activity

      当start一个包含界面的activity时,会首先调用setContentView(resourceID),代码如下:

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.recent_main_view);
}

      跟随调用逻辑,看一下setContentView的实现:

public void setContentView(@LayoutRes int layoutResID) {
    getWindow().setContentView(layoutResID);
    initWindowDecorActionBar();
}

public Window getWindow() {
    return mWindow;
}

private Window mWindow;
mWindow = new PhoneWindow(this, window, activityConfigCallback);

      根据Activity的启动过程,mWindow是在attach()时创建的,是PhoneWindow实例,此处是调用到了PhoneWindow里面的setContentView(layoutResID)方法:

2.PhoneWindow

public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
    if (mContentParent == null) {
        //初始化DecorView
        installDecor();
    } else if (!hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
        mContentParent.removeAllViews();
    }

    if (hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
        final Scene newScene = Scene.getSceneForLayout(mContentParent, layoutResID,
                    getContext());
        transitionTo(newScene);
    } else {
        //解析传进来的xml布局,将其加载到mContentParent上
        //mContentParent是在installDecor()中创建的,后续会看到
        mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);
    }
    mContentParent.requestApplyInsets();
    final Callback cb = getCallback();
    if (cb != null && !isDestroyed()) {
        cb.onContentChanged();
    }
    mContentParentExplicitlySet = true;
}

      首先看一下installDecor()方法:

// This is the top-level view of the window, containing the window decor.
// PhoneWindow的顶层View
private DecorView mDecor;
// This is the view in which the window contents are placed. It is either
// mDecor itself, or a child of mDecor where the contents go.
// 最终内容防置即显示的view
ViewGroup mContentParent;
private void installDecor() {
    mForceDecorInstall = false;
    if (mDecor == null) {
        //创建DecorView
        mDecor = generateDecor(-1);
        ......
    } else {
        mDecor.setWindow(this);
    }
    if (mContentParent == null) {
        //上个方法中的mContentParent在此创建
        mContentParent = generateLayout(mDecor);
    }
    .......
}

      我们可以看到,在installDecor()内部主要执行了两个方法:
      一个是generateDecor()来创建DecorView;
      一个是generateLayout(mDecorView)来将resId对应的xml文件加载到DecorView上。

//创建DecorView
protected DecorView generateDecor(int featureId) {
    ......
    return new DecorView(context, featureId, this, getAttributes());
}

      generateDecor()内部就是创建了一个DecorView对象返回。

//1.将R.layout.screen_simple布局文件通过addView加载到DecorView上
//2.从R.layout.screen_simple布局文件获取到R.id.content控件,返回contentParent给mContentParent
protected ViewGroup generateLayout(DecorView decor) {
    ......
    // Inflate the window decor.

    int layoutResource; //是一个布局文件id
    int features = getLocalFeatures();
    // 根据不同的主题将对应的布局文件id赋值给layoutResource
    if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_SWIPE_TO_DISMISS)) != 0) {
        layoutResource = R.layout.screen_swipe_dismiss;
        setCloseOnSwipeEnabled(true);
    } else if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_LEFT_ICON) | (1 << FEATURE_RIGHT_ICON))) != 0) {
        ......
    }
        ......          
     else {
        layoutResource = R.layout.screen_simple;
    }

    mDecor.startChanging();
    //通过LayoutInflater加载解析layoutResource =  R.layout.screen_simple(最常用)布局文件
    //该方法执行会在后续的DecorView.java里面介绍
    mDecor.onResourcesLoaded(mLayoutInflater, layoutResource);
    //从R.layout.screen_simple里面获取R.id.content控件,获取到contentParent
    ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);
    if (contentParent == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Window couldn't find content container view");
    }
    .......
    return contentParent;
}

      在generateLayout()内部主要做了三件事:
      一.找到对应的layoutResource,如果没有特别配置,则返回默认的R.layout.screen_simple;
      二.将layoutResource作为参数传入执行DecorView的onResourceLoaded()方法;
      三.找到ID_ANDROID_CONTENT对应的view,然后作为contentParent返回;
      看一下screen_simple.xml文件

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
    android:orientation="vertical">
    <!-- ActionBar    -->
    <ViewStub android:id="@+id/action_mode_bar_stub"
          android:inflatedId="@+id/action_mode_bar"
          android:layout="@layout/action_mode_bar"
          android:layout_width="match_parent"
          android:layout_height="wrap_content"
          android:theme="?attr/actionBarTheme" />
    <FrameLayout
         android:id="@android:id/content"
         android:layout_width="match_parent"
         android:layout_height="match_parent"
         android:foregroundInsidePadding="false"
         android:foregroundGravity="fill_horizontal|top"
         android:foreground="?android:attr/windowContentOverlay" />
</LinearLayout>

      从布局文件看,DecorView加载上的是一个LinearLayout,返回的contentParent(即activity展示界面)是一个FrameLayout。

3.DecorView

public class DecorView extends FrameLayout implements RootViewSurfaceTaker, WindowCallbacks {

    void onResourcesLoaded(LayoutInflater inflater, int layoutResource) {
        ......
        //通过Inflater解析XML布局文件,得到一个View对象
        //root就是DecorView中添加的layoutResource,即R.layout.screen_simple.xml
        final View root = inflater.inflate(layoutResource, null);
        //通过addView把布局文件添加到DecorView中
        if (mDecorCaptionView != null) {
            if (mDecorCaptionView.getParent() == null) {
                addView(mDecorCaptionView,
                        new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT));
            }
            mDecorCaptionView.addView(root,
                    new ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT));
        } else {

            // Put it below the color views.
            addView(root, 0, new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT));
        }
        mContentRoot = (ViewGroup) root;
        initializeElevation();
    }
}

      前面说到的,执行generateLayout(DecorView decor)主要做了以下两个工作:
      1.创建对应layoutResource = R.layout.screen_simple的布局,然后将布局加载到DecorView中;
      2.从加载的布局文件中找到R.id.content控件,返回contentParent,供activity显示界面;
      再回到PhoneWindow.java中的setContentView()方法:

public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
    if (mContentParent == null) {
        //初始化DecorView
        installDecor();
    } else if (!hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
        mContentParent.removeAllViews();
    }

    if (hasFeature(FEATURE_CONTENT_TRANSITIONS)) {
        final Scene newScene = Scene.getSceneForLayout(mContentParent, layoutResID,
                    getContext());
        transitionTo(newScene);
    } else {
        //----------分析--------------------
        mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);
    }
    mContentParent.requestApplyInsets();
    final Callback cb = getCallback();
    if (cb != null && !isDestroyed()) {
        cb.onContentChanged();
    }
    mContentParentExplicitlySet = true;
}

      分析:执行mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent)解析布局并加载,将setContentView()传进来的xml布局解析加载到mContentParent上,mContentParent是R.layout.screen_simple.xml中的FrameLayout,然后将activity中setContentView()传进来的xml布局解析加载到mContentParent上。

4.简单总结

      a、在PhoneWindow中创建顶层的DecorView;
      b、在DecorView中会根据主题的不同加载一个不同的布局,默认加载R.layout.screen_simple.xml;
      c、从加载到DecorView中的布局中找到contentParent(即FrameLayout);
      d、把Activity中的布局解析并添加到contentParent中;
      引用大佬画的图,比较清晰,setContentView()涉及到的布局结构及布局文件如下:


setContentView布局.png

5.执行流程图

setContentView().png

二.View的显示

      当执行到handleResumeActivity时,Activity的onResume()方法被调用,然后WindowManager会将DecorView设置给ViewRootImpl,这样DecorView就被加载到Window中了,此时界面还没有显示出来,还需要经过View的measure,layout和draw方法,才能完成View的工作流程。
      View的绘制是由ViewRootImpl来负责的,每一个DecorView都有一个与之关联的ViewRootImpl,这种关联关系是由WindowManager维护的,将DecorView和ViewRootImpl关联(通过ViewRootImpl的setView方法)之后,ViewRootImpl的requestLayout会被调用以完成初步布局,通过scheduleTraversals方法向主线程发送消息请求遍历,最终调用ViewRootImpl的performTraversals方法,这个方法会执行View的measure,layout 和draw流程。


1.png

      源码调用流程如下:

1.ActivityThread

final void handleResumeActivity(IBinder token,
            boolean clearHide, boolean isForward, boolean reallyResume, int seq, String reason) {
    ......

    //回调到activity的onResume()方法
    r = performResumeActivity(token, clearHide, reason);

    if (r != null) {
        final Activity a = r.activity;
        ......
        if (r.window == null && !a.mFinished && willBeVisible) {
            //获取到PhoneWindow
            r.window = r.activity.getWindow();
            //获取DecorView
            View decor = r.window.getDecorView();
            decor.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
            ViewManager wm = a.getWindowManager();
            WindowManager.LayoutParams l = r.window.getAttributes();
            a.mDecor = decor;
            l.type = WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_BASE_APPLICATION;
            l.softInputMode |= forwardBit;
            if (r.mPreserveWindow) {
                a.mWindowAdded = true;
                r.mPreserveWindow = false;
                // Normally the ViewRoot sets up callbacks with the Activity
                // in addView->ViewRootImpl#setView. If we are instead reusing
                // the decor view we have to notify the view root that the
                // callbacks may have changed.
                ViewRootImpl impl = decor.getViewRootImpl();
                if (impl != null) {
                    impl.notifyChildRebuilt();
                }
            }
            if (a.mVisibleFromClient) {
                if (!a.mWindowAdded) {
                    a.mWindowAdded = true;
                    //通过WindowManager.addView加载DecorView
                    wm.addView(decor, l);
                } else {
                    // The activity will get a callback for this {@link LayoutParams} change
                    // earlier. However, at that time the decor will not be set (this is set
                    // in this method), so no action will be taken. This call ensures the
                    // callback occurs with the decor set.
                    a.onWindowAttributesChanged(l);
                }
            }
       ......
    }
}

      wm是一个接口ViewManager对象,而wm是通过Activity的getWindowManager()获取的,会调用到WindowManagerImpl.addView(),最终会调用到WindowManagerGlobal.addView():

2.WindowManagerGlobal

public void addView(View view, ViewGroup.LayoutParams params,
            Display display, Window parentWindow) {
    ......

    ViewRootImpl root;
    View panelParentView = null;

    ......

    root = new ViewRootImpl(view.getContext(), display);

    view.setLayoutParams(wparams);

    mViews.add(view);
    mRoots.add(root);
    mParams.add(wparams);

    // do this last because it fires off messages to start doing things
    try {
        root.setView(view, wparams, panelParentView);
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
        // BadTokenException or InvalidDisplayException, clean up.
        if (index >= 0) {
            removeViewLocked(index, true);
        }
        throw e;
    }
}

      在addView()内部会创建ViewRootImpl对象,然后执行ViewRootImpl的setView()方法:

3.ViewRootImpl

public void setView(View view, WindowManager.LayoutParams attrs, View panelParentView) {
        synchronized (this) {
     .......
         // Schedule the first layout -before- adding to the window
         // manager, to make sure we do the relayout before receiving
         // any other events from the system.
         requestLayout();
    ......
}

public void requestLayout() {
    if (!mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest) {
        //check是否为主线程
        checkThread();
        mLayoutRequested = true;
        scheduleTraversals();
    }
}

void scheduleTraversals() {
    if (!mTraversalScheduled) {
        mTraversalScheduled = true;
        mTraversalBarrier = mHandler.getLooper().getQueue().postSyncBarrier();
        mChoreographer.postCallback(
                    Choreographer.CALLBACK_TRAVERSAL, mTraversalRunnable, null);
        if (!mUnbufferedInputDispatch) {
            scheduleConsumeBatchedInput();
        }
        notifyRendererOfFramePending();
        pokeDrawLockIfNeeded();
    }
}

final class TraversalRunnable implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        doTraversal();
    }
}

void doTraversal() {
    if (mTraversalScheduled) {
        mTraversalScheduled = false;
        mHandler.getLooper().getQueue().removeSyncBarrier(mTraversalBarrier);

        if (mProfile) {
            Debug.startMethodTracing("ViewAncestor");
        }

        performTraversals();

        if (mProfile) {
            Debug.stopMethodTracing();
            mProfile = false;
        }
    }
}

private void performTraversals() {
    .......
    .......
    .......
     int childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mWidth, lp.width);
     int childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(mHeight, lp.height);      
     ......
     // Ask host how big it wants to be
     //Measure
     performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
     ......
     //layout
     performLayout(lp, mWidth, mHeight);
    ......
     //Draw
     performDraw();
}

      在setView()执行后,经过一步一步的调用,最终执行到performTraversals(),在该方法内部执行view的测量、放置、绘制工作。

private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {
    if (mView == null) {
        return;
    }
    Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW, "measure");
    try {
        mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
    } finally {
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
    }
}

      通过performMeasure()从根节点向下遍历View树,完成所有ViewGroup和View的测量工作,计算出所有ViewGroup和View显示出来需要的高度和宽度;

private void performLayout(WindowManager.LayoutParams lp, int desiredWindowWidth,
            int desiredWindowHeight) {
    ......
    try {
        host.layout(0, 0, host.getMeasuredWidth(), host.getMeasuredHeight());
        ......
    }
    ......
}

      通过performLayout()从根节点向下遍历View树,完成所有ViewGroup和View的布局计算工作,根据测量出来的宽高及自身属性,计算出所有ViewGroup和View显示在屏幕上的区域;

private void performDraw() {
    ......
    try {
        draw(fullRedrawNeeded);
    } finally {
        mIsDrawing = false;
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_VIEW);
    }
    .......
    .......
    .......
}

private void draw(boolean fullRedrawNeeded) {
    .......
    .......
    .......    
}

      通过performDraw()从根节点向下遍历View树,完成所有ViewGroup和View的绘制工作,根据布局过程计算出的显示区域,将所有View的当前需显示的内容画到屏幕上;

4.简单总结

image.png
      以上简单描述了一下Activity执行setContentView()后的执行过程,View显示绘制还涉及到WMS等复杂的相关处理逻辑,可以参考以下文章:
      Android WMS窗口管理
      Android WMS窗口管理(二)

三.其他

a.是否只能在主线程更新UI?

      通过上面的分析可以看到,View的显示是在onResume()之后才进行绘制的,所以在onCreate()内部可以通过new Thread()来更新UI;
      当绘制完成后,就只能通过主线程更新了,为什么?
      1.为了解决多线程并发的问题!防止各个线程同时更新UI,就会出现界面错乱的问题。详情可参考Android Handler消息机制详解
      2.硬性判断checkThread(),在更新UI前都会判断当前是否为主线程,否则的话直接抛异常;

b.在onResume()中能否获取到view的宽高?

      通过上面的分析可以看到,View的显示是在onResume()之后才进行绘制的,从而执行onMeasure(),只有绘制完成后,才能获取到view的宽高;

c.如何在onCreate()确保View获取到宽高后进行UI逻辑处理?

      可以通过View.post(Runnable),在Runnable内的run()方法内进行UI的逻辑处理,详情可参考Android View.post()原理分析

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