BeagleBone Back Rev C制作image

https://www.digikey.com/eewiki/display/linuxonarm/BeagleBone+Black#BeagleBoneBlack-Availability

在BBB板上直接做image， 由于板上空间不够做不了，所以用虚拟机制作BBB image

一、环境：

主机：win10

虚拟机：vmware player安装ubuntu16.04 server版

软硬件条件：

MicroSD card：不小于1GB，使用USB卡托插入主机才能被虚拟机正确识别

Cross compiler：(似乎国内总是下载失败，找Fernado在国外下载)https://releases.linaro.org/components/toolchain/binaries/6.4-2018.05/arm-linux-gnueabihf/gcc-linaro-6.4.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz

u-boot: https://github.com/u-boot/u-boot

Linux Kernel: https://github.com/RobertCNelson/bb-kernel

TI Kernel: https://github.com/RobertCNelson/ti-linux-kernel-dev.git

Debian Root File Sytem(rootfs): https://rcn-ee.com/rootfs/eewiki/minfs/debian-9.5-minimal-armhf-2018-07-30.tar.xz

二、制作步骤：

用root登录ubuntu16.04虚拟机

mkdir -p /root/beaglebone

cd /root/beaglebone

1，安装cross compiler：

wget -c https://releases.linaro.org/components/toolchain/binaries/6.4-2018.05/arm-linux-gnueabihf/gcc-linaro-6.4.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz

sudo tar xf gcc-linaro-6.4.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz

root@ubuntu:~/beaglebone# export CC=`pwd`/gcc-linaro-6.4.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-

root@ubuntu:~/beaglebone# ${CC}gcc --version

arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc (Linaro GCC 6.4-2018.05) 6.4.1 20180425 [linaro-6.4-2018.05 revision 7b15d0603ad63dc19ab7cf035eb70]

Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO

warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

2，安装编译u-boot

cd /root/beaglebone

git clone https://github.com/u-boot/u-boot

cd u-boot/

git checkout v2018.09 -b tmp

cd /root/beaglebone/u-boot

wget -c https://rcn-ee.com/repos/git/u-boot-patches/v2018.09/0001-am335x_evm-uEnv.txt-bootz-n-fixes.patch

wget -c https://rcn-ee.com/repos/git/u-boot-patches/v2018.09/0002-U-Boot-BeagleBone-Cape-Manager.patch

patch -p1 < 0001-am335x_evm-uEnv.txt-bootz-n-fixes.patch

patch -p1 < 0002-U-Boot-BeagleBone-Cape-Manager.patch

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=${CC} distclean

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=${CC} am335x_evm_defconfig

vi /root/beaglebone/u-boot/.config

CONFIG_BOOTDELAY=0

make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=${CC}

3，安装编译Linux kernel

3.1 通用Linux Kernel

cd /root/beaglebone

git clone https://github.com/RobertCNelson/bb-kernel

cd bb-kernel/

git checkout origin/am33x-rt-v4.9 -b tmp

提前把编译器安装好，因为直接下载失败

mkdir -p /root/beaglebone/bb-kernel/dl/

sudo cp /root/beaglebone/gcc-linaro-6.4.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz /root/beaglebone/bb-kernel/dl/

./build_kernel.sh

结束时注意看屏幕输出，后面会用：export kernel_version=4.9.146-bone-rt-r12

3.2 TI Kernel

git clone https://github.com/RobertCNelson/ti-linux-kernel-dev.git

cd ti-linux-kernel-dev/

git checkout origin/ti-linux-rt-4.14.y -b tmp

提前把编译器安装好，因为直接下载失败

mkdir -p /root/ti-linux-kernel-dev/bb-kernel/dl/

sudo cp /root/beaglebone/gcc-linaro-7.3.1-2018.05-x86_64_arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.xz /root/ti-linux-kernel-dev/bb-kernel/dl/

./build_kernel.sh

4,安装Root FileSytem

cd /root/beaglebone

wget -c https://rcn-ee.com/rootfs/eewiki/minfs/debian-9.5-minimal-armhf-2018-07-30.tar.xz

root@ubuntu:~/beaglebone# sha256sum debian-9.5-minimal-armhf-2018-07-30.tar.xz

9399d649d1ce9910bbfc745f59dc57ee0e1134f57e8cae01c8cd75a8bd9d1e1e  debian-9.5-minimal-armhf-2018-07-30.tar.xz

sudo tar xf debian-9.5-minimal-armhf-2018-07-30.tar.xz

5，安装microSD card并制作image

5.1 fdisk -l #找出sd card Disk /dev/sdb

export DISK=/dev/sdb

cd /root/beaglebone

5.2 # Erase partition table/labels on microSD card:

sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=${DISK} bs=1M count=10

5.3 # Install Bootloader:

sudo dd if=./u-boot/MLO of=${DISK} count=1 seek=1 bs=128k

sudo dd if=./u-boot/u-boot.img of=${DISK} count=2 seek=1 bs=384k

5.4 # Create Partition Layout:先查看sfdisk 版本

查看sfdisk版本：

root@ubuntu:~/beaglebone# sfdisk -v

sfdisk from util-linux 2.27.1

输入以下命令：

sudo sfdisk ${DISK} <<-__EOF__

4M,,L,*

__EOF__

如果sfdisk版本低于2.25x，则输入以下命令：

5.5 分区格式化：

sudo mkfs.ext4 -L rootfs ${DISK}1

一路回车，不用输入信息。

5.6 Mount Partition:

mkdir -p /media/rootfs/

for: DISK=/dev/sdX

sudo mount ${DISK}1 /media/rootfs/

for: DISK=/dev/mmcblk0

sudo mount ${DISK}p1 /media/rootfs/

5.7 Backup Bootloader

cd  /root/beaglebone

sudo  mkdir -p /media/rootfs/opt/backup/uboot/

sudo cp -v ./u-boot/MLO /media/rootfs/opt/backup/uboot/

sudo cp -v ./u-boot/u-boot.img /media/rootfs/opt/backup/uboot/

5.8 Install Kernel and Root File System

#在上面build_kernel执行完会看见kernel_version

cat ~/beaglebone/ti-linux-kernel-dev/kernel_version

4.14.79-ti-rt-r86

export kernel_version=4.9.146-bone-rt-r12

或export kernel_version=4.14.79-ti-rt-r86

5.8.1 copy root file system

cd /root/beaglebone/

sudo tar xfvp ./*-*-*-armhf-*/armhf-rootfs-*.tar -C /media/rootfs/

sync

sudo chown root:root /media/rootfs/

sudo chmod 755 /media/rootfs/

5.8.2 set uname_r in /boot/uEnv.txt

cd /root/beaglebone/

sudo sh -c "echo 'uname_r=${kernel_version}' >> /media/rootfs/boot/uEnv.txt"

5.8.3 copy kernel image

cd /root/beaglebone/

sudo cp -v ./bb-kernel/deploy/${kernel_version}.zImage /media/rootfs/boot/vmlinuz-${kernel_version}

或sudo cp -v ./ti-linux-kernel-dev/deploy/${kernel_version}.zImage /media/rootfs/boot/vmlinuz-${kernel_version}

5.8.4 copy kernel device tree binaries

cd /root/beaglebone/

sudo mkdir -p /media/rootfs/boot/dtbs/${kernel_version}/

sudo tar xfv ./bb-kernel/deploy/${kernel_version}-dtbs.tar.gz -C /media/rootfs/boot/dtbs/${kernel_version}/

或sudo tar xfv ./ti-linux-kernel-dev/deploy/${kernel_version}-dtbs.tar.gz -C /media/rootfs/boot/dtbs/${kernel_version}/

5.8.5 Copy Kernel Modules

cd /root/beaglebone/

sudo tar xfv ./bb-kernel/deploy/${kernel_version}-modules.tar.gz -C /media/rootfs/

或sudo tar xfv ./ti-linux-kernel-dev/deploy/${kernel_version}-modules.tar.gz -C /media/rootfs/

5.8.6 File Systems Table (/etc/fstab)

sudo sh -c "echo '/dev/mmcblk0p1  /  auto  errors=remount-ro  0  1' >> /media/rootfs/etc/fstab"

5.8.7 Networking

vi  /media/rootfs/etc/network/interfaces

iface eth0 inet static

address 192.168.2.183

netmask 255.255.255.0

gateway 192.168.2.1

5.8.8 Networking: Using a shared SD card with Multiple BeagleBone

vi  /media/rootfs/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules

# BeagleBone: net device ()

SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{dev_id}=="0x0", ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth0"

5.8.9 配置

1）允许root远程登录

vi /media/rootfs/etc/ssh/sshd_config

PermitRootLogin yes

2）安装烧录脚本

cd /root/beaglebone/

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RobertCNelson/boot-scripts/master/tools/eMMC/bbb-eMMC-flasher-eewiki-ext4.sh

chmod +x bbb-eMMC-flasher-eewiki-ext4.sh

cp bbb-eMMC-flasher-eewiki-ext4.sh /media/rootfs/boot/

5.8.10 Remove SD card

sync

sudo umount /media/rootfs

如果一切顺利，至此启动u盘制作成功，断电下插入BBB版，hold BOOT按键（S2），再摁Power键上电，当看到四个灯都亮时，可以松开S2，等待启动完成。

Notes:

1，避免git超时

git config --system http.postBuffer 524288000

git config --system http.sslVerify false

三、第一次启动

1)初始登录：debian/temppwd

2)第一次可以设置root密码

sudo passwd root

3)设置时区和时间

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

date -s "2019-01-05 14:54:56"

hwclock --systohc //设置硬件时钟与系统时间同步，关机重启时间就复原，需要纽扣电池

4)安装开发调试工具

apt-get update

apt-get install gcc

apt-get install make

apt-get install gdb

apt-get install build-essential

apt-get install linux-perf

apt-get install man

apt-get install tree

apt-get install python

git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/rt-tests/rt-tests.git

cd rt-tests

git checkout stable/v1.0

make all

make install

编译安装最新valgrind，因为apt-get install valgrind 3.12版本有问题

wget http://www.valgrind.org/downloads/valgrind-3.14.0.tar.bz2

安装gprof2dot和dot工具分析valgrind结果

https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9d/36/f977122502979f3dfb50704979c9ed70e6b620787942b089bf1af15f5aba/gprof2dot-2017.9.19.tar.gz

https://graphviz.gitlab.io/pub/graphviz/stable/SOURCES/graphviz.tar.gz

四、优化启动时间:

1，禁止启动不需要服务

systemctl disable nginx.service

systemctl disable unattended-upgrades.service

systemctl disable binfmt-support.service

systemctl disable ofono.service

systemctl disable bluetooth.service  //仍然可以被其它进程启动

systemctl mask bluetooth.service //屏蔽后不能被启动

systemctl disable wpa_supplicant.service //wifi服务

systemctl mask wpa_supplicant.service

systemctl set-default multi-user.target

systemctl disable graphical.target

systemctl disable loadcpufreq.service

systemctl disable cpufrequtils.service

systemctl disable dundee.service  //dundee/ofono与移动通讯有关ofono.org

systemctl disable hostapd.service  //802.11无线通讯

systemctl disable networking.service  //不影响ssh登录

systemctl disable dnsmasq.service

systemctl mask dnsmasq.service

systemctl disable udhcpd.service

systemctl mask udhcpd.service

systemctl mask  remote-fs.target

systemctl disable rsyslog.service  //默认日志服务用不到

systemctl disable apt-daily.timer

systemctl disable apt-daily.service

systemctl disable apt-daily-upgrade.timer

systemctl disable avahi-daemon.service

systemctl disable avahi-daemon.socket

systemctl disable systemd-timesyncd.service

connman.service不能停，否则ssh连接断，生产版可以停

ssh.service 生产版可以disable

2，修改配置

root@arm:~# cat /boot/uEnv.txt

optargs=quiet lpj=1990656（通过dmesg -d查询lpj实际value）

#disable_uboot_overlays=1

disable_uboot_overlay_video=1

disable_uboot_overlay_audio=1

disable_uboot_overlay_wireless=1

disable_uboot_overlay_adc=1

vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf

Storage=none 可以减掉0.5秒，但不建议

vi /etc/systemd/system.conf

DefaultTimeoutStartSec=1s

DefaultTimeoutStopSec=1s

禁用swap分区

swapoff -a

查询swap优先级

sysctl -q vm.swappiness

降低swap优先级

vi /etc/sysctl.conf

增加

vm.swappiness=0

3，增加串口终端登录服务

新建文件/etc/rc.local,内容如下，并增加+x权限

root@arm:~# cat /etc/rc.local

#!/bin/sh -e

# ttyS0 - getty

#

# This service maintains a getty on ttyS0 from the point the system is

# started until it is shut down again.

exec /sbin/getty -L 115200 ttyS0 vt102 &

exit 0

EOF

通过USB线连接BBB板PIN口，需要安装USB驱动。

4，SD卡系统烧录到BBB板flash

用SD卡启动BBB板

cd /boot

/bin/bash ./bbb-eMMC-flasher-eewiki-ext4.sh

五、linux系统备份image

需要硬件环境：

a)BeagleBoneBack开发板

b)4GB MicroSD卡

目标是把BeagleBoneBack开发板上的Linux系统做成镜像文件或复制系统到SD卡

特别注意：源盘和目的盘必须不同！

1，插入足够大备份sd卡，查看当前系统disk

        fdisk -l

系统盘：Disk /dev/mmcblk0

备份盘：Disk /dev/sda

2，分区备份image

mkdir -p /mnt/backup

mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/backup

dd bs=512 count=7744512 if=/dev/mmcblk0 of=/mnt/backup/linux_ghost.img;sync

#dd bs=512 count=7471104 if=/dev/mmcblk1 of=/mnt/root/linux_ghost-4.9.146-bone-rt-r12.img;sync

#bs=512(根据源盘mmcblk0 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes) count=[fdisk命令中系统盘End列最大数+1]

注意要执行sync同步磁盘

3，整个系统全盘复制到SD卡制作启动盘

dd if=/dev/mmcblk0 of=/dev/sda;sync

六、镜像恢复到SD卡

目标是把镜像备份img恢复成可以SD卡启动盘

需要硬件环境：

a)PC机和imag镜像文件

b)4GB MicroSD卡

c)在window上安装镜像刻录软件Etcher

https://www.balena.io/etcher/

如下图，打开Etcher软件，选择镜像文件和目的SD盘，点击Flash开始刻录。