考研真题做题记录Cruel slavery in George

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.

More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three-fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children – though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

extracted tooth from mouth 拔牙

fragile nature of the country’s infancy. 国家早期脆弱的本质

Founding Fathers 开国元勋

For one thing 一方面看

stained his prestige  玷污了他的威望

was confronted with delicate situations.面临着微妙的形势。

political stand. 政治立场

had fathered  one child with his wife 和他的妻子生了一个小孩

examined history from the bottom up 把这段历史研究了个透

economic bedrock of the country 国家经济基础

The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.  如果里面没有关于某个特殊制度的保护条款） 这个条款说的是将奴隶看作3/5个人，为了国会代表的利益目的，南方各州不会签署这个宪法

五分之三妥协

inflating the votes  使选票通货膨胀了

handed Jefferson his narrow victory  给杰斐逊总统带来了微弱的胜利（险胜）

all men were created equal 所有人生来平等

the new land was carved into 13 states 新土地被划分成13个州

have required legislative approval 还需要立法批准