Swift-04:指针

2021-03-31  本文已影响0人  恍然如梦_b700

今天我们来看看swift中的指针是如何如何使用的

swift中的指针分为两类

swift与OC指针对比如下:

Swift OC 说明
unsafePointer<T> const T * 指针及所指向的内容都不可变
unsafeMutablePointer T * 指针及其所指向的内存内容均可变
unsafeRawPointer const void * 指针指向未知类型
unsafeMutableRawPointer void * 指针指向未知类型

原生指针

原生指针:是指未指定数据类型的指针,有以下说明

有以下一段原生指针的使用代码,请问运行时会发生什么?

//原生指针
//对于指针的内存管理是需要手动管理的
//定义一个未知类型的指针:本质是分配32字节大小的空间,指定对齐方式是8字节对齐
let p = UnsafeMutableRawPointer.allocate(byteCount: 32, alignment: 8)

//存储
for i in 0..<4 {
    p.storeBytes(of: i + 1, as: Int.self)
}
//读取
for i in 0..<4 {
    //p是当前内存的首地址,通过内存平移来获取值
    let value = p.load(fromByteOffset: i * 8, as: Int.self)
    print("index: \(i), value: \(value)")
}

//使用完成需要dealloc,即需要手动释放
p.deallocate()

//存储
for i in 0..<4 {
    //指定当前移动的步数,即i * 8
    p.advanced(by: i * 8).storeBytes(of: i + 1, as: Int.self)
}

修改后的运行结果如下

image

type pointer

在前几篇文章中,我们获取基本数据类型的地址是通过withUnsafePointer(to:)方法获取的

<!--定义-->
@inlinable public func withUnsafePointer<T, Result>(to value: inout T, _ body: (UnsafePointer<T>) throws -> Result) rethrows -> Result

<!--使用1-->
var age = 10
let p = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { $0 }
print(p)

<!--使用2-->
withUnsafePointer(to: &age){print($0)}

<!--使用3-->
//其中p1的类型是 UnsafePointer<Int>
let p1 = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { ptr in
    return ptr
}

image

由于withUnsafePointer方法中的闭包属于单一表达式,因此可以省略参数、返回值,直接使用$0,$0等价于ptr

访问属性

可以通过指针的pointee属性访问变量值,如下所示

var age = 10
let p = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { $0 }
print(p.pointee)

<!--打印结果-->
10

如何改变age变量值?

改变变量值的方式有两种,一种是间接修改,一种是直接修改

var age = 10
age = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { ptr in
    //返回Int整型值
    return ptr.pointee + 12
}
print(age)

var age = 10
withUnsafeMutablePointer(to: &age) { ptr in
    ptr.pointee += 12
}

var age = 10
//分配容量大小,为8字节
let ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>.allocate(capacity: 1)
//初始化
ptr.initialize(to: age)
ptr.deinitialize(count: 1)

ptr.pointee += 12
print(ptr.pointee)

//释放
ptr.deallocate()

指针实例应用

实战1:访问结构体实例对象

定义一个结构体

struct CJLTeacher {
    var age = 10
    var height = 1.85
}
var t = CJLTeacher()

//分配两个CJLTeacher大小的空间
let ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer<CJLTeacher>.allocate(capacity: 2)
//初始化第一个空间
ptr.initialize(to: CJLTeacher())
//移动,初始化第2个空间
ptr.successor().initialize(to: CJLTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

//访问方式一
print(ptr[0])
print(ptr[1])

//访问方式二
print(ptr.pointee)
print((ptr+1).pointee)

//访问方式三
print(ptr.pointee)
//successor 往前移动
print(ptr.successor().pointee)

//必须和分配是一致的
ptr.deinitialize(count: 2)
//释放
ptr.deallocate()

需要注意的是,第二个空间的初始化不能通过advanced(by: MemoryLayout<CJLTeacher>.stride)去访问,否则取出结果是有问题

image
<!--第2个初始化 方式一-->
(ptr + 1).initialize(to: CJLTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

<!--第2个初始化 方式二-->
ptr.successor().initialize(to: CJLTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

<!--第2个初始化 方式三-->
ptr.advanced(by: 1).initialize(to:  CJLTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

对比

let p = UnsafeMutableRawPointer.allocate(byteCount: 32, alignment: 8)

//存储
for i in 0..<4 {
    //指定当前移动的步数,即i * 8
    p.advanced(by: i * 8).storeBytes(of: i + 1, as: Int.self)
}

let ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer<CJLTeacher>.allocate(capacity: 2)
//初始化第一个空间
ptr.initialize(to: CJLTeacher())
//移动,初始化第2个空间
ptr.advanced(by: 1).initialize(to:  CJLTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

实战2:实例对象绑定到struct内存

定义如下代码

struct HeapObject {
    var kind: Int
    var strongRef: UInt32
    var unownedRef: UInt32
}

class CJLTeacher{
    var age = 18
}

var t = CJLTeacher()

demo1:类的实例对象如何绑定到 结构体内存中?

//将t绑定到结构体内存中
//1、获取实例变量的内存地址,声明成了非托管对象
/*
 通过Unmanaged指定内存管理,类似于OC与CF的交互方式(所有权的转换 __bridge)
 - passUnretained 不增加引用计数,即不需要获取所有权
 - passRetained 增加引用计数,即需要获取所有权
 - toOpaque 不透明的指针
 */

let ptr = Unmanaged.passUnretained(t as AnyObject).toOpaque()
//2、绑定到结构体内存,返回值是UnsafeMutablePointer<T>
/*
 - bindMemory 更改当前 UnsafeMutableRawPointer 的指针类型,绑定到具体的类型值
    - 如果没有绑定,则绑定
    - 如果已经绑定,则重定向到 HeapObject类型上
 */
let heapObject = ptr.bindMemory(to: HeapObject.self, capacity: 1)
//3、访问成员变量
print(heapObject.pointee.kind)
print(heapObject.pointee.strongRef)
print(heapObject.pointee.unownedRef)

其运行结果如下,有点类似于CF与OC交互的时的所有权的转换

image

demo2:绑定到类结构

swift中的类结构定义成一个结构体

struct cjl_swift_class {
    var kind: UnsafeRawPointer
    var superClass: UnsafeRawPointer
    var cachedata1: UnsafeRawPointer
    var cachedata2: UnsafeRawPointer
    var data: UnsafeRawPointer
    var flags: UInt32
    var instanceAddressOffset: UInt32
    var instanceSize: UInt32
    var flinstanceAlignMask: UInt16
    var reserved: UInt16
    var classSize: UInt32
    var classAddressOffset: UInt32
    var description: UnsafeRawPointer
}

//1、绑定到cjl_swift_class
let metaPtr = heapObject.pointee.kind.bindMemory(to: cjl_swift_class.self, capacity: 1)
//2、访问
print(metaPtr.pointee)

运行结果如下,其本质原因是因为 metaPtrcjl_swift_class的类结构是一样的

image

实战3:元组指针类型转换

var tul = (10, 20)

//UnsafePointer<T>
func testPointer(_ p : UnsafePointer<Int>){
    print(p)
}

withUnsafePointer(to: &tul) { (tulPtr: UnsafePointer<(Int, Int)>) in
    //不能使用bindMemory,因为已经绑定到具体的内存中了
    //使用assumingMemoryBound,假定内存绑定,目的是告诉编译器ptr已经绑定过Int类型了,不需要再检查memory绑定
    testPointer(UnsafeRawPointer(tulPtr).assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self))
}

func testPointer(_ p: UnsafeRawPointer){
    p.assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self)
}

实战4:如何获取结构体的属性的指针

代码如下:

struct HeapObject {
    var strongRef: UInt32 = 10
    var unownedRef: UInt32 = 20
}

func testPointer(_ p: UnsafePointer<Int>){
   print(p)
}
//实例化
var  t = HeapObject()
//获取结构体属性的指针传入函数
withUnsafePointer(to: &t) { (ptr: UnsafePointer<HeapObject>) in
    //获取变量
    let strongRef = UnsafeRawPointer(ptr) + MemoryLayout<HeapObject>.offset(of: \HeapObject.strongRef)!
    //传递strongRef属性的值
    testPointer(strongRef.assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self))
}

实战5:通过 withMemoryRebound 临时绑定内存类型

解决办法:通过withMemoryRebound临时绑定内存类型

var age = 10
func testPointer(_ p: UnsafePointer<Int64>){
   print(p)
}
let ptr = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) {$0}
ptr.withMemoryRebound(to: Int64.self, capacity: 1) { (ptr: UnsafePointer<Int64>)  in
    testPointer(ptr)
}

总结

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