Python小白必备的8个最常用的内置函数!

2019-05-18 本文已影响1人 14e61d025165

Python给我们内置了大量功能函数，官方文档上列出了69个，有些是我们是平时开发中经常遇到的，也有一些函数很少被用到，这里列举被开发者使用最频繁的8个函数以及他们的详细用法

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image

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print()

print函数是你学Python接触到的第一个函数，它将对象输出到标准输出流，可将任意多个对象打印出来，函数的具体定义：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
</pre>

objects 是可变参数，所以你可以同时将任意多个对象打印出来

默认使用空格分隔每个对象，通过指定sep参数可以使用逗号分隔

对象默认输出的是标准输出流，你也可以将内容保存到文件中

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> print(1,2,3, sep=',', file=open("hello.txt", "w"))
</pre>

isinstance()

可以用 isinstance 函数判断某个对象是否属于某个类的实例，函数的定义

classinfo 既可以是单个类型对象，也可以是由多个类型对象组成的元组，只要object的类型是元组中任意一个就返回True，否则返回False

isinstance("", (int, str))
True
isinstance([], dict)
False
</pre>

range()

range函数是个工厂方法，用于构造一个从[start, stop) （不包含stop）之间的连续的不可变的整数序列对象，这个序列功能上和列表非常类似，函数定义：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">range([start,] stop [, step]) -> range object
</pre>

start 可选参数，序列的起点，默认是0
stop 必选参数，序列的终点（不包含）
step 可选参数，序列的步长，默认是1，生成的元素规律是 r[i] = start + step*i

生成0~5的列表

range(5)
range(0, 5)

list(range(5))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

</pre>

默认从0开始，生成0到4之间的5个整数，不包含5，step 默认是1，每次都是在前一次加1

如果你想将某个操作重复执行n遍，就可以使用for循环配置range函数实现

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> for i in range(3):
... print("hello python")
...
hello python
hello python
hello python
</pre>

步长为2

list(range(1, 10, 2))
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
</pre>

起点从1开始，终点10，步长为2，每次都在前一个元素的基础上加2，构成1到10之间的奇数。

enumerate()

用于枚举可迭代对象，同时还可以得到每次元素的下表索引值，函数定义：

例如：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> for index, value in enumerate("python"):
... print(index, value)
...
0 p
1 y
2 t
3 h
4 o
5 n
</pre>

index 默认从0开始，如果显式指定参数start，下标索引就从start开始

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> for index, value in enumerate("python", start=1):
... print(index, value)
...
1 p
2 y
3 t
4 h
5 o
6 n
</pre>

如果不使用enumerate函数，要获取元素的下标索引，则需要更多的代码：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def my_enumerate(sequence, start=0):
n = start
for e in sequence:
yield n, e
n += 1

for index, value in my_enumerate("python"): print(index, value)0 p1 y2 t3 h4 o5 n
</pre>

len

len 用于获取容器对象中的元素个数，例如判断列表是否为空可以用 len 函数

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> for index, value in my_enumerate("python"):
print(index, value)
0 p
1 y
2 t
3 h
4 o
5 n
</pre>

并不是所有对象都支持len操作的，例如：

len("python")
6
if len([]) == 0:
pass
</pre>

除了序列对象和集合对象，自定义类必须实现了 len 方法能作用在len函数上

reversed()

reversed() 反转序列对象，你可以将字符串进行反转，将列表进行反转，将元组反转

open()

open 函数用于构造文件对象，构建后可对其进行内容的读写操作

读操作

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># 从当前路径打开文件 test.txt，默认以读的方式

f = open("test.txt")
f.read()
...
</pre>

有时还需要指定编码格式，否则会遇到乱码

写操作

f.write("hello python"))
</pre>

文件中存在内容时原来的内容将别覆盖，如果不想被覆盖，直接将新的内容追加到文件末尾，可以使用 a 模式

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">f = open("hello.text", 'a', encoding='utf8')
f.write("!!!")
</pre>

sorted()

sroted 是对列表进行重新排序，当然其他可迭代对象都支持重新排放，返回一个新对象，原对象保持不变

Python小白必备的8个最常用的内置函数!

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