On Reading Minds 4

So that's good, but of course what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgment. 

ps:所以这很好，但当然我们更希望有一种方法来干扰这个大脑区域的功能，看看我们是否能改变人们的道德判断。

So that因此; 以便

of course当然，自然; 当然; 当然不

rather相当，在某种程度上; 有点儿，稍微; 更确切地讲，更准确地说; 表示同意某人的提议

interfere with干预，阻挠，妨碍，阻止; 强奸; 擅自使用，摆弄

function作用; 功能; 职能; 机能; 社交聚会; 典礼; 宴会; 函数; 起作用; 正常工作; 运转

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

region地区，区域，地方; 行政区; 全部地区，所有区域

could用于can的过去时; 能，可以; 能; 把装罐保存; 让…卷铺盖走人; 炒…的鱿鱼; can的过去分词和过去式

change改变; 变化; 使不同; 变换，改换，变成; 变更; 变革; 替代; 更换; 替代物

moral judgment道德判断

And we do have such a tool. 

It's called Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS. 

ps:它被称为经颅磁刺激，或TMS。

called叫做; 称作; 给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; call的过去分词和过去式

Magnetic像磁铁的; 有磁性的; 磁的; 磁性的; 富有吸引力的; 有魅力的

TMSTemperature Measurement Society <美>温度测量学会

This is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull, into a small region of their brain, and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region.

ps:这是一种工具，可以让我们通过一个磁脉冲通过某人的头骨，进入他们大脑的一个小区域，并暂时破坏该区域神经元的功能。

pass通过; 走过; 沿某方向前进; 向某方向移动; 使沿移动; 使达到; 及格; 合格; 通行证; 车票; 乘车证; 传球

magnetic pulse磁脉冲

somebody同 someone; 某人;有人; 重要人物，大人物

skull颅骨; 头骨; 脑袋; 脑子; 脑瓜

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

temporarily暂时

disorganize打乱…的步骤或安排

neurons神经元; neuron的复数

in that因为;原因是

So I'm going to show you a demo of this. 

First, I'm going to show you that this is a magnetic pulse. 

I'm going to show you what happens when you put a quarter on the machine. 

ps:我要告诉你当你把硬币放在机器上会发生什么。

going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动，旅行，行走; go的现在分词

show表明; 证明; 给…看; 出示; 展示; 教，解说; 演示; 演出; 歌舞表演; 节目; 展览; 展览会

what什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太

happens发生，出现; 出现，发生; 碰巧; 恰好; happen的第三人称单数

when什么时候; 何时; 什么情况下; 什么场合下; 在那时; 其时; 当时; 当场; 在…时候; 当…时; 在…期间; 在…之后; 在任何…时候

put放; 安置; 猛推; 用力插入; 将…送往; 使…前往

a quarter四分之一; 一刻钟; 二十五美分

machine机器; 机械装置; 核心机构; 制造，加工成型

When you hear clicks, we're turning the machine on. 

So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain, to the part of my brain that controls my hand. 

So there is no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.

Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain. 

ps:好吧，所以它通过在我的大脑中施加一个磁脉冲在我的手上引起一个小的不自主的收缩。

causes原因; 起因; 理由; 动机; 缘故; 事业，目标，思想; 使发生; 造成; 引起; 导致; cause的第三人称单数和复数

involuntary英 [ɪnˈvɒləntri] 美 [ɪnˈvɑːlənteri] adj.无意识的;不自觉的;非自愿的;非本意的派生词： involuntarily adv.

small小的; 小号的，小型的; 成为小块; 小小地; 后腰; 小件衣服

hand手; 用…手的; 用…只手的; 帮助; 协助; 交; 递; 给

putting放; 安置; 猛推; 用力插入; 将…送往; 使…前往; put的现在分词; putt的现在分词

magnetic pulse磁脉冲

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

contraction英 [kənˈtrækʃn] 美 [kənˈtrækʃn] n.收缩;缩小;(肌肉的)收缩，挛缩;(尤指分娩时的)子宫收缩;词的缩约形式

And we can use that same pulse, now applied to the RTPJ, to ask if we can change people's moral judgments. 

So these are the judgments I showed you before, people's normal moral judgments. 

And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJ and ask how people's judgments change. 

And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall.

So their judgments of the case when everything was fine remain the same. 

They say she deserves no blame. 

But in the case of a failed attempt to harm, where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar, people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee.

And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar, but it was really poison and so she caused a death, people say that it was less okay, she deserves more blame.

 So what I've told you today is that people come, actually, especially well equipped to think about other people's thoughts.

ps:所以我今天告诉你们的是，人们来了，实际上，特别是有足够的能力去思考别人的想法。

told讲; 讲述

come来; 来到; 到达，抵达; 来做; 来取; 来拿; 嗨，得啦，好啦; 精液; 精子

actually的确，真实地，事实上; 居然，竟然; 实际上

especially尤其; 特别; 格外; 专门; 特地; 十分; 非常

equipped配备; 装备; 使有所准备; 使有能力; equip的过去分词和过去式

think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像

other people别人；他人；物；旁人

thoughts想法; 看法; 主意; 记忆; 心思; 思想; 思考能力; 思维过程; 思

We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking. 

This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence.

 And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.

ps:即使在成年期，大脑这个区域的差异也可以解释成年人在思考和判断他人方面的差异。

adulthood成年

differences差别; 差异; 不同; 变化; 差; 差额; 意见分歧; 不和; difference的第三人称单数和复数

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

region地区，区域，地方; 行政区; 全部地区，所有区域

explain解释; 说明; 阐明; 说明原因; 解释理由

adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数

think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像

judge法官; 审判员; 裁判员; 评判员; 鉴定人; 鉴赏家; 判断; 断定; 认为; 估计，猜测; 裁判; 评判; 担任裁判

other people别人；他人；物；旁人

But I want to give the last word back to the novelists, and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying, "The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. 

ps:但我想把最后一句话回馈给小说家们，还有菲利普·罗斯，他最后说：“事实上，让人们变得正确并不是生活的全部。

want to应该

novelists小说家; novelist的复数

Philip腓力（公元8世纪，意大利籍敌对教皇）

Roth罗

ended结束; 终止; end的过去分词和过去式

saying谚语; 格言; 警句; 说; 讲; 告诉; 念; 朗诵; 背诵; 表达，表述; say的现在分词

remains剩余物; 残留物; 剩饭菜; 古代遗物; 古迹; 遗迹; 遗址; 遗体; 遗骸; 仍然是; 保持不变; 剩余; 遗留; 继续存在; 仍需去做; remain的第三人称单数

all about关于…的一切，到处，各处

anyway而且; 加之; 反正; 尽管; 即使这样; 无论如何

It's getting them wrong that is living.Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong, and then on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again." 

ps:活着就是让他们错了。让他们错了，错了，错了，然后再仔细考虑，再把他们错了。”

getting获得；得益; 收到; 接到; 获得; 得到; 挣得; get的现在分词

them他们; 她们; 它们; 指性别不详的人时，用以代替him或her

wrong错误的; 不对的; 不正确的; 出错; 搞错; 有错误; 引起问题; 有毛病; 不正常; 错误地; 不正确; 不对; 不义行为; 欺骗行径; 邪恶; 犯罪; 欺骗; 罪恶; 不公正对待

that is即; 用于纠正之前说过的内容

and then然后

careful小心; 注意; 谨慎; 细致的; 精心的; 慎重的

reconsideration再考虑，再审议，新审议

again再一次; 又一次; 返回原处; 复原; 增加; 多

Thank you.

Questions:

1.Why did Saxe apply a magnetic pulse to the RTPJ?

 to see if it's possible to change people's moral judgments.

2.To interfere with something means

 to get in the way of it.

3.Why did Saxe quote Philip Roth's remarks again at the end of this speech?

to tie the ending of the speech to the beginning.

4.In the demonstration Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation is a tool to

disorganize the function of neurons in the RTPJ.

Fill in the blanks:

This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence.

Repeat & Read Sentences:

1.Both the beginning and the ending of the speech include a quote by Philip Roth.

2.To interfere with something means to get in the way of it and prevent it from happening.

3.She conducts the experiment to see if it's possible to change people's moral judgements.

4.what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgment. 

5. even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.