Ubuntu 安装之后的设置及美化

一、设置 root 账号的密码

$sudo passwd root

输入新密码并重复一次。

二、更改 apt 源

备份并编辑/etc/apt/sources.list文件

$sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.old
$sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

将原有内容用'#'注释掉，在末尾添加以下内容：

## 阿里云源
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

或者以下其他服务器源：

##中科大源
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

## 清华大学源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

## 163源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

保存之后执行

$sudo apt-get update

来更新 apt 缓存。

三、安装自定义字体

将下载的字体放入用户目录下的 .local/share/fonts 文件夹中，执行以下命令：

$sudo mkfontscale
$sudo mkfontdir
$sudo fc-cache

四、安装必要软件

• Persepolis 内置aria2的下载工具**

  $sudo add-apt-repository ppa:persepolis/ppa
  $sudo apt update
  $sudo apt install persepolis
  

  FireFox浏览器可以安装Persepolis extension插件调用Persepolis下载
• WPS Office
  下载地址
  进入下载文件夹

  $sudo dpkg -i wps-office_10.1.0.6634_amd64.deb
  

• 搜狗输入法
  卸载系统自带的 iBus 输入法框架

  $sudo apt-get remove --purge ibus
  

  下载地址
  进入下载文件夹

  $sudo apt-get install -f    #解决依赖包问题
  $sudo dpkg -i sogoupinyin_2.2.0.0108_amd64.deb
  

• exfat格式支持

  $sudo apt-get install exfat-fuse
  

• rar解压软件

  $sudo apt-get install unrar
  

• 网易云音乐
  下载地址
  进入下载文件夹

  $sudo apt-get install -f    #解决依赖包的问题
  $sudo dpkg -i netease-cloud-music_1.1.0_amd64_ubuntu.deb
  

• VLC Media Player

  $sudo add-apt-repository ppa:videolan/master-daily
  $sudo apt-get update
  $sudo apt-get install vlc
  

• TeamViewer
  下载地址
  进入下载文件夹

  sudo apt-get install ./teamviewer_amd64.deb
  

• Git

  $sudo apt-get install git
  $git config --global user.name "Your Name"
  $git config --global user.email "email@example.com"
  

• Sublime

  $sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https
  $wget -qO - https://download.sublimetext.com/sublimehq-pub.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
  $echo "deb https://download.sublimetext.com/ apt/stable/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sublime-text.list
  $sudo apt-get update    
  $sudo apt-get install sublime-text
  

• Visual Studio Code
  下载地址
  进入下载文件夹

  $sudo dpkg -i code_1.24.0-1528306776_amd64.deb
  

• pip & pipenv

  $sudo apt-get install python3-pip
  $pip3 install pipenv
  

  安装完成后重启下。

五、界面美化

• 首先安装Gnome界面设置工具Tweak Tool

  $sudo apt install gnome-tweak-tool
  

  用Firefox打开网站：https://extensions.gnome.org/ 点击Click here to install browser extension 安装浏览器插件，然后安装 chrome-gnome-shell

  $sudo apt-get install chrome-gnome-shell
  

  安装完成后在https://extensions.gnome.org/网站安装以下三个扩展：
  1. User Themes
  2. Dash to Dock
  3. Gnome Global Application Menu
• 在用户主目录下的 .local/share 文件夹中新建 themes 文件夹
• https://www.gnome-look.org/网站集合了众多界面、图标等主题和壁纸，在 GTK3 Themes 类别中找到Gnome-OSC主题，下载Gnome-OSC-HS--2-themes.tar.xz文件，解压得到 Gnome-OSC-HS--2-themes 文件夹，将里面的 Gnome-OSC-HS-(transparent) 文件夹复制到之前建立的 themes 文件夹中，在Gnome-tweak-tool 中选择 应用程序主题 - Gnome-OSC-HS-(transparent) 。
• 还是在https://www.gnome-look.org/网站，Gnome shell Themes 类别中找到 Human Shell Theme Collection 主题，下载Human-NEXT.zip文件，解压得到 Human-NEXT 文件夹，将其复制到之前的 themes 文件夹中，在Gnome-tweak-tool 中选择 Shell 主题 - Human-NEXT 。
• 安装图标

  $sudo add-apt-repository ppa:snwh/pulp
  $sudo apt-get update  
  $sudo apt-get install paper-icon-theme
  

  在Gnome-tweak-tool 中选择 图标主题 - Paper 。