iOS面试题

2017-03-17  本文已影响50人  himyfairy

1、什么情况使用 weak 关键字,相比 assign 有什么不同

在ARC中,为了防止出现循环引用,一方需要使用weak来修饰,比如delegate,而assign用于修饰基本数据类型、结构体。

区别:用weak修饰的属性指向的内容被清空时(引用计数器为0),系统会自动将属性赋值为nil,而assign不会,所以如果用assign修饰了对象并且当对象指向内容被清空时,再次访问对象会发生野指针错误,下面上代码:

#import "ViewController.h"

@interface ViewController ()
@property(nonatomic, strong) id strongPointer;
@property(nonatomic, weak) id weakPointer;
@property(nonatomic, assign) id assignPointer;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    self.strongPointer = [NSDate date];
    self.weakPointer = self.strongPointer;
    self.assignPointer = self.strongPointer;
    
    NSLog(@"%@ %@ %@", self.strongPointer, self.weakPointer, self.assignPointer);
    
    self.strongPointer = nil;
    NSLog(@"%@", self.strongPointer);
    NSLog(@"%@", self.weakPointer);
    NSLog(@"%@", self.assignPointer); ///<---
    
}

@end

当运行到箭头指向行时,会出现坏内存访问:


坏内存访问

那这时候有人又要问了:为什么用assign修饰基本数据类型的时候,不会发生类似的坏内存访问的错误呢?
那是因为,对象一般分配在堆内存,如果之后系统访问到了这块内存空间,便会出错,而基本数据类型,分配在栈内存,系统会自动管理栈内存,不会出现野指针错误。
被用weak和assign修饰的属性指向的对象的引用计数器不变。

2、copy和mutableCopy

iOS 集合的深复制与浅复制 这本篇文章讲的非常好,自己总结如下:
浅拷贝:复制指向对象的指针,即指针拷贝。
深拷贝:拷贝整个对象的内容,即内容拷贝。

非集合类对象(NSString、NSNumber等)
    NSString *str = @"Hello";
    NSLog(@"str : %p", str);
    
    NSString *copyStr = [str copy];
    NSLog(@"copyStr : %p", copyStr);
    
    NSMutableString *mutCopyMutStr = [str mutableCopy];
    NSLog(@"mutCopyMutStr : %p", mutCopyMutStr);

结果如下:


可以看到copyStrstr内存地址一样,mutCopyMutStrstr内存地址不一样

    NSMutableString *mutStr = [NSMutableString stringWithString:@"Hello"];
    NSLog(@"mutStr : %p", mutStr);
    
    NSString *copyStr = [mutStr copy];
    NSLog(@"copyStr : %p", copyStr);
    
    NSMutableString* mutCopyMutStr = [mutStr mutableCopy];
    NSLog(@"mutCopyMutStr : %p", mutCopyMutStr);

结果如下:


可以看到,copyStrmutCopyMutStrmutStr的内存地址都不一样

集合类对象

    NSArray *array = @[@"1", @"2", @"3"];
    NSLog(@"array : %p", array);
    
    NSArray *copyArray = [array copy];
    NSLog(@"copyArray : %p", copyArray);
    
    NSMutableArray *mutCopyArray = [array mutableCopy];
    NSLog(@"mutCopyArray : %p", mutCopyArray);

结果如下:


可以看到,copyArrayarray的内存地址一样,mutCopyArrayarray的内存地址不一样,

    NSMutableArray *mutArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:@"1", @"2", @"3", nil];
    NSLog(@"mutArray : %p", mutArray);
    
    NSArray *copyMutArray = [mutArray copy];
    NSLog(@"copyMutArray : %p", copyMutArray);
    
    NSMutableArray *mutCopyMutArray = [mutArray mutableCopy];
    NSLog(@"mutCopyMutArray : %p", mutCopyMutArray);

结果如下:


可以看到,copyMutArraymutCopyMutArraymutArray的内存地址都不一样

结论:

可以用一张图来说明,原链接在这里

个人觉得可以这样总结:

3、@property中NSString、NSArray、NSDictionary等数据类型为什么要用copy来修饰,用strong会有什么问题

NSString为例来说明问题:

#import "ViewController.h"

@interface ViewController ()
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSString *str_strong;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *str_copy;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    NSMutableString *mutStr = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"Hello"];
    
    self.str_strong = mutStr;
    self.str_copy = mutStr;
    NSLog(@"str_strong : %@ str_copy : %@", self.str_strong, self.str_copy);
    
    [mutStr appendString:@" World"];
    NSLog(@"str_strong : %@ str_copy : %@", self.str_strong, self.str_copy);
    NSLog(@"mutStr : %p str_strong : %p str_copy : %p", mutStr, self.str_strong, self.str_copy);
}

@end

因为NSString、NSArray、NSDictionary等类,均有可变的子类:NSMutableString、NSMutableArray、NSMutableDictionary,如果用strong来修饰,则自身和被拷贝对象指向的是同一块内存地址,如果被拷贝的可变对象发生改变,那自身的值也会发生变化,使用copy即可避免这种问题,因为在这种情况下,copy进行的是深拷贝,即内容拷贝,开辟了新的内存空间。

4、如何实现自定义类的copy方法,如何重写用copy修饰的对象的setter方法

实现自定义类的copy方法

自定义QLCar类:

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@interface QLCar : NSObject <NSCopying, NSMutableCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *brand;

@end

遵守NSCopying, NSMutableCopying协议

#import "QLCar.h"

@implementation QLCar
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
    QLCar *car = [[[self class] allocWithZone:zone] init];
    car.brand = _brand;
    return car;
}

- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
    QLCar *car = [[[self class] allocWithZone:zone] init];
    car.brand = _brand;
    return car;
}
@end

验证:


    QLCar *c = [[QLCar alloc] init];
    c.brand = @"Mercedes";
    
    self.car = [c copy];
    NSLog(@"%@", self.car.brand);
    NSLog(@"c : %p car : %p",c, self.car);
打印结果
如何重写用copy修饰的对象的setter方法
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "QLCar.h"

@interface ViewController ()
@property (nonatomic, copy) QLCar *sedan;
@end

@implementation ViewController
- (void)setSedan:(QLCar *)sedan {
    _sedan = [sedan copy];
}
@end

5、@property 后面可以有哪些修饰符

@property (nonatomic, assign, getter=isHidden) BOOL hidden;

6、多线程类

方案A(waitUntilFinished)

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    NSBlockOperation *op1 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:1];
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op2 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:2];
    }];
    NSBlockOperation *op3 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:3];
    }];
    
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
    [queue addOperations:@[op1, op2] waitUntilFinished:YES];
    [queue addOperation:op3];
}

- (void)printNumber:(NSInteger)number {
    for (NSInteger i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        NSLog(@"%ld %@", number, [NSThread currentThread]);
    }
}

方案B(addDependency)

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    NSBlockOperation *op1 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:1];
    }];
    
    NSBlockOperation *op2 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:2];
    }];
    
    NSBlockOperation *op3 = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
        [self printNumber:3];
    }];
    
    [op3 addDependency:op1];
    [op3 addDependency:op2];
    
    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
    [queue addOperation:op1];
    [queue addOperation:op2];
    [queue addOperation:op3];
}

- (void)printNumber:(NSInteger)number {
    for (NSInteger i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        NSLog(@"%ld %@", number, [NSThread currentThread]);
    }
}

7、Push、Present中的控制器生命周期

8、runtime

//自定义Car类.h文件
@interface Car : NSObject
- (void)mercedes;
- (void)bmw;
+ (void)audi;
+ (void)toyota;
@end


//自定义Car类.m文件
@interface Car()
{
    CGFloat _price;
}
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@property (nonatomic, assign) CGFloat speed;
@end

@implementation Car
- (void)mercedes {
    NSLog(@"mercedes");
}

- (void)bmw {
    NSLog(@"bmw");
}

+ (void)audi {
    NSLog(@"audi");
}

+ (void)toyota {
    NSLog(@"toyota");
}

- (void)privateMethod1 {
    
}

- (void)privateMethod2 {
    
}

@end


#import "ViewController.h"
#import "Car.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>

@interface ViewController ()
@end

@implementation ViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];

    Car *myCar = [[Car alloc] init];
    Method m1 = class_getInstanceMethod([Car class], @selector(mercedes));
    Method m2 = class_getInstanceMethod([Car class], @selector(bmw));
    method_exchangeImplementations(m1, m2);
    
    [myCar mercedes];
    [myCar bmw];

    Method m3 = class_getClassMethod([Car class], @selector(audi));
    Method m4 = class_getClassMethod([Car class], @selector(toyota));
    method_exchangeImplementations(m3, m4);
    
    [Car audi];
    [Car toyota];
}
@end
#import "ViewController.h"
#import "Car.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>

@interface ViewController ()

@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    unsigned int num = 0;
    Ivar *ivarList = class_copyIvarList([Car class], &num);
    
    for (int i = 0; i<num; i++) {
        Ivar ivar = ivarList[i];
        const char *name = ivar_getName(ivar);
        NSLog(@"%s", name);
    }
    
    free(ivarList);
    
}

#import "ViewController.h"
#import "Car.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>

@interface ViewController ()

@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    unsigned int num = 0;
    Method *methodList = class_copyMethodList([Car class], &num);
    
    for (int i = 0; i<num; i++) {
        Method method = methodList[i];
        SEL methodSel = method_getName(method);
        NSString *name = NSStringFromSelector(methodSel);
        NSLog(@"%@", name);
    }
    
    free(methodList);
    
}
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