复习英语语法-关系从句

2020-03-14  本文已影响0人  黄耀鸿

在英文中,两个独立的句子合成一句叫复合句,如:

句子A:He went into a room.
句子B:He turned on the TV.

合成:He went into a room and turned on the TV.(他走进房间,打开了电视)

这是复合句中的并列句,其中and是连词,将两者连起来。

只要是用连词连进来的句子就是并列复合句,也称并列句。

怎么辨别连词?在词典里标识为conj的单词,如and, so等。

再看一个例子。

句子C:He went into a room.

句子D:The room was nearly empty of furniture.

合成一句:He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture.(他走进一间有几乎没有家具的房间)

这句复合句不再是简单的拼接,他们是有关系的,都有room,后面一句修饰前一句的room,

这种有结构的复合句叫从属复合句,或叫复杂句。

一、什么是关系从句?

从属复合句中,有一个句子是主要句,另一个句子起修饰补充(称从句),且修饰补充的句子由关系词引导,这种句子叫关系从句。

关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词有when,where,why。

前面举的例子He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture是关系从句。

再看一个关系从句示例:

句子E:He is a professor.

句子F:He gives lectures in several universities this semester

E、F二合一:He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.(他是一名教授,这学期在几所大学兼课。)

1.关系代词在从句做主语

在关系从句,有些关系代词在从句做主语,有些在从句中作宾语,我们先来看在从句做主语的情况。

John is the teacher who speaks three foreign languages.

这一句的两个独立句分别是:

John is the teacher.(主句)

he speaks three foreign languages.(从句)

可以发现,在从属复合句中,使用who代替了he,在从句中是speaks的主语,speaks是从句的谓语,在从句做主语时,关系代词不能省略。

补充:谓语是句法中用到的概念,一个简单句有且只有一个谓语;而动词是词法中使用的概念,二者说的维度不一样,谓语一定是动词,动词不一在句中做谓语,比如可以是To + 非限定动词。

2.关系代词在从句做宾语

从句中作宾语的情况,如:

John is the teacher who I met yesterday.

这一句可以拆分成这两个简单句:

John is the teacher

I met he yesterday.

其中who在从句中做met的宾语。

只要是在<从句中>做宾语,则关系代词可以省略,省略后如:

John is the teacher I met yesterday.

再看个例子加深印象:

Who was the woman you were talking to? (woman后省略了who)

Is this the CD you wanted? (CD后省略了that)

二、如何区分关系代词从句和关系副词从句?

关系副词从句是使用关系副词有when,where,why引导的从句,如:

We met on the day when I passed my final exam. 从句I passed my final exam是完整句子,副词when修饰从句谓语passed.

那如何区分关系代词从句和关系副词从句?

来看下这几道题:

1.Venice was the town _____ I met my wife. (A.which B.where C.what)

2.Venice was the town _____ I had visited. (A.which B.where C.why)

3.Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.that B.where C who)

4.Venice was the town _____ had many old buildings. (A.which B.where C who)

第1题从句I met my wife是完整句子,因此使用where关系副词;

第2题从句I had visited需要宾语,因此用关系代词which来代替the town,做visited的宾语。

第3题从句my wife lived中live是不及物动词,是完整句子(主+谓),因此使用关系副词where;

第4题从句had many old buildings可以发现缺主语,需要代词,而who只以代替人,所以用which;

答案:
1.where(B)
2.which(A)
3.where(B)
4.which(A)

上面第3题如果改成
Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.where B.who C.in which)

加了in which选项,那where和in which都可选;使用in which则从句意思是:my wife lived in the town.

这是因为关系副词=介词+关系代词
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

相关的还有:
why=for which
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
whose=of which/ whom

使用which进行评论

我们来看这一句。

Lots of people laughed at the children which made me very angry.

这一句中的which修饰什么,是修饰the children吗?

不是,因为与句意不符,其实这里的which是指laughed at the children这个行为让我很生气,等同于这一句:Laughing at the children made me very angry

参考:百度百科-关系从句

百度百科-限定性定语从句

英语语法APP

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