精读文献:性别比例失衡会发生什么?

2019-02-19  本文已影响0人  ZHU_Chenyu

Abstract

这篇文章的大部分观点来自一篇1983年发表的社会学论文 Secord. Imbalanced Sexual Ratios: The Social Consequences,它提出了性别比例模型 (Sex Ratio Model),论证了当社会性别比例失衡时会造成的社会问题,并结合美国以及其他地区某一时间段的人口数据解释了当时的社会现象。

Theory

Assumption

性别比例模型基于两条基本假设:

Analysis

在分析之前需要引入一个概念:性别比率。性别比率是社会中每100女性对应的男性数量,当性别比率高于100,即男性数量大于女性,则这个社会为高性别比率社会,当性别比率低于100,则社会为低性别比率社会。

高性别比率

当男性数量大于女性时,由于女性的稀缺,男性就会利用其结构性权力为女性提供庇护,作为交换,男性会要求女性在道德上忠诚,并倾向于将配偶和其余男性隔离。(原文:When women are short supply, men use their structural power to shelter and protect women, and especially to isolate them physically or psychologically from contacts with other men. They create a norm of virginity for young single women and a norm of monogamy for married women, which reduces potentially destructive competition from other men.)
用社会交换理论的语言来说:男性和女性之间的互动就是男性为女性提供住所,保护以及经济支持,女性为男性提供生育价值以及道德承诺。其实这就是一副保守社会的图景。

低性别比率

当男性数量小于女性时,男性的稀缺造成了未婚女性数量大于男性,而由于男性拥有结构性权力,因此在这样的社会中男性拥有更多选择自由度,这样就会造成男性更倾向于短暂关系,即不轻易给出对异性的承诺,因为在交往中给与承诺会降低择偶时的选择度,因此社会的性观念会较为开放,人们不强调爱情,承诺,婚姻与家庭。(原文:The outstanding characteristic of times when women were in oversupply would be that men would not remain committed to the same woman throughout her childbearing years. The culture would not emphasize love and commitment, and a lower value would be placed on marriage and the family. Instead, transient relationships between me and women would become important.)

实例

斯巴达&雅典

还有更多实例在原文中,囊括了各个时代与地区,感兴趣可以看原文。

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