CentOS7 Ansible自动化运维
2020-07-04 本文已影响0人
老哥很稳
企业级自动化运维神器Ansible
一、介绍
1.自动化运维工具对比
1.Puppet:基于 Ruby 开发,采用 C/S 架构,扩展性强,基于 SSL,远程命令执行相对较弱
2.SaltStack:基于 Python 开发,采用 C/S 架构,相对 puppet 更轻量级,配置语法使用 YAML,使得配置脚本更简单.需要配置客户端以及服务器端。每台被控制节点需要安装agent
3.Ansible:基于Python开发,分布式,无需客户端,轻量级,配置语法使用YAML语言,更强的远程命令执行操作
2.ansible简介
ansible是新出现的自动化运维工具,基于Python开发,分布式,无需客户端,轻量级,实现了批量系统配置、批量程序部署、批量运行命令等功能,ansible是基于模块工作的,本身没有批量部署的能力。真正具有批量部署的是ansible所运行的模块,ansible只是提供一种框架。
Ansible特性
1)、no agents:不需要在被管控主机上安装任何客户端,更新时,只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可(不用安装客户端。分布式的)
2)、no server:无服务器端,使用时直接运行命令即可
3)、modules in any languages:基于模块工作,可使用任意语言开发模块
4)、yaml,not code:使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook
5)、ssh by default:基于SSH工作
6)、strong multi-tier solution:可实现多级指挥
image.png
connection plugins:连接插件,负责和被监控端实现通信,默认使用SSH连接
host inventory:主机清单,是一个配置文件里面定义监控的主机
modules : 模块,核心模块、command模块、自定义模块等
plugins : modules功能的补充,包括连接插件,邮件插件等
playbook:编排,定义 Ansible 多任务配置文件,非必需
二、ansible安装
1、 准备环境----关闭防护墙和selinux
环境:
主机:3台 1个控制节点 2个被控制节点
解析:本地互相解析(所有机器)
# vim /etc/hosts
192.168.91.133 ansible-web1
192.168.91.132 ansible-web2
192.168.91.134 ansible-server (控制节点服务器端)
配置ssh公钥认证:控制节点需要发送ssh公钥给所有被控制节点
[root@ansible-server ~]# ssh-keygen
[root@ansible-server ~]# ssh-copy-id -i 192.168.1.10 #所有被控节点机器
所有机器:
systemctl stop firewalld && setenforce 0
2、安装
安装:控制节点
1. 配置EPEL网络yum源
[root@ansible-server ~]# yum install -y epel-release
2. 安装ansible
[root@ansible-server ~]# yum install -y ansible
3.查看版本
[root@ansiable-server ~]# ansible --version
ansible 2.9.10
config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
configured module search path = [u'/root/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
python version = 2.7.5 (default, Aug 4 2017, 00:39:18) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)]
4.看帮助
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible --help
3、ansible基础----inventory主机清单
官方文档: http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/intro_inventory.html#>
inventory文件通常用于定义要管理主机的认证信息,例如ssh登录用户名、密码以及key相关信息。
查看配置文件:
[root@ansible-server ~]# rpm -qc ansible
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
/etc/ansible/hosts
-q:---query查询
1.主配置文件:
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg #主要设置一些ansible初始化的信息,比如日志存放路径、模块、等配置信息
2.主机清单文件:
默认位置/etc/ansible/hosts
语法:
1.添加主机或者主机组:
[root@ansible-server ~]# vim /etc/ansible/hosts #在最后追加被管理端的机器
ansible-web1 #单独指定主机,可以使用主机名称或IP地址
2.添加主机组:
[webservers] #使用[]标签指定主机组 ----标签自定义
192.168.91.133 #如果未解析添加ip 这里使用web1作为例子
ansible-web2 #解析添加主机名
3.组可以包含其他组:
[webservers1] #组一
ansible-web1
[webservers2] #组二
ansible-web2
[weball:children] #children-照写 #weball包括两个子组
webservers1 #组一
webservers2 #组二
4.为一个组指定变量,组内每个主机都可以使用该变量:
[weball:vars] #设置变量,vars--照写
ansible_ssh_port=22
ansible_ssh_user=root
ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/root/.ssh/id_rsa
#ansible_ssh_pass=test #也可以定义密码,如果没有互传秘钥可以使用密码。
查看组内主机列表:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible weball --list-hosts
hosts (2):
ansible-web1
ansbile-web2
自定义主机列表使用密码登录:
[root@ansible-server ~]# vim /opt/hostlist
[all:vars]
ansible_ssh_port=22
ansible_ssh_user=root
#ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/root/.ssh/id_rsa
ansible_ssh_pass=test
[all]
ansible-web1
ansible-web2
使用:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible -i /opt/hostlist all -m ping -o
小注释:如果不通,手动连接第一次,第一次需要手动输入密码。"第一次"
-i:指定清单文件
注意:这里的ping并不是真正意义上的ping而是探测远程主机ssh是否可以连接!判断ssh端口是否存活
4、测试
语法:
# ansible <pattern> -m <module_name> -a <arguments>
pattern--主机清单里定义的主机组名,主机名,IP,别名等,all表示所有的主机,支持通配符,正则
-m module_name: 模块名称,默认为command
-a arguments: 传递给模块的参数
-o 横着显示(单行显示)
1.使用ping模块检查ansible节点的连通性:
指定单台机器:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible ansible-web1 -m ping -o
ansible-web1 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}
同时指定多台机器:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible ansible-web1,ansible-web2 -m ping -o
ansible-web1 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}
ansible-web2 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}
指定组名:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers -m ping -o
ansible-web2 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}
192.168.91.133 | SUCCESS => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": false, "ping": "pong"}
shell命令
执行shell命令:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m shell -a 'uptime'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
11:28:05 up 1:09, 5 users, load average: 0.10, 0.12, 0.08
如果不添加-m 则默认为command
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -a 'uptime'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
11:28:32 up 1:09, 5 users, load average: 0.07, 0.11, 0.08
给控制的节点添加用户:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m shell -a 'useradd tom'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m shell -a 'grep tom /etc/passwd'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
tom:x:1001:1001::/home/tom:/bin/bash
重定向输出到本地文件中:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m shell -a 'df -Th' > /opt/a.txt
[root@ansible-server ~]# cat /opt/a.txt
ansible-web1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 xfs 28G 4.6G 23G 17% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 474M 0 474M 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 7.4M 481M 2% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 297M 157M 141M 53% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 4.0K 98M 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 98M 28K 98M 1% /run/user/0
Ad-Hoc
ad hoc其实就是执行简单的命令——一条命令。对于复杂的命令则为 playbook。
帮助文档:
列出ansible支持的模块:
-l:获取列表
-s module_name:获取指定模块的使用信息
看所有模块(A10,华为,docker,EC2,aws等等广大厂商设备)
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible-doc -l
查看模块使用信息,了解其功能:
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible-doc -s yum
常用模块:
1.远程复制备份模块:copy
模块参数详解:
src=:指定源文件路径
dest=:目标地址(拷贝到哪里)
owner:指定属主
group:指定属组
mode:指定权限,可以以数字指定比如0644
backup:在覆盖之前将原文件备份,备份文件包含时间信息。有两个选项:yes|no
[root@ansible-server ~]# vim a.txt
[root@ansible-server ~]# cat a
anaconda-ks.cfg a.txt
[root@ansible-server ~]# cat a.txt
123321
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible weball -m copy -a 'src=/root/a.txt dest=/opt owner=root group=root mode=644' -o
将在根目录下的a.txt发送给包含在weball内的所有主机的opt目录下,属组和属主为root,所给权限为644
ansible-web1 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": true, "checksum": "c2dad34b9c4899c4400017e3970429952dae5856", "dest": "/opt/a.txt", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "065fab9f9da81fe06d67c5c279262f83", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", "size": 8, "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1593833682.44-85619-149360861130386/source", "state": "file", "uid": 0}
ansible-web2 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "changed": true, "checksum": "c2dad34b9c4899c4400017e3970429952dae5856", "dest": "/opt/a.txt", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "065fab9f9da81fe06d67c5c279262f83", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", "size": 8, "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1593833682.5-85620-67313377801244/source", "state": "file", "uid": 0}
[root@ansible-server ~]# vim a.txt
[root@ansible-server ~]# cat a.txt
123321
123311
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible weball -m copy -a 'src=/root/a.txt dest=/opt/ owner=root group=root mode=644 backup=yes' -o
ansible-web2 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "backup_file": "/opt/a.txt.85851.2020-07-03@20:36:11~", "changed": true, "checksum": "f4c953c39db8bb1f8a5a2c93a3d475fe4219d187", "dest": "/opt/a.txt", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "c9c780a336e86c3bb2b307806e9271f4", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", "size": 14, "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1593833770.84-87442-25034919832242/source", "state": "file", "uid": 0}
ansible-web1 | CHANGED => {"ansible_facts": {"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"}, "backup_file": "/opt/a.txt.85281.2020-07-04@11:36:11~", "changed": true, "checksum": "f4c953c39db8bb1f8a5a2c93a3d475fe4219d187", "dest": "/opt/a.txt", "gid": 0, "group": "root", "md5sum": "c9c780a336e86c3bb2b307806e9271f4", "mode": "0644", "owner": "root", "secontext": "system_u:object_r:usr_t:s0", "size": 14, "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1593833770.85-87441-60491166064998/source", "state": "file", "uid": 0}
注释:如果文件没有变化,不会备份。只有文件内容不同,才会做备份。
登录被控制机器其中一台查看
[root@ansible-web1 ~]# cat /opt/a.txt
a.txt a.txt.85281.2020-07-04@11:36:11~
文件和备份文件均已发送
移动被控制节点的文件
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible weball -m shell -a 'mv /mnt/user.txt /tmp' -o
2.软件包管理-YUM模块
安装apache
ansible webservers1 -m yum -a "name=httpd state=latest" -o
state=absent 用于remove安装包
state=latest 表示最新的
state=removed 表示卸载
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m yum -a "name=httpd state=removed" -o
或者
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m yum -a "name=httpd state=absent" -o
3.服务管理service模块
state = started 启动
state = stoped 停止
state = restarted 重启
enable = yes 设置开机启动
enable = no 设置开机不自启
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m service -a "name=httpd state=started" #启动
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m service -a "name=httpd state=stopped" #停止
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m service -a "name=httpd state=restarted" #重启
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=yes" #开机启动
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=no" #开机关闭
4.文件模块file
模块参数详解:
owner:修改属主
group:修改属组
mode:修改权限
path=:要修改文件的路径
recurse:递归的设置文件的属性,只对目录有效
yes:表示使用递归设置
state:
touch:创建一个新的空文件
directory:创建一个新的目录,当目录存在时不会进行修改
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m file -a 'path=/tmp/cui.txt mode=777 state=touch'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/cui.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible ansible-web2 -m file -a 'path=/tmp/cui1.txt mode=777 owner=root state=touch'
ansible-web2 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"dest": "/tmp/cui1.txt",
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 0,
"state": "file",
"uid": 0
}
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m file -a 'path=/tmp/qf mode=777 state=directory'
ansible-web1 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0777",
"owner": "root",
"path": "/tmp/qf",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:user_tmp_t:s0",
"size": 6,
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible ansible-web2 -m file -a 'path=/opt/haha owner=root group=root state=directory recurse=yes'
ansible-web2 | CHANGED => {
"ansible_facts": {
"discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
},
"changed": true,
"gid": 0,
"group": "root",
"mode": "0755",
"owner": "root",
"path": "/opt/haha",
"secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:usr_t:s0",
"size": 6,
"state": "directory",
"uid": 0
}
5.信息收集模块setup
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m setup #收集所有信息
[root@ansible-server ~]# ansible webservers1 -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_all_ipv4_addresses' #只查询ipv4的地址
filter:过滤