recalcitrant 顽固的

title: recalcitrant
date: 2020-07-06 11:14:17
NO_sents: 331
NO_references: 86

recalcitrant

• It is known that【众所周知】 Quercus acorns【橡子】 are recalcitrant so their viability is very short as they are desiccation【干燥】-sensitive, and, moreover, they decompose soon because of their high moisture content (Roberts, 1973; FinchSavage, 1992). (González-Rodríguez, Villar, Navarro-Cerrillo, 2011)
• This result could be due to the recalcitrant characteristics of Quercus acorns as explained above, where a fast mobilization of the seed reserves could be another successful strategy. (González-Rodríguez, Villar, Navarro-Cerrillo, 2011)
• This phenomenon was termed as "virus-induced gene silencing" (VIGS) and is often used to study gene function in plant species that are recalcitrant to transformation or just take a very long time to regenerate. (Breeding, Genomics, 2016)
• For example, in general, lepidopterans【鳞翅目】 exhibit a strong alkaline gut (up to pH 10.5 in some species), which provides a highly hostile environment for dsRNA 64; therefore, this order is particularly recalcitrant to gene silencing by RNAi. (Breeding, Genomics, 2016)
• For example, drought is the most recalcitrant abiotic stress trait for crop improvement due to its quantitative genetic inheritance and the involvement of multiple physiological effects on the ultimate yield (Passioura, 2002). (Murovec, Bohanec, 2012)
• Sugarcane is a recalcitrant species regarding genetic transformation and several parameters usually need optimization at the variety level to reach higher transformation efficiencies. (Murovec, Bohanec, 2012)
• Catesby and Walker ( 1997) considered the species to be recalcitrant in vegetative propagation, with cuttings harvested from 40 seedling-based hedges having a mean rooting success of 3.2% at nine weeks, and 97.5% of clones having less than 30% rooting of cuttings. (Shelbourne et al., 2007)
• It is also applicable to organisms that have long generation times or are otherwise recalcitrant to inbreeding. (Koren et al., 2018)
• This response varies not only among species but also within a species, with few genotypes having great response while others being recalcitrant. (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• Most of the plant species, with few exceptions, are recalcitrant for androgenesis, which is controlled by pollen-specific genes (Datta, 2005). (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• For example, cold-temperature pretreatment at 4 C for five weeks has been reported to improve embryogenesis induction and green plant regeneration in otherwise recalcitrant durum wheat genotypes (Ayed et al 2010). (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• Moreover, 13 of these genes were also associated with ME in triticale lines, from highly embryogenic to recalcitrant. (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• In the recalcitrant DH50, the majority of the genes were expressed at a lower level or not at all, indicating disturbances in microspore embryogenesis (ur et al 2014). (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• Microspore embryogenesis and programmed cell death in barley: effects of copper on albinism in recalcitrant cultivars. (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
• Basidiomycota were more abundant in decomposer communities than on living leaves, which supports previous findings that while the phyllosphere community and leaf decomposer fungal communities are broadly similar (Osono 2006), rapid succession following leaf senescence (Vor铆skov谩 and Baldrian 2013) leads to increased dominance by fungal taxa able to utilize more recalcitrant compounds, such as white rot fungi (Basidiomycota) that can degrade lignin (De Boer et al2005). (Kembel, Mueller, 2014)
• Some targets for enhancing the efficiency of plant breeding, e.g., the manipulation of meiotic recombination, have proven to be recalcitrant. (Forster, 2014)
• Although some issues have remained recalcitrant to improvement (such as the ability to manipulate meiotic recombination effectively), thus far these have been compensated for by developments in selection for desired phenotypes/genotypes, including: rapid generation cycling, doubled haploidy and MAS. (Forster, 2014)
• A relatively minor effect on genetic gain will not necessarily imply that research aimed at the propagation of the recalcitrant genotypes is not warranted. (Haines, Woolaston, 1991)
• Although chestnut species are recalcitrant to rooting by cuttings, it is possible to mass propagate new softwood cuttings taken from shoot stumps. (López-Villamor, Míguez-Soto, Fernández-López, 2017)
• European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a rooting-recalcitrant tree when propagated by cuttings. (López-Villamor, Míguez-Soto, Fernández-López, 2017)
• Adult chestnut trees have been classified as recalcitrant to propagate by cuttings (Urquijo Landaluce 1952; Graves and Nienstaedt 1953; Vi茅itez Cortizo et al1999) because of several factors related to the decreased ability to form adventitious roots, including the presence of a continuous sclerenchyma ring in lignified cuttings (Biricolti et al1994; Ballester et al1999), the presence of methylated derivatives of ellagic acid (Vi茅itez et al1987), and finally starch reduction within cuttings (Fern谩ndez-Lorenzo et al2005). (López-Villamor, Míguez-Soto, Fernández-López, 2017)
• Conclusions Although the species of the genus Castanea are recalcitrant to rooting by cuttings, the use of softwood cuttings, taken from the base of pruned plants, the application of IBA, and rooting in mist颅 fog air system environments allow the rooting of cuttings to be used as a technique for plant production. (López-Villamor, Míguez-Soto, Fernández-López, 2017)
• For fundamental aspects, crop systems biology models should provide biological interpretation of those phenomena such as genotype-by-environment (G 脳 E) interactions, epistasis, and pleiotropy that prove recalcitrant in genetics. (Yin, Struik, 2015)
• Such coupled models should inform how and where those recalcitrant genetic phenomena (G 脳 E interactions, epistasis and pleiotropy) come about. (Yin, Struik, 2015)
• In Vitro Conservation In vitro conservation involves the maintenance of ex-plants in a sterile, pathogen-free environment, and it is widely used for vegetatively propagated and recalcitrant-seeded species. (Church, Bottjer, 2013)
• The main advantage is that it offers a solution to the long-term conservation problems of recalcitrant, sterile, or clonally propagated species. (Church, Bottjer, 2013)