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深入理解Ribbon之源码解析

2017-07-13  本文已影响82人  方志朋

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http://blog.csdn.net/forezp/article/details/74820899
本文出自方志朋的博客

什么是Ribbon

Ribbon是Netflix公司开源的一个负载均衡的项目,它属于上述的第二种,是一个客户端负载均衡器,运行在客户端上。它是一个经过了云端测试的IPC库,可以很好地控制HTTP和TCP客户端的一些行为。 Feign已经默认使用了Ribbon。

RestTemplate和Ribbon相结合

Ribbon在Netflix组件是非常重要的一个组件,在Zuul中使用Ribbon做负载均衡,以及Feign组件的结合等。在Spring Cloud 中,作为开发中,做的最多的可能是将RestTemplate和Ribbon相结合,你可能会这样写:

@Configuration
public class RibbonConfig {
    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

消费另外一个的服务的接口,差不多是这样的:


@Service
public class RibbonService {
    @Autowired
    RestTemplate restTemplate;
    public String hi(String name) {
        return restTemplate.getForObject("http://eureka-client/hi?name="+name,String.class);
    }
}

深入理解Ribbon

LoadBalancerClient

在Riibon中一个非常重要的组件为LoadBalancerClient,它作为负载均衡的一个客户端。它在spring-cloud-commons包下:
的LoadBalancerClient是一个接口,它继承ServiceInstanceChooser,它的实现类是RibbonLoadBalancerClient,这三者之间的关系如下图:

image.png

其中LoadBalancerClient接口,有如下三个方法,其中excute()为执行请求,reconstructURI()用来重构url:

public interface LoadBalancerClient extends ServiceInstanceChooser {
  <T> T execute(String serviceId, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException;
  <T> T execute(String serviceId, ServiceInstance serviceInstance, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException;
  URI reconstructURI(ServiceInstance instance, URI original);

}

ServiceInstanceChooser接口,主要有一个方法,用来根据serviceId来获取ServiceInstance,代码如下:

public interface ServiceInstanceChooser {

    ServiceInstance choose(String serviceId);
}

LoadBalancerClient的实现类为RibbonLoadBalancerClient,这个类是非常重要的一个类,最终的负载均衡的请求处理,由它来执行。它的部分源码如下:

public class RibbonLoadBalancerClient implements LoadBalancerClient {

...//省略代码

@Override
    public ServiceInstance choose(String serviceId) {
        Server server = getServer(serviceId);
        if (server == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return new RibbonServer(serviceId, server, isSecure(server, serviceId),
                serverIntrospector(serviceId).getMetadata(server));
    }



protected Server getServer(String serviceId) {
        return getServer(getLoadBalancer(serviceId));
   }


protected Server getServer(ILoadBalancer loadBalancer) {
        if (loadBalancer == null) {
            return null;
        }
        return loadBalancer.chooseServer("default"); // TODO: better handling of key
    }


protected ILoadBalancer getLoadBalancer(String serviceId) {
        return this.clientFactory.getLoadBalancer(serviceId);
    }
    
    ...//省略代码

在RibbonLoadBalancerClient的源码中,其中choose()方法是选择具体服务实例的一个方法。该方法通过getServer()方法去获取实例,经过源码跟踪,最终交给了ILoadBalancer类去选择服务实例。

ILoadBalancer在ribbon-loadbalancer的jar包下,它是定义了实现软件负载均衡的一个接口,它需要一组可供选择的服务注册列表信息,以及根据特定方法去选择服务,它的源码如下 :

public interface ILoadBalancer {

    public void addServers(List<Server> newServers);
    public Server chooseServer(Object key);
    public void markServerDown(Server server);
    public List<Server> getReachableServers();
    public List<Server> getAllServers();
}


其中,addServers()方法是添加一个Server集合;chooseServer()方法是根据key去获取Server;markServerDown()方法用来标记某个服务下线;getReachableServers()获取可用的Server集合;getAllServers()获取所有的Server集合。

DynamicServerListLoadBalancer

它的继承类为BaseLoadBalancer,它的实现类为DynamicServerListLoadBalancer,这三者之间的关系如下:

image.png

查看上述三个类的源码,可用发现,配置以下信息,IClientConfig、IRule、IPing、ServerList、ServerListFilter和ILoadBalancer,查看BaseLoadBalancer类,它默认的情况下,实现了以下配置:

IClientConfig 用于对客户端或者负载均衡的配置,它的默认实现类为DefaultClientConfigImpl。

IRule用于复杂均衡的策略,它有三个方法,其中choose()是根据key 来获取server,setLoadBalancer()和getLoadBalancer()是用来设置和获取ILoadBalancer的,它的源码如下:

public interface IRule{

    public Server choose(Object key);
    
    public void setLoadBalancer(ILoadBalancer lb);
    
    public ILoadBalancer getLoadBalancer();    
}


IRule有很多默认的实现类,这些实现类根据不同的算法和逻辑来处理负载均衡。Ribbon实现的IRule有一下。在大多数情况下,这些默认的实现类是可以满足需求的,如果有特性的需求,可以自己实现。

image.png

IPing是用来想server发生"ping",来判断该server是否有响应,从而判断该server是否可用。它有一个isAlive()方法,它的源码如下:

public interface IPing {
    public boolean isAlive(Server server);
}


IPing的实现类有PingUrl、PingConstant、NoOpPing、DummyPing和NIWSDiscoveryPing。它门之间的关系如下:

image.png

ServerList是定义获取所有的server的注册列表信息的接口,它的代码如下:

public interface ServerList<T extends Server> {

    public List<T> getInitialListOfServers();
    public List<T> getUpdatedListOfServers();   

}

ServerListFilter接口,定于了可根据配置去过滤或者根据特性动态获取符合条件的server列表的方法,代码如下:

public interface ServerListFilter<T extends Server> {

    public List<T> getFilteredListOfServers(List<T> servers);

}


阅读DynamicServerListLoadBalancer的源码,DynamicServerListLoadBalancer的构造函数中有个initWithNiwsConfig()方法。在改方法中,经过一系列的初始化配置,最终执行了restOfInit()方法。其代码如下:


 public DynamicServerListLoadBalancer(IClientConfig clientConfig) {
        initWithNiwsConfig(clientConfig);
    }
    
    @Override
    public void initWithNiwsConfig(IClientConfig clientConfig) {
        try {
            super.initWithNiwsConfig(clientConfig);
            String niwsServerListClassName = clientConfig.getPropertyAsString(
                    CommonClientConfigKey.NIWSServerListClassName,
                    DefaultClientConfigImpl.DEFAULT_SEVER_LIST_CLASS);

            ServerList<T> niwsServerListImpl = (ServerList<T>) ClientFactory
                    .instantiateInstanceWithClientConfig(niwsServerListClassName, clientConfig);
            this.serverListImpl = niwsServerListImpl;

            if (niwsServerListImpl instanceof AbstractServerList) {
                AbstractServerListFilter<T> niwsFilter = ((AbstractServerList) niwsServerListImpl)
                        .getFilterImpl(clientConfig);
                niwsFilter.setLoadBalancerStats(getLoadBalancerStats());
                this.filter = niwsFilter;
            }

            String serverListUpdaterClassName = clientConfig.getPropertyAsString(
                    CommonClientConfigKey.ServerListUpdaterClassName,
                    DefaultClientConfigImpl.DEFAULT_SERVER_LIST_UPDATER_CLASS
            );

            this.serverListUpdater = (ServerListUpdater) ClientFactory
                    .instantiateInstanceWithClientConfig(serverListUpdaterClassName, clientConfig);

            restOfInit(clientConfig);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                    "Exception while initializing NIWSDiscoveryLoadBalancer:"
                            + clientConfig.getClientName()
                            + ", niwsClientConfig:" + clientConfig, e);
        }
    }

在restOfInit()方法上,有一个 updateListOfServers()的方法,该方法是用来获取所有的ServerList的。

 void restOfInit(IClientConfig clientConfig) {
        boolean primeConnection = this.isEnablePrimingConnections();
        // turn this off to avoid duplicated asynchronous priming done in BaseLoadBalancer.setServerList()
        this.setEnablePrimingConnections(false);
        enableAndInitLearnNewServersFeature();

        updateListOfServers();
        if (primeConnection && this.getPrimeConnections() != null) {
            this.getPrimeConnections()
                    .primeConnections(getReachableServers());
        }
        this.setEnablePrimingConnections(primeConnection);
        LOGGER.info("DynamicServerListLoadBalancer for client {} initialized: {}", clientConfig.getClientName(), this.toString());
    }

进一步跟踪updateListOfServers()方法的源码,最终由serverListImpl.getUpdatedListOfServers()获取所有的服务列表的,代码如下:

   @VisibleForTesting
    public void updateListOfServers() {
        List<T> servers = new ArrayList<T>();
        if (serverListImpl != null) {
            servers = serverListImpl.getUpdatedListOfServers();
            LOGGER.debug("List of Servers for {} obtained from Discovery client: {}",
                    getIdentifier(), servers);

            if (filter != null) {
                servers = filter.getFilteredListOfServers(servers);
                LOGGER.debug("Filtered List of Servers for {} obtained from Discovery client: {}",
                        getIdentifier(), servers);
            }
        }
        updateAllServerList(servers);
    }

而serverListImpl是ServerList接口的具体实现类。跟踪代码,ServerList的实现类为DiscoveryEnabledNIWSServerList,在ribbon-eureka.jar的com.netflix.niws.loadbalancer下。其中DiscoveryEnabledNIWSServerList有 getInitialListOfServers()和getUpdatedListOfServers()方法,具体代码如下:

@Override
    public List<DiscoveryEnabledServer> getInitialListOfServers(){
        return obtainServersViaDiscovery();
    }

    @Override
    public List<DiscoveryEnabledServer> getUpdatedListOfServers(){
        return obtainServersViaDiscovery();
    }

继续跟踪源码,obtainServersViaDiscovery(),是根据eurekaClientProvider.get()来回去EurekaClient,再根据EurekaClient来获取注册列表信息,代码如下:


 private List<DiscoveryEnabledServer> obtainServersViaDiscovery() {
        List<DiscoveryEnabledServer> serverList = new ArrayList<DiscoveryEnabledServer>();

        if (eurekaClientProvider == null || eurekaClientProvider.get() == null) {
            logger.warn("EurekaClient has not been initialized yet, returning an empty list");
            return new ArrayList<DiscoveryEnabledServer>();
        }

        EurekaClient eurekaClient = eurekaClientProvider.get();
        if (vipAddresses!=null){
            for (String vipAddress : vipAddresses.split(",")) {
                // if targetRegion is null, it will be interpreted as the same region of client
                List<InstanceInfo> listOfInstanceInfo = eurekaClient.getInstancesByVipAddress(vipAddress, isSecure, targetRegion);
                for (InstanceInfo ii : listOfInstanceInfo) {
                    if (ii.getStatus().equals(InstanceStatus.UP)) {

                        if(shouldUseOverridePort){
                            if(logger.isDebugEnabled()){
                                logger.debug("Overriding port on client name: " + clientName + " to " + overridePort);
                            }

                            // copy is necessary since the InstanceInfo builder just uses the original reference,
                            // and we don't want to corrupt the global eureka copy of the object which may be
                            // used by other clients in our system
                            InstanceInfo copy = new InstanceInfo(ii);

                            if(isSecure){
                                ii = new InstanceInfo.Builder(copy).setSecurePort(overridePort).build();
                            }else{
                                ii = new InstanceInfo.Builder(copy).setPort(overridePort).build();
                            }
                        }

                        DiscoveryEnabledServer des = new DiscoveryEnabledServer(ii, isSecure, shouldUseIpAddr);
                        des.setZone(DiscoveryClient.getZone(ii));
                        serverList.add(des);
                    }
                }
                if (serverList.size()>0 && prioritizeVipAddressBasedServers){
                    break; // if the current vipAddress has servers, we dont use subsequent vipAddress based servers
                }
            }
        }
        return serverList;
    }

其中eurekaClientProvider的实现类是LegacyEurekaClientProvider,它是一个获取eurekaClient类,通过静态的方法去获取eurekaClient,其代码如下:

class LegacyEurekaClientProvider implements Provider<EurekaClient> {

    private volatile EurekaClient eurekaClient;

    @Override
    public synchronized EurekaClient get() {
        if (eurekaClient == null) {
            eurekaClient = DiscoveryManager.getInstance().getDiscoveryClient();
        }

        return eurekaClient;
    }
}

EurekaClient的实现类为DiscoveryClient,在之前已经分析了它具有服务注册、获取服务注册列表等的全部功能。

由此可见,负载均衡器是从EurekaClient获取服务信息,并根据IRule去路由,并且根据IPing去判断服务的可用性。

那么现在还有个问题,负载均衡器多久一次去获取一次从Eureka Client获取注册信息呢。

在BaseLoadBalancer类下,BaseLoadBalancer的构造函数,该构造函数开启了一个PingTask任务,代码如下:

   public BaseLoadBalancer(String name, IRule rule, LoadBalancerStats stats,
            IPing ping, IPingStrategy pingStrategy) {
        ...//代码省略
        setupPingTask();
         ...//代码省略
    }

setupPingTask()的具体代码逻辑,它开启了ShutdownEnabledTimer执行PingTask任务,在默认情况下pingIntervalSeconds为10,即每10秒钟,想EurekaClient发送一次"ping"。

    void setupPingTask() {
        if (canSkipPing()) {
            return;
        }
        if (lbTimer != null) {
            lbTimer.cancel();
        }
        lbTimer = new ShutdownEnabledTimer("NFLoadBalancer-PingTimer-" + name,
                true);
        lbTimer.schedule(new PingTask(), 0, pingIntervalSeconds * 1000);
        forceQuickPing();
    }

PingTask源码,即new一个Pinger对象,并执行runPinger()方法。

class PingTask extends TimerTask {
        public void run() {
            try {
                new Pinger(pingStrategy).runPinger();
            } catch (Exception e) {
                logger.error("LoadBalancer [{}]: Error pinging", name, e);
            }
        }
    }

查看Pinger的runPinger()方法,最终根据 pingerStrategy.pingServers(ping, allServers)来获取服务的可用性,如果该返回结果,如之前相同,则不去向EurekaClient获取注册列表,如果不同则通知ServerStatusChangeListener或者changeListeners发生了改变,进行更新或者重新拉取。

  public void runPinger() throws Exception {
            if (!pingInProgress.compareAndSet(false, true)) { 
                return; // Ping in progress - nothing to do
            }
            
            // we are "in" - we get to Ping

            Server[] allServers = null;
            boolean[] results = null;

            Lock allLock = null;
            Lock upLock = null;

            try {
                /*
                 * The readLock should be free unless an addServer operation is
                 * going on...
                 */
                allLock = allServerLock.readLock();
                allLock.lock();
                allServers = allServerList.toArray(new Server[allServerList.size()]);
                allLock.unlock();

                int numCandidates = allServers.length;
                results = pingerStrategy.pingServers(ping, allServers);

                final List<Server> newUpList = new ArrayList<Server>();
                final List<Server> changedServers = new ArrayList<Server>();

                for (int i = 0; i < numCandidates; i++) {
                    boolean isAlive = results[i];
                    Server svr = allServers[i];
                    boolean oldIsAlive = svr.isAlive();

                    svr.setAlive(isAlive);

                    if (oldIsAlive != isAlive) {
                        changedServers.add(svr);
                        logger.debug("LoadBalancer [{}]:  Server [{}] status changed to {}", 
                            name, svr.getId(), (isAlive ? "ALIVE" : "DEAD"));
                    }

                    if (isAlive) {
                        newUpList.add(svr);
                    }
                }
                upLock = upServerLock.writeLock();
                upLock.lock();
                upServerList = newUpList;
                upLock.unlock();

                notifyServerStatusChangeListener(changedServers);
            } finally {
                pingInProgress.set(false);
            }
        }

由此可见,LoadBalancerClient是在初始化的时候,会向Eureka回去服务注册列表,并且向通过10s一次向EurekaClient发送“ping”,来判断服务的可用性,如果服务的可用性发生了改变或者服务数量和之前的不一致,则更新或者重新拉取。LoadBalancerClient有了这些服务注册列表,就可以根据具体的IRule来进行负载均衡。

RestTemplate是如何和Ribbon结合的

最后,回答问题的本质,为什么在RestTemplate加一个@LoadBalance注解就可可以开启负载均衡呢?

 @LoadBalanced
    RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

全局搜索ctr+shift+f @LoadBalanced有哪些类用到了LoadBalanced有哪些类用到了, 发现LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration类,即LoadBalancer自动配置类。

@Configuration
@ConditionalOnClass(RestTemplate.class)
@ConditionalOnBean(LoadBalancerClient.class)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(LoadBalancerRetryProperties.class)
public class LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration {

@LoadBalanced
    @Autowired(required = false)
    private List<RestTemplate> restTemplates = Collections.emptyList();
}
    @Bean
    public SmartInitializingSingleton loadBalancedRestTemplateInitializer(
            final List<RestTemplateCustomizer> customizers) {
        return new SmartInitializingSingleton() {
            @Override
            public void afterSingletonsInstantiated() {
                for (RestTemplate restTemplate : LoadBalancerAutoConfiguration.this.restTemplates) {
                    for (RestTemplateCustomizer customizer : customizers) {
                        customizer.customize(restTemplate);
                    }
                }
            }
        };
    }
    
    
    @Configuration
    @ConditionalOnMissingClass("org.springframework.retry.support.RetryTemplate")
    static class LoadBalancerInterceptorConfig {
        @Bean
        public LoadBalancerInterceptor ribbonInterceptor(
                LoadBalancerClient loadBalancerClient,
                LoadBalancerRequestFactory requestFactory) {
            return new LoadBalancerInterceptor(loadBalancerClient, requestFactory);
        }

        @Bean
        @ConditionalOnMissingBean
        public RestTemplateCustomizer restTemplateCustomizer(
                final LoadBalancerInterceptor loadBalancerInterceptor) {
            return new RestTemplateCustomizer() {
                @Override
                public void customize(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
                    List<ClientHttpRequestInterceptor> list = new ArrayList<>(
                            restTemplate.getInterceptors());
                    list.add(loadBalancerInterceptor);
                    restTemplate.setInterceptors(list);
                }
            };
        }
    }

}

在该类中,首先维护了一个被@LoadBalanced修饰的RestTemplate对象的List,在初始化的过程中,通过调用customizer.customize(restTemplate)方法来给RestTemplate增加拦截器LoadBalancerInterceptor。

而LoadBalancerInterceptor,用于实时拦截,在LoadBalancerInterceptor这里实现来负载均衡。LoadBalancerInterceptor的拦截方法如下:

@Override
    public ClientHttpResponse intercept(final HttpRequest request, final byte[] body,
            final ClientHttpRequestExecution execution) throws IOException {
        final URI originalUri = request.getURI();
        String serviceName = originalUri.getHost();
        Assert.state(serviceName != null, "Request URI does not contain a valid hostname: " + originalUri);
        return this.loadBalancer.execute(serviceName, requestFactory.createRequest(request, body, execution));
    }

总结

综上所述,Ribbon的负载均衡,主要通过LoadBalancerClient来实现的,而LoadBalancerClient具体交给了ILoadBalancer来处理,ILoadBalancer通过配置IRule、IPing等信息,并向EurekaClient获取注册列表的信息,并默认10秒一次向EurekaClient发送“ping”,进而检查是否更新服务列表,最后,得到注册列表后,ILoadBalancer根据IRule的策略进行负载均衡。

而RestTemplate 被@LoadBalance注解后,能过用负载均衡,主要是维护了一个被@LoadBalance注解的RestTemplate列表,并给列表中的RestTemplate添加拦截器,进而交给负载均衡器去处理。

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