It is a mistake to look too far ahead. Only one link in the chain of destiny can be handled at a time.
------Winston Churchill
1. 因果关系
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2. 举例关系
| 单词/词组 |
解释 |
说明 |
| take/consider...for example |
以...为例 |
+名词 |
| In some cases， |
一些例子中 |
句首，+从句 |
| for instance， |
比如， |
句中/句首 |
| such as |
比如， |
句中，+名词 |
| This point is best illustrated with the example of... |
这个观点可以用...的例子有力证明 |
+名词 |
| This point can be confirmed by the example of... |
这个观点可以用...的例子有力支持 |
+名词 |
| ... is a case in point. |
...是一个恰当的例子 |
+名词 |
3. 类比/对比关系
-
类比
| 单词 |
说明 |
|
Similarly， |
句首，+句子 |
| Likewise， |
句首，+句子 |
| By the same token, |
"同理" |
| The same is true of... |
句首，+名词 |
-
对比
| 单词 |
说明 |
| while |
句首/句中 |
| whilst |
句首/句中 |
| whereas |
句首/句中 |
| By/In contrast, |
句首 |
| On the other hand, |
句首 |
| On the contrary, |
句首 |
| Contrary to..., |
句首，加名词 |
| rather than |
句中 |
| instead of |
句中 |
| Rather/Instead, |
句首 |
4. 让步关系
| 单词 |
解释 |
说明 |
| despite |
尽管 |
+名词/代词 |
| in spite of |
尽管 |
+名词/代词 |
| notwithstanding |
尽管 |
+名词/代词 |
| nonetheless |
但是，然而 |
+完整句子 |
| nevertheless |
但是，然而 |
+完整句子 |
| although/even though |
尽管 |
+从句，对已经存在状况让步 |
| even if |
尽管 |
+从句，对已还未发生的状况让步 |
| albeit |
尽管 |
+形容词/副词/名词，句中 |
| as long as |
只要 |
句中 |
| Admittedly/Granted，....But/However/Even so, |
诚然 |
句首 |
| No matter how/when/what |
无论怎样 |
+从句，句首 |
| regardless of n./how/why/what |
无论 |
+从句/名词，句中 |
| While/Whether |
尽管 |
+从句，句首 |
5. 假设关系
| 单词 |
解释 |
说明 |
| if |
如果 |
结果是希望/不希望看到的 |
| provide that.../providing that... |
如果 |
结果是希望看到的 |
| unless... |
除非... |
结果是希望/不希望看到的 |
| otherwise,/... |
否则 |
结果是不希望看到的 |
6. 修饰关系
定语从句：that,which,who why
7. 限定关系
| 单词/词组 |
解释 |
说明 |
| in terms of |
从...的意义上来讲 |
句首/句中，+名词 |
| As for |
至于，谈及 |
句首， +名词 |
| When it comes to... |
谈到... |
句首， +名词 |
| regarding/concerning |
关于... |
句首/句中，+名词 |
| with respect to/ with regard to |
关于... |
句首/句中，+名词 |
8. 下定义关系
| 词组 |
解释 |
| A means... |
A意味着 |
| A refers to... |
A指的是 |
| A suggests that... |
A提示/暗示出 |
| A constitutes... |
A构成/组成 |
| A is best characterized by... |
A最重要的特征是 |
| A is , essentially,... |
A本质上是 |
| A reflect... |
A反应了 |
| A represents... |
A代表了 |
9. 换种关系
| 单词/词组 |
解释 |
说明 |
| In other words, |
换句话说 |
句首 |
| ---that is/ that is to say, |
即 |
句中 |
| ---i.e., |
也就是说 |
句中 |
| By that I mean... |
那样说我的意思是 |
句首 |
| What is meant by that is ... |
那样说的意思是 |
句首 |
