android 源码学习之handler

2019-01-12  本文已影响0人  来自怀旧的你

前言

是滴!我又来了...今天来讲讲老少皆宜的大名鼎鼎的handler。是的,想必handler这个东西已经被讨论的天花乱坠了,也经常被我们用在实际开发中,但是其中很多细节知识还是值得我们去学习深究的,比如,每个线程是怎么保证只有一个looper的,Message消息队列是通过什么实现的,handler.sendMessage()和handler.post()有什么区别,handler是怎么实现跨线程的消息传递等等。本篇也仅在源码的角度来探讨下其中的问题,水平有限,错误请及时指出。

文章可能比较长,请耐心阅读~

1.基本用法

private Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            //doSomething
            super.handleMessage(msg);
        }
    };
Message message = Message.obtain();
message.what=1;
message.obj=new Object();
mHandler.sendMessage(message);

第二种就是post方式

new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                //doSomething
            }
        });

这里涉及的内存泄漏,先暂不讨论,我们先来看看Handler最基本的构造方法有哪些:

我们看重载的最后两个构造方法就行,因为前面的几个也是依次调用到后的方法

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
                        + " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

一进来就是一个判断,眼尖的同学们可能看到了这个log,咦。。这个我好像见过...是的,当这个标志位位True的时候,这里会有一个校验的过程,如果不是静态的匿名,本地或成员类, 这类可能会产生泄漏,会有一个黄色的警告

接下来是mlooper的赋值,从Looper.myLooper()取出looper,如果为空的话,抛出一个异常。。相信这个异常同学们也多多少少遇到过...扎心了,点进myLooper()方法:

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

咦。。这么简单吗,从ThreadLocal对象get出来一个looper,那么有get,当然有set,looper是什么时候set进去的呢?我们在Looper.prepare找到了答案

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

在调用prepare方法时,当前sThreadLocal里面的looper不为空的话,直接抛出异常,这个异常也是蛮常见的...扎心,也就是保证了Looper.prepare()方法只当前线程能调用一次,注意是当前线程,至于ThreadLocal里面的逻辑先不讨论,后续我们展开再详细说,也就是从这里把looper给set进去了

所以在new handler的时候必须要先调用Looper.prepare()方法,当然,上面的例子是因为主线程中,ActivityThread类已经帮我们调用了,在子线程中创建handler的时候 需要手动调用Looper.prepare(),这里贴出部分ActivityThread代码,这里也是整个应用的入口,源码位置:/frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java,有兴趣的可以去看看

        public static void main(String[] args) {
6042        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
6043        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
6044
6045        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
6046        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
6047        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
6048        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
6049
6050        Environment.initForCurrentUser();
6051
6052        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
6053        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
6054
6055        // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
6056        final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
6057        TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
6058
6059        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
6060
6061        Looper.prepareMainLooper();
6062
6063        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
6064        thread.attach(false);
6065
6066        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
6067            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
6068        }
6069
6070        if (false) {
6071            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
6072                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
6073        }
6074
6075        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
6076        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
6077        Looper.loop();
6078
6079        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
6080    }

另外一个构造方法其实就区别于looper的赋值,一个是从当前线程ThreadLocal对象去取looper,一个是从外界赋值

public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

2.发送消息

2.1 handler.sendMessage()

通过上面,我们的handler对象就创建出来了,接下来就是发送消息了,我们先来看看handler.sendMessage()到底干了啥:

public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }

调用了sendMessageDelayed方法,传了一个0进去,接着看。。

public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

调用了sendMessageAtTime方法,传入了一个long的毫秒数,接着看。。

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

这个也很清楚,把msg,uptimeMillis以及之前构造函数拿到的queue塞进去。

 private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

把当前handler对象赋值给msg.target,调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

正主总算来了。。前面先校验一波,如果handler为空或者当前msg处于使用中,抛出异常。然后再持有MessageQueue.this锁,然后将Message放入队列中,整个流程可以分为几步:

  1. 如果当前队列为空,或者when等于0(也就是msg对应的时间点),或者msg时间点小于当前队列头部的p的时间点,就把我们传进来的msg放入队列首部,否则执行第二步
  2. 一个for的死循环,遍历队列中Message,找到when比当前Message的when大的Message,将Message插入到该Message之前,如果没找到则将Message插入到队列最后
  3. 判断是否需要唤醒,这里可以理解为,如果队列没有消息时,当前线程让出cpu资源,处于一种阻塞状态,当有消息到达时,需要唤醒next()函数,具体涉及到jni,后续详细分析

由此我们可以看出来整个队列消息结构是一种链表形式的,这样只要无限轮询消息,就能够轻易遍历除队列中所有消息

image

2.2 handler.post()

第二种handler发消息方法 :

public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

咦。。我们发现还是调用的sendMessageDelayed方法,只不过通过getPostMessage方法将Runnable对象转化为了msg对象

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

注意这里的callback,这里message对象的callback就不为空了,上述handler.sendMessage()方法的message对象的callback是为空的,后续再回调消息中会用到。

3.轮询消息

我们知道,android是基本消息机制的,主线程所有的行为都是由消息机制驱动的,比如activity的什么周期,点击事件等等。。。就主线程来说,在上面ActivityThread类中6077行可以看到Looper.loop(),开启了消息轮询机制

        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

代码基本能看清楚,一个for死循环,不断的queue.next(),从队列里取出消息,然后调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),这里的target应该很清楚了,也就是handler对象,可以对照上面enqueueMessage方法,也就是拿到消息后,回调了到handler的dispatchMessage方法,我们接着看:

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

终于到这了,相信同学们也已经很清楚。分几种情况:

  1. 首先来判断msg的callback是否为空,这个在哪里赋值的呢,对的,对应上面第二种也就是handler.post()形式的传进来的Runnable对象:
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

然后回到到run()方法里面去,如果为空走第二种情况

  1. 又是一个判断如果mCallback不为空的话,回调handleMessage方法,这里的mCallback是在handler构造函数赋值的,对应下面的使用用法,但一般这种用法比较少,否则走第三步
new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
            @Override
            public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
                return false;
            }
        });
  1. 执行我们最终的handleMessage(msg)方法,也就是我们复写的handleMessage(msg)方法,对应我们上面的第一种用法

到此整个流程也基本大致走完了,一步一步来也是蛮easy的嘛,以后再遇到handler的时候,不管是使用或者面试的时候,自己心里也有点底

当然,里面还有很多细节,考虑到本文篇幅,就不多赘述了,比如,looper.loop()为什么不会导致ANR呢,Threadlocal的机制是什么样的等等,分析起来就比较耗时了,后续系列会跟大家再一起进行探讨!

溜了溜了...感谢看到结尾,谢谢~~

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