经济学人精读 [53] The Economist | Low-
经济学人精读 The Economist [53]
选自 | January 13 2018 | Business | 商业板块
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经济学家长期以来认为,阻止全球变缓的最有效的方法,是给温室气体排放定一个价格。虽然,41个国家已经宣布了碳税或限额交易方案,但各国政府并没有在碳排放上作出实质性的监管。然而,已经有企业开始在自身公司推行碳价机制。目前推行碳价机制的企业多为发达国家的企业,但是有更多发展中国家的企业正在加入到碳价机制的推行中。企业推行的碳价机制大致分为两种。文章接下来举例阐述了这两种碳价机制在企业中的应用。
#以上,个人总结和理解,欢迎批评指正,欢迎留言讨论
#有输出才有进步
以下内容摘自世界银行专题报道“碳定价是什么意思?”中的阐述:
http://www.shihang.org/zh/news/feature/2014/06/11/what-does-it-mean-to-put-a-price-on-carbon
目前主要有两种碳价机制,一种是排放交易制度,另一种是碳税。
排放交易制度有时也称碳排放总量控制与交易制度,它一方面控制全球温室气体排放总水平,另一方面允许排放水平较低的企业向排放大户出售其额外配额。该制度可构建排放配额供求关系,继而确定温室气体排放的市场价格。总量控制可确保完成规定的减排量,使排放者在不超过事先划拨给其的排放配额的前提下排放。
碳税是一种更为简单明了的机制,其针对温室气体排放设定税率,更常见的是针对化石燃料的碳含量设定税率,在此基础上直接确定碳价。碳税机制与排放交易制度的不同之处在于针对减排量的碳税并非事先确定,而碳价则是事先确定的。
Companies and the environment[企业与环境]
Low-carb diet[低碳生活]
Some firms are voluntarily imposing carbon pricing on themselves[一些公司自愿在自身企业推行碳价机制]
ECONOMISTS have long argued that the most efficient way to curb global warming is to put a price on the greenhouse-gas emissions that cause it[经济学家长期以来认为,阻止全球变缓的最有效的方法,是给导致这一现象的温室气体排放定一个价格]. A total of 41 OECD and G20 governments have announced either a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade[限额交易] scheme, or both[总共有41个来自经合组织与G20的国家已经宣布了碳税或者限额交易方案]. Add state and local schemes, and they cover 15% of the world’s emissions, up from 4% in 2010[加上各州和当地的方案,这些国家涵盖的世界排放,从2010年的4%,上升到了15%]. Voters concerned about climate change are egging them on[鼓动][那些关心气候变化的选民正在鼓动这些国家这么做]. So, too, are corporatebosses[企业老板也同样受到鼓动]. More firms are imposing[推行] such pricing on themselves, even in places where policymakers are dragging their feet[更多的企业在自身上推行这种价格机制,甚至在监管者会拖后腿的地方].
Of the 6,100-odd firms which report climate-related data to CDP, a British watchdog, 607 now claim to use “internal carbon prices”[在向一家英国监察机构CDP报告环境相关数据的6100多家企业中,有607家企业声称使用了“内部碳价”]. The number has quadrupled since CDP first began posing the query in its annual questionnaire three yearsago[从CDP在三年前的年度调查问卷中第一次提出这一问题时起,这一数字翻了两番]. Another 782 companies say they will introduce similar measures within two years[其他782个企业表明他们将在未来两年内引用相似的措施]. Total annual revenues of these 1,389 carbon-price champions amount to a hefty[大的] $7trn[来自1389个碳价拥护企业的总年收入达到了7万亿美元的巨额]. Most come from rich countries, but more developing-world firms are joining them[绝大多是来自富裕的国家,但是更多来自发展中世界的企业正在加入].
Corporate carbon-pricing comes in two main varieties[企业的碳价机制分为两个主要方式]. The first involves business units paying a fee into a central pot based on their carbon footprint[碳足迹(个人活动而产生的二氧化碳气体的排放量)][第一种是,业务部门基于他们的碳足迹向中心部门支付费用]. Microsoft, for example, charges all departments for every kilowatt-hour of dirty energy[化石燃料] they contract or air mile flown by executives, to help meet firm-wide climatetargets[以微软为例,每个部门按照订购的每千瓦时的化石燃料收费,或者管理人员按照飞行的英里数收费,以帮助整个公司达到气候目标]. This payment, equivalent to$8 per ton of carbon dioxide, is designed to encourage those who can cut emissions most easily to do more, and nudge[轻推] everyone to do something, says Rob Bernard, who oversees the software giant’s environmental activities[负责监督微软庞大的环境活动的负责人,RB说,这项相当于每吨二氧化碳8美元费用,是为了鼓励那些可以最容易减少排放的部门减少更多的排放,并且推动每一人都付出行动而设计的。].
Tracking exactly how much of the power a business unit consumes comes from coal, say, is not always straightforward[简单的][准确的记录一个业务部门消耗能量的多少,比如产自煤的能量,并不总是简单的]. Fee-based systems like Microsoft’s therefore remain rare[因此,像微软这种基于费用的系统仍然很少]. Although some smaller firms have toyed with[考虑] them, Disney is the only other big multinational to use one[尽管一些小公司考虑过这种系统,但是迪士尼是唯一一个使用这种系统的另一个大型跨国公司]. Many more firms use shadow carbon prices to stress-test[压力试验] investments for a world of government-mandated levies[税款][更多其他的公司使用阴影碳价格,去对大量的政府强制税收投资进行压力测试].
知识补充:
Shadow price:影子价格,又称阴影价格。简单来说,影子价格就是,在最适化问题当中,当限制条件放宽一个单位之后,最适解决方案的真实价值的变化。在商业活动当中,影子价格是管理层愿意为获取额外一个单位的既定资源,而多付出的最大价格。例如,当一条生产线已经运行了40个小时(其最长工作时间),那么让这条生产线再多工作一个小时,其价格是多少呢?这个价格就是影子价格。
Investors increasingly demand that companies take that possibilityseriously—81 countries mention a carbon cost in their national pledges to limit global warming under the Paris climate agreement of 2015[投资者越来越多地要求企业应该认真地考虑那种可能性——在2015年巴黎气候协议中,81个国家在他们限制全球变暖的国家承诺中提到了碳成本]. Plenty of the Paris promises remain just that for now, but bosses ignore them at their peril[自冒风险], cautions Feike Sij-besma, who co-chairs the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, which groups green-minded governments and businesses under the auspices of[在…的支持下] the World Bank[很多巴黎承诺如今仍只是承诺,但是,老板们冒着风险忽略了这些承诺,这一现象警示了作为碳价领导力联盟的联合主席FS,该组织在世界银行的支持下集合了有绿色意识的政府和企业].
In his day job as chief executive of Royal DSM, Mr Sijbesma has made the Dutch food producer examine all proposed ventures to check whether the sums still add up if a ton of carbon dioxide cost €50 ($60), well above the going rate of €6 or so in the EuropeanUnion’s emissions-trading system, which is kept low by an oversupply of permits[作为荷兰皇家帝斯曼集团的执行总裁,在平日工作中,S先生让荷兰食品制造商检查所有被提出的场所,去确认如果每吨二氧化碳成本为50英镑(60美元)总量是否仍在增加,这一成本远高于欧盟排放交易系统的6英镑左右,其因碳排放许可证的过度供给而保持在很低的水平].
知识补充:
碳排放交易 Emissions-trading system
碳排放权交易的概念源于1968年,美国经济学家戴尔斯首先提出的“排放权交易”概念,即建立合法的污染物排放的权利,将其通过排放许可证的形式表现出来,令环境资源可以像商品一样买卖。
碳排放许可证:
按照《京都议定书》的规定,协议国家承诺在一定时期内实现一定的碳排放减排目标,各国再将自己的减排目标分配给国内不同的企业。当某国不能按期实现减排目标时,可以从拥有超额配额或排放许可证的国家(主要是发展中国家)购买一定数量的配额或排放许可证,以完成自己的减排目标。同样的,在一国内部,不能按期实现减排目标的企业也可以从拥有超额配额或排放许可证的企业那里购买一定数量的配额或排放许可证以完成自己的减排目标,排放权交易市场由此而形成。
Where they do not, alternative feedstocks or cleaner energy suppliers must be found[如果没有增加,说明一定找到了一种可替代的原料或清洁能源供给]. If a project still looks unprofitable, it could be discarded altogether[如果一个项目看起来不盈利,可能会被一并废弃].
Businesses ranging from European supermarkets (France’s Carrefour and Britain’s Sainsbury’s) to Indian cement-makers (ACC, Ambuja and Dalmia) espouse[投身,支持] shadow pricing[从欧洲的超市(法国家乐福和英国的塞恩斯伯里)到印度的水泥制造商(ACC, Ambuja 和Dalmia),这些企业都使用阴影价格]. Some add flourishes[一些企业提高了价格]. Besides assessing capital projects at €30 per ton of carbon dioxide, Saint-Gobain, a French maker of building materials, factors in a higher price of €100 per ton when choosing between long-term research-and-development projects[Saint-Gobain,一家法国建筑材料制造商,除了以每吨二氧化碳30英镑评估资本项目外,当在选择长期研发项目时,以每吨100英镑这一更高的价格评估]. AkzoNobel, a Dutch chemicals giant, uses €50 per ton for most investments, but double that forthose with lifetimes of 30 years or more[一家荷兰化学制品巨头公司,AkzoNobel,在大多数投资中使用每吨50英镑,但在那些使用生命超过30年甚至更多的投资中将这一数字翻倍].
These are some of the most ambitious schemes; many others lack bite[强烈的影响力][有一些方案最具野心,但其他很多方案都缺乏影响力]. Plenty of firms which declare their shadow prices set them below $10 per ton of carbon dioxide[众多宣布他们阴影价格的企业,把价格定在低于每吨二氧化碳10美元]. As John Ward of VividEconomics, a consultancy, points out, that is “just high enough so it has no real impact”[正如生动经济学顾问公司的JW所指出的,这些价格只是足够高而没有真正产生影响而已]. Companies which use higher prices should treat them as more than a “spreadsheet exercise”, counsels one climate-change expert[一位气候改变的专家建议,那些使用更高价格的公司,应该把他们看作不仅仅是“电子表格练习”]. Oil majors have priced in carbon for years when assessing exploration projects[石油领域在评估考察项目时,已经以碳定价很多年了]. But there is little evidence that high-price scenarios swayed[使动摇] their investment decisions[但是有很少的证据表明高价的方案动摇了他们的投资计划].
Nevertheless, the trend for firms to incorporate carbon pricing iswelcome[尽管如此,企业采用碳价的趋势是受欢迎的]. Some of the less impressive schemes could in time come to[开始做] resemble[像] Microsoft’s or Royal DSM’smeatier ones[一些不太尽如人意的方案,可以及时开始像微软或者皇家帝斯曼集团更加有效的方法一样]. Such voluntary steps will not stop the planet sizzling[极热的][像这样的自愿行为将不会阻止地球变热]. But they help firms prepare for when governments do bring in pricing schemes[但是,可让企业在政府引入价格方案是做好准备]. In December China launched a market for trading carbon emissions which is the world’s largest[去年12月,中国启动了世界上最大的碳排放交易市场]. The clearest sign of progress would be for similar policies elsewhere to render[使成为,使变得] internal exercises redundant[最明显的进步迹象是,让类似的政策在别处,使内部操作成为多余].
Jan 18 | 751 words
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