94.Characteristics of Critical T

Character性格Characteristic特征，特有的n.adj
sufficient [sə'fɪʃ(ə)nt]足够的，充分的insufficient
imitate ['ɪmɪteɪt]模仿
eccentric [ɪk'sɛntrɪk]古怪的人
sound [saʊnd]n.adj可靠的，彻底地
readily ['redɪlɪ]容易的
sloppy ['slɒpɪ]粗心的，草率的
appropriate [əˈprəʊprɪət]
CHARACTERISTIC:
1.critical thinker skill in asking appropriate question.
2.control mental activities.

• More of our time than most of us care to admit is spent ''trifling with mental picture ,random recollections,pleasant but unfounded hopes,flitting,half-developed impressions."Good thinkers are no exception.however,they have learned better than poor thinkers how to stop that casual,semiconscious drift of images when they wish and how to fix their minds on one specific matter,examine it carefully,and form judgment about it.They have learnd ,in other words,how to take charge of their thoughts,to use their minds actively as well as passively.
  是啊，我们不就是吗，把时间，经历全部浪费在脑里的瞎想，随机的回忆，白日梦，各种印象。而思考者则是可以判断，控制，停下漫游，然后回到专一问题上。或者说他们知道如何给大脑充电，使其保持活力。

trifle ['traɪf(ə)l]v.浪费，虚度
recollection[,rekə'lekʃ(ə)n]回忆
unfounded [ʌn'faʊndɪd]毫无理由的
no &not一个类似adj，一个类似adv,能修饰动词不能直接名词
semiconscious [,semɪ'kɒnʃəs]半清醒，半有意识的
examine [ɪg'zæmɪn]检查
error['erə]
invest[ɪn'vest]投资
preference ['pref(ə)r(ə)ns]偏爱，偏好
revise [rɪ'vaɪz]修正
cling [klɪŋ]坚持
steadfastly['stedfɑ:stlɪ]不见得
refute [rɪ'fjuːt]反驳

上面是怀疑思考者最大的特质，还有一些：

• Are honest with themselves,ackonwledging what they don't know ,recognizing their limitations,and being watchful of their own errors.
  菜头说的好，请你相信我说的每句话都是错的。当然很夸张，但是表达的就是这样一二态度。永远觉得自己可能是错的。就我自己觉得自己看来点自我管理成长的书，就觉得父母说的都错，目中无人。真正的大牛都相信自己都是错了，我什么理由觉得自己都是对的？

• Regard problems and contrversial issues as exciting challenges.
  太TM对了。把所有的问题困难都当成令人兴奋，摩拳擦掌的游戏，挑战。太酷了。以前的我十个胆小的人，有困难就退缩。现在有点变化，一些小小的挑战我会又兴奋，但是还是很多大的事情比如论文...还是觉得不由自主想逃避。请继续加油，这样人生才会更丰富，更多乐趣可言吧，本来人生不就是游戏一场吗，难道你不想玩的有意思一点吗。（不对，这个比喻虽然对于刺激自己去探索经历有益处，但是毕竟精彩成功都是日复一日平淡努力堆出来的...emmmm，好像不太合适）

• Stirve for understanding,keep curiosity alive,remain patient with complexity,and are ready to invest time to overcome confusion.
  没错。对于花时间精力去面对复杂问题。这一点是我最差的部分，说白了就是懒得思考。以前现在也是，对于稍微复杂点的问题就逃避思考，现在你知道，出来混迟早要还。你在思考上省下的，迟早要在行动上加无数次方还回来。

• Base judgments on evidence rather than personal preferences,deferring judgment wherever evidence is insufficient.they revise judgments when new evidence reveals error.
  根据事实，证据。而不是个人偏好去看待问题。并且判断这句是否可靠，且不断修正。啧啧。人们通常只相信自己相信的，但是，你知道，这样就会一条路走到黑，死啦。
  相反的思考者：
  Base judgments on first impressions and gut reactions.they are unconcerned about the amount or quality of evidence and cling to their views steadfastly.
  别相信第一印象。因为毕竟它就是你之前所有经验的综合，但你的这些大部分都是错的。微笑jpg。

• Are interested in other people's ideas and so are willing to read and listen attentively聚精会神地, even when they tend to disagree with the other person.
  这个可以不解释，因为自己现在差不多这样。

• Recongnize that extreme views are seldom correct,so they avoid them ,and seek a balanced views.
  网络言论就这样嘛，不是A就是B，不站队不能评论。啧。以后要注意了呀。任何极端的思想，都值得警惕。

• Practice restraint,controlling their feelings rather than being controlled by them, and thinking before acting.
  restraint [rɪ'streɪnt]克制impulsively [im'pʌlsivli]冲动地

非常核心的一段话：
As the desirable qualities suggest,critical thinking depends on** mental discipline**.Effective thinkers exert control over thier mental life,direct their thoughts rather than be directed by them,and withhold their endorsement of any idea——even their own——until they have tested and confirmed it.
John equated this mental discipline whtih freedom.He argued that people who do not have it are not free persons but slaves to whim or circumstance.
真正的思考者指挥他们的思考而不是被指挥。
他们会忍住认同即使是自己的某观点，直到能被证明。
思考原则=自由。否则就是受困于幻想和环境。

desirable [dɪ'zaɪərəb(ə)l]令人满意的
exert [ɪɡ'zɝt]运用
withhold [wɪð'həʊld]忍住，克制
endorsement [ɪn'dɔrsmənt]认可
equate [ɪ'kweɪt]v.视为等同
whim[wɪm]幻想，一时的兴致

本文的内容是怀疑思考者的特征。开篇先说了大家对怀疑思考着的几个误解：1.只有有论据支撑自己的论点就是怀者，但是其实每个人都有理由支持自己的想法啊，值不够理由靠谱程度的差别。2.怀者就是和别人东西想法不一样。额，那所有古怪的人都是怀者了，当然不是，只是怀者做决定时不会考虑是否和别人大众一样。3.认为他们就是比别人多正确的看法虽然没错，但是这包括了并不容易的探索的过程。4.认为怀疑性思考者是天生的，并不是，每个人都可以通过锻炼怀疑性思考让自己变成怀者。
之后就是上文贴出的思考者的特质，以及最重要的要有思考的原则。