不理解的句子和短语

William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate.
威廉·詹姆斯(William James)在1892年引入了这一区分，他的同时代人，如查尔斯·库利(Charles Cooley)，加入了这场不断发展的辩论。

However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people.
然而，Lewis和Brooks-Gunn(1979)认为，婴儿逐渐理解他们在镜子中看到的动作是由他们自己决定的，这导致他们逐渐意识到自己与他人不同。
contingent on 视…而定

The concept of describing something as true or false was the starting point for Shannon in his attempts to send messages over distances.
描述某物为真或假的概念是香农尝试远距离发送信息的出发点。

A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn.
当贡多拉靠岸时，液压夹钳防止轮臂移动，被移除，允许轮转动（找主干，a hydraulic clamp is removed ）

This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year.
这意味着，对于大多数人来说，我们人类有遮蔽环境的地方，但我们却让我们的植物生长在户外的严酷环境中，只能寄望于来年天气好。

Evidence of innovative environment management practices
有创新环境管理实践的证据

the reliance of modern art on abstract forms.
现代艺术对抽象形式的依赖。

are often misled by their initial expectations of a work of art.
经常被他们对一件艺术品的最初期望所误导。

mention of different focuses of books about mathematics
提到数学书籍的不同关注点(先看后面 books about mathematics 数学相关的书籍的different focuses)

The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant, since the appropriate language for describing the details in much of science is mathematics, whether the subject is expanding universe, subatomic particles, or chromosomes.
读者必须保持一个旁观者的身份，而不是一个参与者，因为描述科学细节的恰当语言是数学，无论这个主题是宇宙膨胀，亚原子粒子，还是染色体。

regular instructor
定期授课的老师

There are endless ways I could have approached this assignment, but I took my cue from the title of the course: 'Principles of Marketing'.
我有无数的方法可以完成这个任务，但我从这门课的标题中得到了启发:“市场营销原则”。

It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system
如果没有一个高效的运输系统，很难想象有活力的经济增长

Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport.
再一次，道路运输是罪魁祸首，因为仅道路运输就占了运输业二氧化碳排放量的84%。

In the short term it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport.
在短期内，它可能会通过运输价格的增加所带来的更好的货运车辆装载率和客运车辆的占用率来抑制公路运输的增长。

It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, bust road transport would keep the lion’s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes.
它可以帮助实现比第一种方法更大程度的脱钩，尽管公路运输是污染最严重的模式，但它将保持市场的绝大部分份额，并继续集中在饱和的动脉。

It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a market break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.
考虑到过去五十年来有利于公路的历史性不平衡，它比看上去要雄心勃勃得多，但它将实现公路运输增长和经济增长之间的市场断裂，而不会对人员和货物的流动造成限制。

Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to language's unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity.
即便如此，所有这些赞美诗中只有一个缺陷，因为对语言的独特成就的敬意掩盖了一个简单而关键的不协调。

Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman
语言的书写似乎常常如此娴熟，以至于人们很难把它想象成其他任何东西，除非它是一位技艺精湛的工匠的完美之作

But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.
但是，让语言机器把它们按非常特殊的顺序排列，这些毫无意义的气流就没有什么是做不到的:从叹息存在的无休止的无聊，到解开宇宙的基本秩序。

When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。

By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。

The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.
大陆分水岭是指北美洛矶山脉上的一道想象线，该线把大西洋流域和太平洋流域区分开来。

No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.
给美国的新移民增加教育设施比任何社会运动都更多的激发了Elizabeth Williams的热情。

Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
直到1866年第一条横跨大西洋的电缆才完全成功的架通。

In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.
John Crowe Ransom在他的著作中描述了他认为是由科学技术给社会带来的精神贫困。

The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
人类骨骼有二百多块骨头组成，住些骨头石油坚韧而相对缺乏弹性的，被称为韧带的结蒂组连在一起。

Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.
尽管模仿鸟学很多种鸟的鸣叫声惟妙惟肖，但人类还是能够依其声音上的线索很快识别它们。

Three years of research at an abandoned coal mine in Argonne, Illinois, have resulted in findings that scientists believe can help reclaim thousands of mine disposal sites that scar the coal-rich regions of the United States.
在伊利诺州Angonne市的一个废弃煤矿的三年研究取得了成果，科学家们相信这些成果可以帮助改造把美国产煤区弄得伤痕累累的数千个旧煤场。

Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen is collections.
由于空间不足，艺术博物馆在考虑购买和接受捐赠的艺术品是越来越慎重，有些情况下放弃其进一步改善收藏的机会。

Arid regions in the southwestern United States have become increasingly inviting playgrounds for the growing number of recreation seekers who own vehicles such as motorcycles or powered trail bikes and indulge in hill-climbing contests or in caving new trails in the desert.
美国西部的不毛之地正成为玩耍的地方，对越来越多拥有摩托车或越野单车类车辆的，喜欢放纵于爬坡比赛或开辟新的沙漠通道的寻欢作乐者具有不断增长的吸引力。

As the time and cost of making a clip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failure.
随着芯片制造时间和费用降低到了几天和几百美元，工程师们可能很快可以任他们的想象驰骋而不会被昂贵的失败所惩罚。

details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using uniform hours
不同社会同时努力使用统一小时计算时间的细节

mention of different focuses of books about mathematics
关于数学的书籍的不同观点（从后往前翻译）

the identity of the pupils
学生的身份

People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste.
人们担心，每个人扔掉的东西数量的无止境增长将导致世界上没有地方可以处理垃圾。

As a result, less transportation is required for every dollar's worth of imports or exports.
因此，每一美元的进口或出口所需的运输就会减少。