第八单元:非谓
第八单元:非谓
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从下列示例中找到两个动词的处理方法:
× Study English is really important. ✓ It is really important to study
English.
× Hear you is really good.
✓ It is really good to hear you.
× Meet you is a great pleasure.
✓ It is a great pleasure to meet you.
× Go to the market early is a good idea.
✓It is a good idea to go to the marketearly.
× Study English is really important.
上面这句话的错误之处在于出现了study和is两个谓语动词,违反了一句英语简单句“有且只有一个谓语动词”的基本原则。当出现两个谓语动词时,一种修改方式是将谓语动词改为to do形式。to do是非谓语形式的一种,do仍然是动词,但不是做谓语了。to在这里不是介词,而是在语法上衔接动词原形:
To study Englishis really important.
由于英语中不习惯“头重脚轻”的表达,因此将上一句话中to do结构所做的主语挪到句末。
to do
挪到句末后,空缺的主语位置由it来填补。it是所有代词中唯一有虚指功能的。它在此处没有任何意思,仅仅是“凑个数”,在语法上补上了句子主语而已:
✓It is reallyimportant to study English.
这句话的谓语动词是is,而to
study为非谓语形式。
并非所有动词都可以通过改为to do形式来变成非谓语。to do结构中的to虽然不是介词词性,但仍然保留了介词to的“到达”含义。所谓“到达做某事”是指“要去做某事”或“能做某事”的意思。示例的四句话意思分别是:
1. to study
English:要去学英语!这很重要!
2. to hear you
:能听到你的声音真好!
3. to meet you
:能见到你真令人高兴!
4. to go to the market early
:要早点去市场!这是个好主意!
所谓“先意后形”,凡不符合to do本意的都不能强行做成to do形式。我们未来的课程里会学到更多非谓语形式及其它处理多个谓语动词的方法。
若要在It is adj. + to do的“去做/能做某事是如何如何的”的基础上加上“对于某人而言”的意思,那么可使用for
sb.。整句结构变为:
It is adj. for sb. to do sth.
例如:
It is really important for you to studyEnglish.
It is a good idea for her to go to the cinema. (cinema /’sinəmə/
电影院)
Sb. + to do
将It is adj. to do结构中的it改为sb.,做成Sb. is adj. to do的结构,意思与It is的结构不同
推断下方例句的意思:
1. I am so sadtohearthe news.
2. She is very gladtovisit your company. (glad /glæd/
高兴的)
3. He is really excitedtogo to the cinema. (excited/ik’saitid/
激动的)
注:glad与happy在指“高兴的”时基本同义。但happy还能指“幸福的”。
1. Sb. is adj. to do的意思是“对于去做/做到某事,某人是如何如何的”。 区别于It is adj. to do的“去做/能做某事是如何如何的”的意思。
2.
第三句话里有两个to。第一个是to do的结构,第二个是介宾的结构。
因为意思存在差异,Sb. is adj. to do的结构与It is adj. to do的结构通常不能互换。比如:
✔It is important to study English.
✘I am importantto study English.
句子的正常逻辑是“学习英语”这个动作“是很重要的”,而非“我是很重要的”。再如:
✔I am so glad to hear the news.
✘It is so gladto hear the news.
句子的正常逻辑是“我很高兴”,而非“听到新闻”这个动作“很高兴”。
在特定情况下,Sb. is adj. to do的结构可以以It is adj. of sb.to do的结构替换,句意不变。比如:
You are so nice to give me a hand.
It is so niceofyou to give me a hand.
再如:
You are very kind to carry the bags for
me. (carry /’kæri/ 扛;携带)
It is very kindofyou to carry the bags for me.
注意:仅当adj.为品性时,It is adj. of
sb. = sb. is adj.,而当adj.非品性时,It is adj. of
sb.的结构是不存在的。比如:
✔He is so glad to hear the news.
✘It is so gladof him to hear the news.
再如:
✔She is really excited to go to the movies.
✘It is reallyexcited of her to go to the movies.
下方两句句子语法上都成立,在意思上是否有区别?
1. It’s good of you to get up early.
(get up起床)
2. It’s good for you to get up early.
第一句话的意思是“你起床早,真是好样的”。第二句话的意思是“起床早对你有好处”。
随着我们学习的深入,我们会学到越来越多的“习惯用法”或“习惯搭配”,没有规律可循,我们只能通过反复跟读练习来加强记忆。比如“看电影”的常见英文表达有这几种,意思基本相同:
1. go to the cinema
2. go to the movies
3. see/watch movies/films (watch /wɔtʃ/
观看)
4. see/watch a/the movie/film
解析:
go to the cinema
:
cinema是电影院的意思,而go to the cinema可以直接表达“看电影”的意思,而非仅仅是“去电影院里”。在表示“看电影”时,不论我们大脑当中有没有想好去哪个影院看哪个电影,永远都是go to the cinema,而非go to a cinema或其它形式。
go to the movies:
在这个结构中,永远是the movies,而非the movie, a movie, movies等。
see/watch (a/the) movie(s)/film(s):
1.这个结构中,movie/film单复数、a/the皆可,要结合语境使用。 原本see是“看见”的意思,而watch才是“观看”。表达“看电视”就只能说watch TV,而不能说see TV。但表达“看电影”时,习惯上see和watch都可以用。仅有的细微差别在于,see通常指去电影院看电影,而watch既可以是上影院看,也可以在家自己看。
改错:
1. It’s fun talk for you.
2. It’s really hard for we to finish the job.
3. Sleep tonight is impossible.
4. It’s really smart for he to win the game.
5. It is very surprised of her to hear your question.
6. They are not necessary to wait long.
生词:
1. fun /fʌn/ 乐趣(不可数)
2. hard
困难的
3. finish /finiʃ/
完成
4. impossible /im’pɔsəbl/
不可能的
5. sleep /sli:p/
睡着
6. tonight /tə’nait/
今夜 [n./adv.]
7. smart /sma:t/
聪明的
8. game /geim/
比赛;游戏
9. surprised /sə’praɪzd/
惊讶的
10. question /’kwestʃən/
问题
11. necessary /’nesisəri/
必要的
12. wait /weit/
等待
隐藏答案
1. It’s funtotalktoyou.
2. It’s really hard for
usto finish the job.
3.
It’s impossible tosleep tonight.
4. It’s really smart
of himto win the game.
5.
She is very surprised tohear your question.
6.
It is not necessary for themto wait long.