Day18 磁盘管理 （一）
2019-08-19 本文已影响0人
梦幻新阳
1.磁盘的基本概念
永久存储数据的存储器。
2.磁盘的基本结构
8.194.png
盘片:
磁道: 负责存储数据
扇区: 512字节 数据是存储在哪个磁道哪个扇区
柱面:
3.磁盘的预备知识
磁盘的接口
IDE out
Scsi out
SATA III 6Gbps/s 750MB/s 1T 400 100MB/s
SAS 8Gbps/s 1000MB/s 1T 4500
SSD 纯电子 抗摔
msata out
m.2
接口类型
SATA 几乎所有主板都兼容, 便宜 性能差
PCI-E 需要看主板是否兼容, 贵, 性能高
传输通道
PCI-E AHCI
NVMe
磁盘的名词
容量 MB GB TB PB EB .............
转速 SATA3 ==7200 SAS 15000 (非常之高) 磁盘阵列RAID
尺寸 3.5 2.5 1.8
IOPS Input/Output 输入输出
顺序读写
随机读写
4.磁盘的命名规则 [a-z] aa-zz
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5.磁盘基本分区Fdisk
磁盘基本分区步骤
1.添加磁盘
2.给磁盘分区 fdisk fdisk /dev/sdb
3.使用mkfs对磁盘进行格式化 mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb6
4.挂载 mount mount /dev/sdb6 /data_6/
1.添加磁盘
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1.添加磁盘
[root@kelongyi ~]# ll /dev/sd*
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sda
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sda1
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sda2
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 3 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sda3
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 16 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sdb
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 32 Aug 19 14:03 /dev/sdc
[root@kelongyi ~]# lsblk 查看设备详情，以及磁盘分区情况
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 38G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 1T 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 4T 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 4.3G 0 rom
2.给磁盘分区 fdisk fdisk /dev/sdb
[root@kelongyi ~]# lsblk 查看设备详情，以及磁盘分区情况
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 38G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 1T 0 disk
sdc 8:32 0 4T 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 4.3G 0 rom
[root@kelongyi ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 磁盘分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xf6ae0826.
Command (m for help): m m进入命令帮助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag 切换可引导标志
b edit bsd disklabel 编辑BSD磁盘标签
c toggle the dos compatibility flag 切换DOS兼容性标志
d delete a partition 删除分区
g create a new empty GPT partition table 创建新的空GPT分区表
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table 创建IRIX（SGI）分区表
l list known partition types 列出已知分区类型
m print this menu 打印这个菜单
n add a new partition 添加新分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table 创建新的空DOS分区表
p print the partition table 打印分区表
q quit without saving changes 不保存更改就退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel 创建新的空Sun磁盘标签
t change a partition's system id 更改分区的系统ID
u change display/entry units 更改显示/输入单位
v verify the partition table 验证分区表
w write table to disk and exit 将表写入磁盘并退出（保存退出）
x extra functionality (experts only) 额外功能（仅限专家）
(1)创建主分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p 选择主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-2147483647, default 2048): 默认
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-214748364
7, default 2147483647): +10G 给10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p 打印
Disk /dev/sdb: 1099.5 GB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf6ae0826
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
(2)创建拓展分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): e 选择拓展分区
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (20973568-2147483647, default 20973568): 默认
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-2147483647, default 21474
83647): 全给
Using default value 2147483647
Partition 2 of type Extended and of size 1014 GiB is set
(3)创建逻辑分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l 选择逻辑分区
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (20975616-2147483647, default 20975616):
Using default value 20975616 默认
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20975616-2147483647, default 21474
83647): +10G 给10G
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p 打印查看
Disk /dev/sdb: 1099.5 GB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf6ae0826
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 20973568 2147483647 1063255040 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 20975616 41947135 10485760 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w 保存
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@kelongyi ~]# lsblk 查看设备详情，以及磁盘分区情况
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 40G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 38G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 1T 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 1K 0 part
└─sdb5 8:21 0 10G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 4T 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 4.3G 0 rom
3.使用mkfs对磁盘进行格式化 mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb1
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb1 格式化sdb1
meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb5 格式化sdb5
meta-data=/dev/sdb5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@kelongyi ~]# ls /dev/sd* 查看
/dev/sda /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc
/dev/sda1 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb5
4.挂载 mount mount /dev/sdb1 /data_1/
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkdir /data_1
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkdir /data_5
[root@kelongyi ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data_1/ 挂载
[root@kelongyi ~]# mount /dev/sdb5 /data_5/
[root@kelongyi ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 38G 2.3G 36G 6% /
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.5M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 127M 888M 13% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 10G 33M 10G 1% /data_1
/dev/sdb5 10G 33M 10G 1% /data_5
[root@kelongyi ~]# cd /data_1/
[root@kelongyi data_1]# touch file1
[root@kelongyi data_1]# touch file2
[root@kelongyi data_1]# cd /data_5/
[root@kelongyi data_5]# touch file3
[root@kelongyi data_5]# touch file4
[root@kelongyi data_5]# cd
再次进行分区
[root@kelongyi ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 给磁盘分区
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p 打印分区
Disk /dev/sdb: 1099.5 GB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf6ae0826
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 20973568 2147483647 1063255040 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 20975616 41947135 10485760 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l 选择逻辑分区
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (41949184-2147483647, default 41949184):
Using default value 41949184 默认
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (41949184-2147483647, default 2147483647):
Using default value 2147483647 全给
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 1004 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p 打印分区
Disk /dev/sdb: 1099.5 GB, 1099511627776 bytes, 2147483648 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xf6ae0826
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 20973568 2147483647 1063255040 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 20975616 41947135 10485760 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 41949184 2147483647 1052767232 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w 保存
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@kelongyi ~]# part
parted partprobe partx
[root@kelongyi ~]# partprobe 刷新
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkfs -t xfs /dev/sdb6 格式化
meta-data=/dev/sdb6 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=65797952 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=263191808, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=128511, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@kelongyi ~]# mkdir /data_6 挂载
[root@kelongyi ~]# mount /dev/sdb6 /data_6/
[root@kelongyi ~]# df -h 查看
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 38G 2.3G 36G 6% /
devtmpfs 980M 0 980M 0% /dev
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 991M 9.5M 981M 1% /run
tmpfs 991M 0 991M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 127M 888M 13% /boot
tmpfs 199M 0 199M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 10G 33M 10G 1% /data_1
/dev/sdb5 10G 33M 10G 1% /data_5
/dev/sdb6 1004G 33M 1004G 1% /data_6
[root@kelongyi ~]#
主分区 扩展分区 逻辑分区
MBR: 只能分配4个主分区 如果足够使用就行
MBR: 分配7个分区,怎么办? 3主分区 1扩展分区(4个逻辑分区) 2主
分区 1扩展分区(5个逻辑分区) 1主分区 1扩展分区6个逻辑分区)
(500G 格式化 挂载 -->/data )
系统盘 / ----> /dev/sda
数据盘 /data ----> /dev/sdb
数据盘 /so----> /dev/sdc
5.磁盘的基本分区Gdisk
6.磁盘挂载方式Mount
7.虚拟磁盘介绍SWAP
8.磁盘阵列 RAID
9.模拟磁盘阵列 --->软件实现
