SCI论文写作（四）对相关领域已有结果的概述和引用
对相关文献的一般评述：
近期来针对这方面的研究主要聚焦于....
The literature on X has highlighted several …
Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the …
Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
已有的研究结果有矛盾、不一致：
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; …).
The academic literature on X has revealed the emergence of several contrasting themes.
从历史视角回顾以往研究
Research into X has a long history.
For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
Only in the past ten years have studies of X directly addressed how …
Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974).
During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
Over the past two decades, major advances in molecular biology have allowed …
Historically, research investigating the factors associated with X has focused on …
It is only since the work of Smith (2001) that the study of X has gained momentum.
The construct of X was first articulated by Smith (1977) and popularised in his book: …
Around the early 1960s, small-scale research and case studies began to emerge linking …
It was not until the late 1960s that historians considered X worthy of scholarly attention.
Awareness of X is not recent, having possibly first been described in the 5th century BCE by …
以往研究采用的研究方法、方案
Most research on X has been carried out in …
Most researchers investigating X have utilised …
Using this approach, researchers have been able to …
Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …
Much of the previous research on X has been exploratory in nature.
Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …
以往研究的领域
To date, several studies have investigated …
A number of studies have begun to examine …
Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
Several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998; …).
To date, several studies have investigated …
A number of studies have begun to examine …
Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
Several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Jones, 1998; …).
以往研究已经建立了XX，提出了XX
Several lines of evidence suggest that …
Previous research has established that …
Data from several studies suggest that …
It is now well established from a variety of studies that …
A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
Many recent studies (e.g. Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) have shown that …
Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith, 1960; Jones, 1972).
Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2013) presents …
In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …
Many historians have argued that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
There is a consensus among social scientists that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; …
Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity.
It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith, 1998; …).
There is a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe …
Some cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y (Smith, 2004; Jones, 2005).
It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995).
It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 …).
目前这个topic中已经有哪些是明确了的
X, Y and Z appear to be closely linked (Smith, 2008).
X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2007)
X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).
X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).
There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Rao, 1998).
X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2006).
X has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of Y on Z (Alourfi, 2004).
GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; O’Brien, …
A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to … (Jones, 2002).
提及某一研究，并强调研究人员（一般是某领域大佬）
showed that reducing X to 190oC decreased … (see Figure 2).
demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded …
found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise …
compared the rate of …
labelled these subsets as …
measured both components of the …
used a survey to assess the various …
identified parents of disabled children as …
set up a series of virtual experiments using …
examined the flow of international students …
carried out a number of investigations into the …
studied the effects of X on unprotected nerve cells.
analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that …
interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured …
performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that …
reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this …
conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of …
investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on …
回顾某一研究： 时间节点
In 1959, a seminal article was published entitled …
In 1889, Brown performed a bilateral ablation of the …
In 1859, the publication of X had a major impact on …
In 1965, Jones published his major historic survey of …
In 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described …
In 1984, Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as …
In 1981, Smith and co-workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to …
In 1990, Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to …
In 1990, Al-Masry et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain …
Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of X which …
In the 1950s, Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …
Following World War 1, Fleming actively searched for anti-bacterial agents.
Almost 20 years ago, Jones (1985) formulated his X theory, centred around …
强调某一研究的investigation
One longitudinal study found that …
A seminal study in this area is the work of …
One study by Smith (2014) examined the trend in …
A recent study by Smith and Jones (2012) involved …
A qualitative study by Smith (2003) described how …
A recent systematic literature review concluded that …
Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Jones (1992).
A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2012) reports that …
A key study comparing X and Y is that of Smith (2010), in which …
The first systematic study of X was reported by Smithet al.in 1986.
Detailed examination of X by Smith and Jones (1961) showed that …
Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smithet al.(1983).
A significant analysis and discussion on the subject was presented by Smith (1988).
The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Joneset al.(1986).
A small scale study by Smith (2012) reached different conclusions, finding no increase in …
The study by Jones (1990) offers probably the most comprehensive empirical analysis of …
In an analysis of X, Smithet al. (2012) found …
In a follow-up study, Smithet al. (2009) found that …
In an investigation into X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
In a study investigating X, Smith (2004) reported that …
In a comprehensive study of X, Jones (2001) found that …
In a study conducted by Smith (1978), it was shown that …
In studies of rats given X, Smith and colleagues found that …
In a study which set out to determine X, Smith (2012) found that …
In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2012) reported that …
In another major study, Smith (1974) found that just over half of the …
In a recent cross-sectional study, Smith (2006b) investigated whether …
In a large longitudinal study, Smith et al. (2012) investigated the incidence of X in Y.
In one well-known recent experiment, limits on X were found to be … (Smith, 2013)
强调以往某一研究的主题topic prominent
To determine the effects of X, Jones et al. (2005) compared …
X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from … (Jones et al., 1952).
The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Jones in 1970.
X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found …
To better understand the mechanisms of X and its effects, Jones (2013) analysed the …
X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Smith in 1872.
The way in which X is regulated was studied extensively by Smith and colleagues (Smith et al. 1995 and 1998).
其他作者在paper里做了什么
引用作者的观点和看法
将多个文章的观点内容整合在一起的写法
Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XYZ notes …
This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes that …
Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that …
Al-Masry’s (1986) work on X is complemented by Smith’s (2009) study of …
Almost every paper that has been written on X includes a section relating to …
Unlike Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
In contrast to Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
A broader perspective has been adopted by Smith (2013) who argues that …
Conversely, Wang (2010) reported no significant difference in mortality between X and Y.
引用大佬写的完整的句子
Commenting on X, Smith (2003) argues: ‘… …’
As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: ‘there are many good reasons to be sceptical’.
As Smith argues: ‘In the past, the purpose of education was to …’ (Smith, 2000:150).
In the final part of the Theses on Feuerbach, Marx writes: ‘Philosophers have hitherto only …’
Sachs concludes: ‘The idea of development stands today like a ruin in …’ (Sachs, 1992a: 156).
对所有回顾前人研究的部分进行归纳总结
Together, these studies indicate that …
Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
In all the studies reviewed here, X is recognised as …
The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
Together these studies provide important insights into the …
All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with …
The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest a pertinent role for …
These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.
