【课程讲义分享1】21天世界之旅口语课讲义4
😎欢迎收看「潘多拉世界之旅口语课」讲义！
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I may you have a wonderful experience.🍨
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Now let's enjoy.
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🕵️世界之旅口语课-E16帕台农神庙
欢迎来到希腊，来到卫城帕台农神庙！Let’s hit the road!
💫The Parthenon
帕台农神庙
🍅The Parthenon is surely the most important monument of ancient Greece and is one of the most famous in the world. It was the most sacred of monuments, and was famous in antiquity as a Greek architectural masterpiece. 帕台农神庙无疑是古希腊最重要的遗迹，也是世界上最著名的遗迹之一。它是最神圣的遗迹，作为古希腊建筑杰作而闻名于世。
🍅The Parthenon is located in the southern area of the Acropolis, in the heart of the city of Athens, on top of a hill 156 meters high and visible from several kilometers away. 帕台农神庙位于雅典市中心卫城的南部地区，位于156米高的山顶上，几公里外就能看到。
帕台农神庙
🍅The monument was a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena. The name, “Parthenon”, refers to the epithet of the goddess, “Athena Parthenos” indicating her status of unmarried and a virgin, and the myth of her creation, by parthenogenesis, from the head of Zeus. 纪念碑是一座献给女神雅典娜的寺庙。 “Parthenon”这个名字指的是女神的称号，“Athena Parthenos”表明她未婚和处女的身份，以及她通过孤雌生殖从宙斯的头上创造的神话。
🍅In fact, the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos, about twelve meters high, stood inside the Parthenon. To build it, forty talents of gold were used (about 1,140 kilograms of gold) and it cost the city seven hundred talents, the equivalent price of a fleet of 230 ships. 事实上，巨大的雅典娜帕提诺神像高约12米，矗立在帕台农神庙内。建造这座神像时，使用了40英塔黄金（约1140公斤黄金），花费了城市700英塔，相当于230艘船的价格。
帕台农神庙
🍅However, it is believed that the Parthenon was used primarily as treasury. 然而，人们认为帕台农神庙主要用作国库。
🍅The Parthenon was largely unchanged until the sixth century A.D., when it was converted into a Christian church; later, in 1400, it was converted into a mosque; then it was used as a munitions depot, but most of its sculptures were still preserved. The Parthenon was significantly damaged in 1687, when the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, attacked Athens. 帕台农神庙在公元6世纪被改造成一座基督教教堂之前基本上没有改变；后来，在1400年，它被改造成一座清真寺；后来，它被用作军火库，但它的大部分雕塑仍然保留着。帕台农神庙在1687年遭到严重破坏，当时由弗朗西斯科·莫罗西尼领导的威尼斯人袭击了雅典。
🍅Many of its sculptures were later recovered and brought to London by Lord Elgin in 1803. Today they are in the British Museum, where they are known as the “Elgin Marbles” or “Parthenon Marbles.” Other sculptures from the Parthenon are in the Louvre Museum in Paris and in Copenhagen. Most of the remaining sculptures are preserved in Athens, at the Acropolis Museum, located at the foot of the hill, not far from the Parthenon. 它的许多雕塑后来被发现，并于1803年由埃尔金勋爵带到伦敦。今天，他们在大英博物馆，在那里他们被称为“埃尔金大理石雕”或“帕台农大理石雕”。其他来自帕台农的雕塑在巴黎卢浮宫和哥本哈根的博物馆。剩下的大部分雕塑都保存在雅典卫城博物馆，位于山下，离帕台农神庙不远。
帕台农神庙
💫重点句子分析
🌺①It was the most sacred of monuments, and was famous in antiquity as a Greek architectural masterpiece.
🍄antiquity
👉古代
The statue was brought to Rome in antiquity .
这座雕像是古时运到罗马的。
👉古老
A number of the monuments are of considerable antiquity.
有些历史遗迹相当古老。
👉文物/古物/古董/古迹
There are many antiquities in Rome
罗马有很多古迹。
词汇拓展：
🍄antique adj.古老的，古代的;过时的，古董的;
e.g. An antique desk. 一张古老的桌子。
🌺②The Parthenon is located in the southern area of the Acropolis, in the heart of the city of Athens, on top of a hill 156 meters high and visible from several kilometers away.
🍄be located in 位于…中（一般是处于一个范围中）
e.g. The Forbidden City is located in Beijing.
🍄be located at 在…方位（一般比较便于定位）
e.g. Beijing is located at 40 ° N and 116 ° E.
北京位于东经116度，北纬40度。
小知识：经纬度(X°Y’Z E,X°Y’Z N）
经度：longitude 纬度：latitude
X°Y’Z East/North pronounces as below:
X degree(s)Y minute(s) Z second(s) East/North
e.g. 23°26’ N 45°14’25’’E 读作：23degrees，26minutes，North；45degrees，14minutes，25seconds，East
🍄be located on 在......上
e.g. The factory is located on the street. 工厂坐落在这条大街上。
🍄be located by 在......旁边
e.g. The factory is located by the school. 工厂坐落在学校旁边。
💫友情提示：
春天和秋天是去希腊旅游的最佳时机，特别是5（May）、6(June)、9(September)和10(October)月。 7(July)、8(August)月是欧洲夏季度假季，物价上涨、住宿拥挤。需要注意的是，从12(December)月至次年2(February)月底，部分季节性的小餐馆会停业，渡船(ferry)会根据天气减少或调整，而公共汽车会照常运营。
🌺③The monument was a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena.
🍄dedicated to 宣告…是供奉（神）的，此处是过去分词做定语修饰temple.
写（某作品）以献给某人
e.g. She dedicated her first novel to her father. 她把自己的第一部小说献给她的父亲。
🍄be dedicated to （sth/doing sth）致力于…
e.g. He is dedicated to charity. 他致力于慈善事业。
💫友情提示：
如果想要获得最佳拍摄效果，最好清晨或傍晚人少时候前去。需要爬山，请穿轻便的鞋子。卫城是不允许拍摄婚纱照(wedding photo)的。
💫生存英语操练 消费争论
🍄credit card 信用卡
🍄a charge 一笔费用
🍄purchase 购买行为
🍄pay for sth 为…付款
A: There's a problem with mycredit card. 我的信用卡出了一个问题。
B: Tell me what the problem is. 和我说一下问题是什么。
A:A chargecame up on my bill that I didn't make. 有一笔我并没有的消费的费用出现在我的账单上了。
B: What was the charge for? 是什么的费用？
A: The charge was for a $350 purse, but I did not buy it. 一个350美元的钱包的费用，但我并没有买过。
B: Are you sure that you didn't make thatpurchase? 您确定没有进行购买吗？
A: I would know if I bought something that expensive. 如果我们了那么贵的东西，我一定会记得的。
B: I apologize. What day was this purchase made? 抱歉，请问那笔交易是哪天产生的？
A: It was bought on November 12th at 3:15 pm, while I was at work. 11月12日下午3：15，当时我在上班。
B: All right, we'll do an investigation. 请放心，我们会做个调查的。
A: Until this investigation is finished, will I have topay forthe charge? 在调查结束前，我还要付这笔费用吗？
B: No, you don't. We'll take care of it. 不，您不需要，我们会处理的。
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🕵️世界之旅口语课-E17复活节岛
欢迎来到智利，来到复活节岛！Let’s hit the road!
💫Easter Island
复活节岛
🍅Rapa Nui’s mysterious moai statues stand in silence but speak volumes about the achievements of their creators. The stone blocks, carved into head-and-torso figures, average 13 feet (4 meters) tall and 14 tons. The effort to construct these monuments and move them around the island must have been considerable—but no one knows exactly why the Rapa Nui people undertook such a task. Most scholars suspect that the moai were created to honor ancestors, chiefs, or other important personages, however, no written and little oral history exists on the island, so it’s impossible to be certain. 拉帕努伊的神秘莫埃雕像静静地立着，但却滔滔不绝地讲述着他们的创造者所取得的成就。这些石头雕刻成头像和躯干像，平均高13英尺（4米），重14吨。建造这些纪念碑并在岛上移动的努力一定是相当大的，但是没有人确切知道为什么拉帕努伊人要承担这样的任务。大多数学者怀疑摩艾石像是为了祭祀祖先、首领或其他重要人物而创造的，但是岛上没有文字记载，口述历史也很少，所以不可能确定。
复活节岛
🍅A Polynesian society blossomed in this unlikely locale after hardy souls somehow navigated a fleet of wooden outrigger canoes to this tiny speck in the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. Here, in isolation some 2,300 miles (3,700 kilometers) west of South America and 1,100 miles (1,770 kilometers) from the nearest neighboring island, the Rapa Nui developed a distinct architectural and artistic culture. That culture reached its zenith during the tenth to 16th centuries, when the Rapa Nui carved and erected some 900 moai across the island. 在勇敢的人们不知何故地驾驶着一队独木舟来到广阔的太平洋上的这个小岛，一个波利尼西亚社会在一个不太可能的地方蓬勃发展。在这里，南美洲以西约2300英里（3700公里），距离最近的邻近岛屿1100英里（1770公里），与世隔绝的拉帕努伊人发展出了一种独特的建筑和艺术文化。这种文化在十世纪到十六世纪达到顶峰，当时拉帕努伊人在岛上雕刻和竖立了900多座摩艾石像。
复活节岛
🍅It is generally thought that the Rapa Nui’s demise resulted from an environmental catastrophe of their own making. 人们普遍认为，拉帕努伊的死亡是由他们自己造成的环境灾难造成的。
🍅It’s not clear when the islands were first settled; estimates range from A.D. 800 to 1200. It’s also not clear how quickly the island ecosystem was wrecked—but a major factor appears to be the cutting of millions of giant palms to clear fields or make fires. It is possible that Polynesian rats, arriving with human settlers, may have eaten enough seeds to help to decimate the trees. 目前还不清楚这些岛屿是什么时候开始有人定居的；估计在公元800年到1200年之间。目前还不清楚岛上生态系统的破坏速度有多快，但一个主要因素似乎是砍伐数以百万计的巨型棕榈树来清理田地或生火。也可能是因为和人类一起到来的波利尼西亚老鼠吃了足以造成大量毁坏树木的种子。
复活节岛
🍅Either way, loss of the trees exposed the island’s rich volcanic soils to serious erosion. When Europeans arrived in 1722, they found the island mostly barren and its inhabitants few. 不管怎样，树木的流失都使岛上丰富的火山土遭受了严重的侵蚀。当欧洲人在1722年到达时，他们发现这个岛大部分是荒芜的，居民很少。
🍅Today’s tourists are numerous, and most visit the Rano Raraku quarry, which yielded the stones used for almost all of the island’s moai. Rapa Nui’s ancient inhabitants left the quarry in a fascinating condition—it is home to some 400 statues, which appear in all stages of completion. 今天的游客很多，大多数游客都会参观拉诺-拉鲁库采石场，那里出产的石头被用来制造了岛上几乎所有的摩艾石像。拉帕努伊的古代居民让采石场处于一个迷人的状态，这里有大约400尊雕像，这些雕像出现在完工的各个阶段。
复活节岛
🍅Meanwhile, across the entire island, many moai are reversing the creation process and deteriorating rapidly from priceless carvings back into plain rock. The volcanic stone is subject to weathering, and intensive conservation efforts are needed to help preserve Rapa Nui’s stone legacy in its present, awe-inspiring state. 与此同时，在整个岛上，许多摩埃石像正在逆向而生，并迅速从无价的雕刻品退化为普通岩石。火山岩容易风化，需要大力保护，以此留住这些拉帕努伊的石头遗产，使其保持目前令人惊叹的状态。
💫重点句子分析
🌺①Rapa Nui’s mysterious moai statues stand in silence but speak volumes about the achievements of their creators.
speak volumes about为…提供大量信息；非常清楚地展示出…
e.g. The company's decision to ignore the problem speaks volumes about its lack of leadership. 公司决定忽视这个问题，说明了它缺乏领导能力。
Trump 很爱自己的女朋友，女朋友要要月亮给月亮，要星星摘星星，要往东绝不向西，真是一个超级大暖男，我们说Trump这些年为女盆友所做的事表明了他有多爱自己的女朋友，就可以说：
What he has done for her speaks volumes about how much he loves her.
🌺②It is generally thought that the Rapa Nui’s demise resulted from an environmental catastrophe of their own making.
🍄result from sth （因…）发生；（随…）产生
🍄result from + 产生结果的原因
Many hair problems result from what you eat. 很多头发问题都是由饮食引起的。
🍄result in 造成；导致
🍄result in + 产生的结果
最近飓风伊达席卷津巴布韦造成很多人死亡，我们就可以说：
The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 飓风已经造成成千上万的人死亡。
💫友情提示：
拉帕努伊的旺季（high season）是南半球(Southern Hemisphere)的夏季，一月到三月。尽管冬天会有点冷(a bit chilly)，但平均最高气温仍在72华氏度（22摄氏度）（华氏度：Fahrenheit 摄氏度：Celsius）左右徘徊，最低气温仅降至57华氏度（14摄氏度），因此全年的天气确实相当宜人。在淡季(off-season)减少的人群是一个额外的吸引力。
🌺③It’s not clear when the islands were first settled; estimates range from A.D. 800 to 1200.
range from 从…变化到…
现在几个人一起去餐馆吃饭，一般很难达到口味统一，这时就要餐馆提供各种口味的食物了。我们来看一个例句吧：
The selection of food ranges from mild to very spicy. 食物的选择从温和到辛辣不等。
🌺④Rapa Nui’s ancient inhabitants left the quarry in a fascinating condition—it is home to some 400 statues, which appear in all stages of completion.
🍄is home to 是…的家园（所在地/地方）
e.g. Silicon Valley is home to many technology startups. 硅谷是科技创业公司的摇篮。
e.g. Los Angeles is the home to one of the most enduring American dreams. 洛杉矶是一个具有最长久美国梦的地方。
Trump特别会哄女朋友，每次女朋友不高兴，他都有能够给哄好，有一次女友闹分手，Trump就说：
You are the home to my soul, I am a ghost without you. 你是我灵魂的家园，离开你，我就是孤魂野鬼。
💫友情提示：
汽车、摩托车(motorcycles)和山地自行车(mountain bikes)可供出租，所有这些都是游客探索岛上分散的考古遗址的好方法。虽然大多数人参观拉帕努伊岛主要是探索其文化历史，但是该岛也有一些优秀的潜水(diving)、冲浪(surfing)场所和迷人的(enticing)海滩。
💫生存英语操练 去海滩
🍄beach 海滩
🍄in a while 有段时间
🍄you almost drowned 你差点淹死
🍄lifeguard 救生员
🍄swim right up to you 径直向你游来
🍄cool off 凉一凉
A: Let's go to the beach. 一起去海滩吧。
B: That's a great idea. 好主意。
A: We haven't been in a while. 我们有一段时间没去了。
B: We haven't been in a month. 我们有一个月没去了。
A: The last time we went, you almost drowned. 上次我们去，你差点没淹死。
B: No, I didn't. 不，我没有。
A: Then why did the lifeguard dive into the water? 那为什么救生员跳到水里去了。
B: I think he wanted to cool off. 我想他只是想要解一下暑。
A: He swam right up to you. 他直接向你游去了。
B: And then he turned right around. 然后他就立马转身了。
A: Maybe you're right. 也许你是对的。
B: Maybe we should get going. 也许我们应该去了。
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🕵️世界之旅口语课-E18维多利亚瀑布
欢迎来到津巴布韦，来到维多利亚大瀑布！Let’s hit the road!
💫Victoria Falls
维多利亚瀑布
🍅This legendary waterfall is among the biggest, and most awe-inspiring, on the planet. 这个传奇的瀑布是这个星球上最大、最令人敬畏的瀑布之一。
🍅The Zambezi River is more than 1.25 miles (2 kilometers) wide when it cascades over the lip of a large basalt plateau and plunges as much as 354 feet (108 meters). The flow has been slicing slowly through this plateau for some two million years. During this time the river has slowly retreated and the remnants of earlier, ancient falls can be seen in the gorges downstream from the current cataract. 赞比西河（Zambezi River）宽1.25英里（2公里），当它从一个大型玄武岩高原的边缘上倾泻而下，其下落高度达354英尺（108米）。大约200万年来，这股水流一直缓慢地流过这个高原。在这段时间里，河流慢慢退却，而在目前的瀑布下游的峡谷中，可以看到早期、古老瀑布的遗迹。
维多利亚瀑布
🍅The falls generate mists that can be spotted from more than a dozen miles (20 kilometers) away. Famed Scottish explorer David Livingstone dubbed this waterfall Victoria Falls; its older, Kololo name, means "the smoke that thunders.” The mists also sustain a rain forest-like ecosystem adjacent to the falls and on the opposite cliff that faces them like a dried-up mirror image, thick with mahogany, fig, palm, and other species of vegetation. 瀑布产生的雾气可以从十几英里（20公里）以外的地方看到。著名的苏格兰探险家大卫·利文斯通（David Livingstone）称这瀑布为维多利亚瀑布（Victoria Falls）；它的古老的科洛洛（Kololo）的意思是“雷鸣的烟雾”。雾气还支撑着瀑布附近和对面悬崖上的雨林样生态系统，这些悬崖像一面干涸的镜子，上面布满了红木、无花果树、棕榈树和其他植被物种
🍅The national border between Zambia and Zimbabwe lies midstream, and national parks of both nations exist on either side of the Zambezi. The gorges and cliffs below the falls in these parks are prime territory for raptors, including falcons and black eagles. 赞比亚和津巴布韦之间的国家边界位于中游，两国的国家公园都位于赞比西河两岸。这些公园瀑布下面的峡谷和悬崖是猛禽的主要领地，包括猎鹰和黑鹰。
维多利亚瀑布
🍅Stone artifacts from the hominin Homo habilis have been identified near the falls and show that early humans may have lived here two million years ago. More “modern” tools also evidence far more recent—50,000 years ago—Middle Stone Age settlements. 在瀑布附近发现了人属能人(the hominin Homo habilis)的石制品，表明早期人类可能在200万年前就生活在这里。更多的“现代”工具也证明了近5万年前中期石器时代的定居点。
🍅Today several hundred thousand visitors from around the world trek to the falls each year; several hotels, restaurants, campgrounds, and other tourist businesses cater to them. 现在每年有几十万来自世界各地的游客徒步到瀑布；几家酒店、餐馆、露营地和其他旅游企业为他们提供服务。
🍅The beauty of the falls lies in their natural state, but the area is at some risk of runaway tourism-based development—more resorts, hotels, and even a possible dam below the falls that could flood several park gorges. Operators in the area offer everything from helicopter overflights to bungee jumping, and the management of these activities while preserving a quality visitor experience for all is an ongoing challenge. 瀑布的美丽在于其自然状态，但该地区存在着以旅游业为基础的开发失控的风险，更多的度假胜地、酒店，甚至可能是瀑布下的大坝，这些大坝可能淹没几个公园峡谷。该地区的运营商提供从直升机飞越到蹦极跳跃的一切服务，在为所有人保留优质游客体验的同时，对这些活动的管理一直是一个挑战。
维多利亚瀑布
💫重点句子分析
🌺①The Zambezi River is more than 1.25 miles (2 kilometers) wide when it cascades over the lip of a large basalt plateau and plunges as much as 354 feet (108 meters).
🍄plunge
👉使突然前冲(或下落)
e.g. She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. 她没有站稳，从100英尺的高出跌落摔死了。
👉(价格、温度等) 暴跌；骤降；突降
e.g. The stock market plunged yesterday. 昨天股市暴跌。
e.g. The president’s approval rating has plunged to 20 percent. 总统的民众支持率下跌到了20%。
昨天夜里，气温骤降，Trump马上给女朋友发信息：
Darling, The temperature plunged yesterday, please keep warm. 亲爱的昨天气温下降了，一定要注意保暖。
🌺②The falls generate mists that can be spotted from more than a dozen miles (20 kilometers) away.
🍄spot
👉n.斑点;污点; 地点
斑点：e.g. The male bird has a red spot on its beak. 雄鸟喙上有一个红点。
污点：e.g. His jacket was covered with spots of mud. 他的上衣满是泥点。
地点：e.g. He showed me the exact spot where he had asked her to marry him. 他把他当时向她求婚的确切地点指给我看。
👉v.弄上污渍；发现；让多少分（体育比赛中）
弄上污渍：e.g. His pants were spotted with mud. 他的裤子上有泥点。
发现：e.g. She spotted a deer in the woods. 她在树林里发现一只鹿。
让多少分：e.g. They spotted us five points, and we still lost. 他们让我们5分，可是我们还是输了。
💫友情提示：
每年11月到次年3月是雨季(雨季:rainy season/wet-season,旱季:dry season)，喷出的雾气十分壮观。到了11月，当水位低落时，游客们可能会看到窗帘裂成许多小的落水通道。
🌺③The mists also sustain a rain forest-like ecosystem adjacent to the falls and on the opposite cliff that faces them like a dried-up mirror image, thick with mahogany, fig, palm, and other species of vegetation.
🍄adjacent to … adj. 与…毗邻的；邻近的
e.g. Our farm land was adjacent to the river. 我们的农田在河边。
e.g. The house adjacent to ours is under repairs. 与我家相邻的房子正在修缮。
🍄thick with 充满
e.g. The trail was steep and thick with underbrush. 那条小路非常陡峭，而且长满了灌木丛。
e.g. She ate scones thick with butter. 她吃了一些涂满了黄油的烤饼。
💫友情提示：
观赏完瀑布，可以到瀑布旁的手工艺(handicraft)村落一游，体验另外一种滋味，在此处你可以看到传统的非洲生活，还有津巴布韦六个不同部落的文化和艺术，村落中的手工艺匠(craftsmen)利用各种不同的木头，雕刻出美丽的动物，妇女们也编织各种不同尺寸的精致盒子。
💫生存英语操练 在餐馆
🍄free seats 自由座位
🍄by the window 靠近窗户
🍄cheese sandwich 奶酪三明治
🍄mint tea 薄荷茶
🍄pasta 意大利面食
🍄spaghetti 意大利面
🍄macaroni 通心粉
Jean: Where shall we sit? Look! There are some free seats in the corner. 我们坐哪里呢？看！在角落里有一些自由座位。
Jill: The seats by the window are better. It'll be cooler there. 靠窗的座位更好。那里很酷。
Jean: Okay. What would you like to eat? 好的，你想吃点什么？
Jill: I'm really hungry. I think I'll have chicken and chips with baked beans. Why don't you have chicken too? 我真饿了。我要来份烤豆鸡块土豆条。
Jean: I don't eat meat. It makes me ill. I'll have a cheese sandwich instead. 我不吃肉。它会让我不舒服。我来一个奶酪三明治。
Jill: And what about drinks? I think I'll have some mint tea. 要什么喝的？我来些薄荷茶。
Jean: No that's really expensive! It's three dollars sixty cents! I'll have a coffee, it's much cheaper. 不会吧，那真贵！要3美元60美分！我来发咖啡吧，那便宜多了。
🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻
