市场需求理论（一） | 武大经济学课

总结于武大经济学课

一：General Principle which apply everywhere

• A Logical Way to think of the world: example--other things being equal
• Express your thinking in various ways
• Define something before you explain it

二：Supply, Demand, and Market Equilibrium 平衡，均势

Fig.1

• pure competition 完全竞争又称纯粹竞争，是一种不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构，指那些不存在足以影响价格的企业或消费者的市场。
• Monopolistic Competition 垄断竞争是指许多厂商生产并出售相近但不同质商品的市场现象。
• Oligopoly 求过于供的市场情况, 寡头(Oligopoly)市场又称为寡头垄断市场，它是指少数几家厂商控制整个市场的产品的生产和销售的这样一种市场组织。寡头市场被认为是一种较为普遍的市场组织，西方国家中不少行业都表现出寡头垄断的特点，例如，美国的汽车业、电气设备业、罐头行业等，都被几家企业所控制。

三：Demand Side

• Individual Demand

• Market Demand

  • Individual demand---one consumer’s demand for one particular goods or service
  • Market demand---demand by all consumers for one particular goods or service; The sum of individual demand or the sum of firm demand (the demand for the firm’s product)

• Condition for Want to be Demand

  
  Fig. 2

四：Determinants of ( Individual) Demand

• Own Price
• Income: Normal goods and Inferior goods 劣等财货，低档货物，次货
• Prices of related goods: Substitutes and complements 替代品和互补品
• Tastes
• Expectations
• Special influences: Effect of SARS on vinegar price 食醋价格