《经济学人》好文赏析:全球自杀率下降
这是一篇由 现象级英语--经济学人共读 第3小组完成的赏析,标题和1-2段由 Claire 完成,3-4段由 Melaine 完成,5-6段由 立里 完成,7-9段由 Elle 完成,10-12段和结尾彩蛋由 自观问渠 完成。点击作者的名称可以跳转到主页加关注哦~
真诚期待小伙伴们的点评和建议,一个点评一朵花,两个点评给你加鸡腿~
Why suicide is falling around the world, and how to bring it down more
Urbanisation, fewer forced marriages and more curbs on the means of self-destruction
题图为什么世界各处自杀率下降,如何更好地降低自杀率?
——城市化,婚姻自由度提高,对自毁方法的更多限制
大标题简明扼要,点明的文章主要讨论的话题:当今的自杀率可喜的下降和对如何更好降低自杀率的讨论。读完标题,我们就可以对后文有一定的预想和期待了:应该是会先介绍如今世界上自杀频发的现状,然后可能会分析自杀率在世界范围内下降现象背后的原因(可能会谈到福利保障等政府措施、社会关怀),最后一定是给出一大堆合理的能够更好地控制自杀率的具体措施了。标题的逻辑关联很棒:前面是自杀率下降,后面就是标题一个more:自杀率已经下降了,怎样让它下降得多一点?
事实上,全文的结构是:第一段点明自杀率和社会相关;第二段介绍北美地区自杀的情况,分析原因;第三段,由America’s gloomy trend转向从世界范围来看的a more optimistic story:自杀率下降;第四段,分析了世界范围内自杀率下降的三个factor(哪个群体为最终大数据的下降作出了贡献?),第五-九段即分析背后的社会原因(社会发展、政府政策);第十-十一段就是谈论“如何更好地降低自杀率”的命题。最后一段,作者回提到了美国的状况,他支持安乐死,但绝大多数情况下,自杀应当被制止(更多人其实本不必自杀)。
再看副标题,读到最后:限制自毁方式,想必可以确定这是告诉我们文章中会讨论的更好地降低自杀率的措施了。作者一定会有理有据地分析相应的措施,向我们展示他的观点和思考了。
接着,我们看看题图。不得不说,《经济学人》的每个插图都简洁明了却韵味悠长、内涵丰富。简单的线条和明晰的色彩对比,搭配贴合文章、点明现象的图中之意,简直让人拍案称奇,想给编辑打钱(×)。人在悬崖边上,是要自杀,而题图中我们看到:人现在在往下走了,也就是不自杀了。红色的线条下指可不就是自杀率的下降吗?将自杀率这个数据和人走下悬崖、选择活着联系到一起,统一是自杀率的话题。不得不说,很妙。
最后,我们学习一下一些好词。
1、fall around the world:fall指下降,意为在世界各处,自杀率下降。最初我理解的时候,觉得fall around是一个整体,认为是自杀率降临世界,事实上,这个理解一是不通顺,自杀率不能说是降临;二是,标题的两个分句有逻辑顺序,自杀率降低→我们要的是更大幅度的降低。
2、curb:to control or limit sth, especially sth bad.(v.)
e.g: He needs to learn to curb his temper.
他得学会控制自己的脾气。
A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.
未来抑制通货膨胀,一系列政策被实施。
和curb相关的短语: curb chain(锁链) curb line(路边线)都可以看出curb作为“限制、控制“的意思。
政府要抑制房地产热,稳定房价,我们可以说:curb the real estate craze。我们需要植树造林,防止风沙,可以说:curb the sand。
和curb含义相近的动词有:restrain,suppress,control。
当然,curb名词的含义是something that controls and puts limits on sth,是起控制、限制作用的事物。
curbs on government spending就是对政府开支的限制措施。
3、self-destruction 这类的合成词特别多,而新闻报道中经常出现这样带“-”的名词或者形容词。
self-improvement, self-confidence...数不胜数。
Paragraph 1
“YOU KNOW,” says a trader in “Margin Call”, a film about the crash of 2008, as he stands high on a building above Wall Street, “the feeling that people experience when they stand on the edge like this isn’t the fear of falling—it’s the fear that they might jump.” Suicide fascinates us. It is at once appalling and yet, in the darkest places in our minds, appealing. It is the most damaging sort of death. A child’s suicide is a parent’s worst nightmare, and a parent’s marks their children for life. It is a manifestation not just of individual anguish but also of a collective failure: if society is too painful to live in, perhaps we are all culpable.
段落大意:
“你知道的,”有关于2008年金融风暴的一部电影《商海通牒》里,一个商人站在高楼俯瞰华尔街时这样说道,“人们站在边缘时,有的感受并不是害怕掉落,而是害怕他们可能会跳下去。”自杀让我们神魂颠倒,它令人惊愕,同时却在我们脑海里的黑暗之处出现。这是最有毁灭能力的一种死亡。一个孩子的自杀是家长最坏的噩梦,父母的自杀让孩子铭记一生。这不仅仅是个体痛苦的表现,更是共有的失败:如果生活在社会里太过痛苦,我们大概难辞其咎。
P.S.《商海通牒》主要讲述了2008年经济崩盘的24小时内,华尔街的银行家及重要职员们面对危机如何应对的故事。
the feeling you experience翻译的问题: a collective failure 个人认为翻译作共有的失败,比集体的失败好一些。
在翻译过程中,个人更注重翻译过来在汉语理解上的连贯和顺畅,并不是逐字逐句翻译。
段落分析:
1、manifestation:
1) an event,action or thing is a sign that sth exists or is happening;the act of appearing as a sign that sth exists or is happening.表现;存在
e.g: The riots are a clear manifestation of the people's discontent.
骚乱清楚地表明人们的不满。
Some manifestation of your concern would have been appreciated.
你当时要是表现出一些关心就好了。
2) an appearance of a ghost or spirit.
e.g: The church is the site of a number of supernatural manifestations.
这座教堂是鬼魂屡次出没的地方。
2、It is at once appalling and yet, in the darkest places in our minds, appealing. appall和appear又是一个押头韵。
appall: to fill or overcome with horror,consternation, or fear;dismay. 感到恐惧、惊愕、焦虑、气馁。
eg: He was appalled by the damage from the fire.
appalling: 1) causing dismay or horror. 骇人听闻、令人震惊的、可怕的。 2) (informal) very bad.
居住环境恶劣,可以说,live in appalling condition。某个服务很差劲,也可以用appalling。
这句话的意思是:即使自杀骇人听闻、令人恐惧,但是它还是会出现在我们脑海里的至暗之处。
3、anguish:severe pain,mental suffering or unhappiness.
e.g: He groaned in anguish.
他痛苦地呻吟着。
e.g: Tears of anguish filled her eyes.
同样,可以说anguished cries/cries of anguish(痛苦的喊声),an anguished letter(内容使人痛苦的信)。
某人很痛苦,可以用上: in anguish
4、collective:(adj.)
1) done or shared by all members of a group of people; involving a whole group or society.集体的;共有的
collective leadership/decision making/responsibility 集体领导/决策;共同责任
collective memory(=things that a group of people or a community know or remember, that are often passed from parents to children) 集体记忆
2) used to refer to all members of a group 全体成员的;总体的
collective name 总称(sth are collectively known as...)
共同商定的费率,可以说是: the collectively agreed rate
个人和整体都取得了巨大的成功,就是: succeed both collectively and individually.
(n.) a group of people who own a business or a farm and run it together; the business that they run 企业集团;合作农场;集体企业
独立集体企业: an independent collective
5、culpable: (formal) responsible and deserving blame for having done sth wrong 应受责备;难辞其咎的
段落赏析:
1、用电影中的一幕开篇,是很多新闻喜欢的“操作”,目的在与吸引读者注意和兴趣:看到一个也许自己看过、或者感兴趣的电影的一幕,脑海里不自觉思考这一幕和“自杀”这个主题的关系,就想往下看了。
2、后面一句简要概括自杀:在脑海中的至暗之处出现,让人震惊、恐惧而迷惑。再描述一个孩子的自杀对父母造成的巨大痛苦。前一句的描述和每个人的感受有关,后一句更是引起了读者的共情,开篇即成,夺人眼球。
3、最后,从以上感性的描述中升华出理性的思考:自杀,不仅仅是个人生命的失去,一家人的痛苦,更是一个社会需要思考的重大问题——正是因为在社会中生活得太痛苦了,人们才会选择自杀。个人、家庭的感性经历描述完,回扣到副标题上:本文要谈论的是社会对自杀问题的关怀了。
Paragraph 2
The suicide rate in America is up by 18% since 2000. This is not merely a tragedy; it matters politically, too. The rise is largely among white, middle-aged, poorly educated men in areas that were left behind by booms and crushed by busts. Their deaths are a symptom of troubles to which some see President Donald Trump as the answer. Those troubles should not be ignored.
段落大意:
北美的自杀率从2000年至今上涨了18%。这不仅仅是一个悲剧,它也关乎政治且至关重要。在北美地区中,白人、中年人、受教育程度低的男性的自杀率普遍升高,是繁荣的弃子,为萧条所摧毁。他们的自杀死亡,是社会上种种问题困难的征兆,而特朗普成为总统就是他们对其中一些困难的回答。这些困难不应被忽视。
段落分析:
1、“...were left behind by booms and crushed by busts.”
booms&busts 压头韵 be left behind by& crushed 简短的词语、整齐,读起来也很顺。
boom的常用意义:(n.)
1) a sudden increase in trade and economic activity;a period of wealth and success 用来形容贸易&经济活动的激增、繁荣
2) a period when sth such as a sport or a type of music suddenly becomes very popular and successful (某种体育运动、音乐等)突然风靡的时期
和boom相关的短语有:consumer/investment/property boom,还一个baby boom/boom years 指的是战后的人口生育大潮。
bust则是萧条的意思。
e.g: The economy went from boost to bust.(=from increasing to decreasing very quickly)
2、Their deaths are a symptom of troubles to which some see President Donald Trump as the answer.
这是一个从句,他们的死亡是麻烦的征兆。而对于这些麻烦,一些人认为特朗普是解决的办法 some people see Trump as the answer to the troubles.
段落赏析:
1、首句列出数据,表明问题的严重性。第二句总结下面的描述:这和政治密不可分,可以说,自杀率的攀升,一系列社会问题、政治举措难辞其咎。
2、第三句介绍了造成如今现状的历史原因:繁荣时代已经过去,历史遗留问题显露,社会的发展不再让人们受益。人们的生活不像他们的父辈那样。第四句回扣第二句:就是社会问题的征兆、表现。特朗普因此上位,回应得正是这些struggle to survive in this society的人们的期待。比起中文媒体对特朗普不同寻常言行的渲染,这里是不是更透彻地点明了特朗普成功的本质?
3、最后一句表明问题不应被忽视,这时候我们可以再对文章内容做一个预测:后面自然要开始探讨这些问题了。
Paragraph 3
首先,先感谢一下我们组内的每一位小伙伴——立里,自观问渠,Claire 和Elle (排名不分先后)。不吝惜分享自己的知识,指出我理解上的偏差以及粗心大意,并提供了更好的汉语表达方式。
Nonetheless, beyond America’s gloomy trend is a more optimistic story: that at a global level, suicide is down by 29% since 2000 (see article). As a result, 2.8m lives have been saved in that time—three times as many as have been killed in battle. There is no one reason. It is happening at different rates among different groups in different places. But the decline is particularly notable among three sets of people.
段落大意:
(本段主要讲全球自杀率有下降)尽管美国的自杀率的趋势不容乐观,但在此之外却有一个积极的消息:那就是从全球来看,自杀率要比2000年时下降了29%。也就是说,有280万条生命在自杀那刻被救了下来——这一数字是战争中死亡人数的三倍之多。原因并不只有一个。在不同地区的不同人群中,都在发生不同比率的下降。但在三类人群当中,下降特别明显。
段落分析:
1. nonetheless /nʌnðə'les/ 尽管如此,重音的位置和nevertheless一样,在后面的音节上。
2. beyond 在……之外
3. gloomy 黑暗的,昏暗的,沮丧的,失望的等等。gloomy trend 可以翻译成“不容乐观的趋势(悲观的趋势)”
4. three times 三倍
5. as many as 多达,和……一样多
6. It is happening…… it 指代的是suicide is down
7. particularly notable 特别显著(明显)
最后想说一下,中间那句“three times as many as have been killed in battle” 中的 have been killed in battle. 这个直译起来是“在战争中死亡的(人数)”,突然来了个battle有点懵,因为跟前后文不搭噶,整篇文章中也没提到战争。然后我赶紧去群里问小伙伴,是不是这里引深为其他的意思。立里同学给我解释说,这里就是战争的意思,自杀人数要比战争死亡人数多得多。还帮我搜索了新闻来论证。在这里感谢立里,让我学习到了她做事情的极致精神。
Paragraph 4
One is young women in China and India. In most of the world, older people kill themselves more often than the young, and men more than women. But in China and India, young women have been unusually prone to suicide. That is decreasingly the case. Another group is middle-aged men in Russia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, alcoholism and suicide rocketed among them. Both have now receded. A third category is old people all around the world. The suicide rate among the elderly remains, on average, higher than among the rest of the population, but has also fallen faster since 2000 than among other groups.
段落大意:
(本段讲的是哪三类人群自杀率明显下降)一类人群是中国和印度的年轻女性。在世界的大多数地区,老年自杀人数要高于青年,男性自杀人数要高于女性。而在中国和印度,年轻女性的自杀倾向超乎寻常。这一情况在慢慢下降。另一个人群是俄罗斯的中年男性。在苏联解体后,酗酒和自杀在他们中间迅速增加。现在这两项都已经逐渐减少了。第三类人是全球范围内的老年人。平均来说,老年人自杀比率一直高于其他人口,但自从2000年以后,它也比其他群体下降速度更快。
段落分析:
1. One…… another group …… the third category…… 一类……另一类……第三类……
2. be prone to 倾向于
3. That is decreasingly the case. That 应该指代的是前一句“But in China and India, young women have been unusually prone to suicide”,虽然that 直译是“那个”,但我个人觉得翻译成“这一现象”更通顺一些。the case 相当于形容词true, 因此前面是副词decreasingly.
来源《英语常用词疑难用法手册》4. rocket 做动词是迅速增加、激增的意思,就像小火箭一样嗖嗖上升。
段落总结:
1. 可以表达人群/几类人的词语:set, group, category
2. 这两段中表示下降的词:fall (v.), down(adj.), decline(n.), decreasingly(adv.),recede(v.)
3. 老年人:old people, elderly
4. 三者以上的“之间”用among
Paragraph 5
Why are these people now less likely to take their own lives? Urbanisation and greater freedom have helped. Accounts of those who attempt suicide, and of the relatives of those who succeed, suggest that many young Asian women were driven to despair by violent husbands and overbearing in-laws. As people move to cities and the grip of tradition loosens, women have more choice about whom they marry or live with, making life more bearable. Leaving the village helps in another way, too. Because farming involves killing things, rural folk are likelier to have the means to kill themselves—guns, pesticides—to hand.
段落大意:
第五段开始分析自杀率下降的原因。城镇化和更多的自由起到了作用。根据那些试图自杀的人和自杀者的亲人的描述,很多年轻的亚洲女人是被暴力的丈夫和难以忍受的亲家逼入绝境。人们搬到城市里生活,传统的禁锢削弱,女人们能更自由的选择和谁生活,和谁结婚,这让生活能够继续下去。离开乡村在另一方面也起到了作用,因为务农就免不了要杀东西,农村居民更有可能获取到自杀需要的东西,比如枪支和农药。
长句分析:
Accounts of those who attempt suicide, and of the relatives of those who succeed, suggest that many young Asian women were driven to despair by violent husbands and overbearing in-laws.
1. 下划线部分是句子的主句,accounts suggest that... 描述表明xxx,accounts后面两个of,表示是来自两方的描述,一方是自杀未遂的人,一方是自杀者的亲人;that引导一个宾语从句。
2. overbearing,难以忍受的。over-,表示“过分、过度”的前缀,over-anxious 过分焦虑的,overindulge 猛吃。
后文还出现了bearable,可以承受的。同一个词根bear,不同的词意和前后缀,让这个段落内容前后呼应。
段落分析:
1. 本段出现的表示“自杀”的表达除了suicide,还有两个可以替换的词组:take one's own life, be driven to despair,前者是同义词“自杀”,后者指的是“被逼入绝境”。
2. grip,指的是“紧握”,可以引申为“对某物的支配,控制”,常见的形容词搭配有firm,tight,strong,iron-like,常见的动词搭配有tighten-loosen,relax,release,lose,maintain,介词搭配注意常常用on。当我们想说国内的主流媒体被“和谐”审查员牢牢掌控着,就可以说:
Censors maintain an iron grip on the domestic media.
昨天看美剧“黑白邻居”里,一位母亲被“电视上的黑人都是运动员”的刻板印象深深影响,我就可以说:
His mother holds a tight grip on the stereotype that all black men on TV are athletes.
3. likelier 和 more/less likely,文章中出现了likely的两个形容词比较级的用法,一个是在末尾加er,一个是用more,为了清晰两个用法的正确性和频率,查了一下这个问题:
来源网站:http://forum.wordreference.com 来源网站:http://forum.wordreference.com这个问题同样被人提出过,也得到了很好的解答。likelier和more likely意思上没有区别,都是表示“更有可能”,more likely,most likely 使用频率通常会更高,更不容易出错。
If you use "more likely" instead of "likelier", it is more likely that you will not make a mistake.
Paragraph 6
Social stability is also a factor. In the turbulence that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, many middle-aged people saw their sources of income and status collapse. Unemployed people kill themselves at around two-and-a-half times the rate of those in work. The financial crash of 2007-08 and the resulting recessions are reckoned to have caused an extra 10,000 or so suicides in America and western Europe. As crises recede and employment rises, so suicide tends to ebb. And falling poverty rates among the old, which have declined faster than among other groups globally, are reckoned to have contributed to the drop in the number of elderly suicides.
段落大意:
社会稳定也是一个自杀率下降的因素。苏联解体给社会带到了巨大的动荡,很多中年人眼睁睁的看着他们的收入来源和社会地位崩塌,失业人员的自杀率是职场人员的2.5倍。2007-08年的金融危机和带来的大萧条估计造成了美国和西欧大约额外一万例自杀事件。随着危机的消退和就业率的增加,自杀率也开始下降。老年人口贫困率的下降,在全球范围内比其他群体下降得都要更快,这被认为促进了老年人口自杀数量的降低。
段落赏析:
这一段的描述很精彩,意义相反的一对名词stability和turbulence,同一个意思“衰退,降低”不同的三个动词recede,ebb,decline,还有一个名词drop。
As crises recede and employment rises, so suicide tends to ebb.
3个短小精悍的动词,11个单词的短句完美的总结了“社会稳定促进自杀率下降”的原因和结果。
这句话让我想到了社群里学习的这句话:
As artificial intelligence advances, concerns loom.
同样都是强调的动词,有中文中“水落石出”的感觉,体会到了语言的灵活性和多样性。
原文中的句子还更胜一筹,因为同一个意思“衰退,降低”,用到了两个单词来表达recede和ebb:recede “撤退,消退” 通常和crisis进行搭配,表达危机消退;ebb本意指 “退潮”,同样也可以引申为 “减退”,还可以和flow一起用,ebb and flow 表示 “起伏,消长,盛衰”。
这个句型可以学起来,随着A和B的消长,C也在发展或者衰退,As X recedes and B rises, so C tends to ebb.
比如因为传统的禁锢衰退和女性的经济独立,离婚率上升,(因果关系没有调查来源,只是为了练习句型),我就可以说:
(Just) As the grip of tradition loosens and women's individuality rises, so (too) divorce rate tends to grow.
段落分析:
1. collapse,这个段落里第一次出现的是名词,表示苏联解体 “the collapse of Soviet Union”。第二次出现的是动词 people saw their sources of income and status collapse,表示“解体,崩塌”。
当我们想表达,经济岌岌可危的时候,结合“每日一词”的edge,就可以这么造句:
Their economy is on the edge of collapse.
2. be reckoned to do,这个段落里重复出现了两次,指的是“估计,预料”,大萧条估计造成了额外的一万例左右自杀案件,老年人口贫困率的下降被估计促进了老年人口自杀率的下降。
当我们完成这篇笔记的时候,估计有10000字左右,我就可以说:
This passage is reckoned to have 10,000 characters.
但是我估计不超过50%的社群小伙伴们会看这篇我们共同完成的文章(希望是100%哈哈哈):
But I reckon that no more than 50% of people in the group will click into this collective passage.
Paragraph 7
But the decline is not just the consequence of big social trends. Policy plays a role, too. When Mikhail Gorbachev restricted the production and distribution of booze in the mid-1980s, both drinking and suicide fell sharply. The collapse of the Soviet Union swept those regulations aside, and both drinking and suicide shot up again. Restrictions introduced by Vladimir Putin in 2005 are reckoned to have contributed to the recent decline.
段落大意:
但是自杀率下降并不只是重大社会趋势的结果。政策也起着作用。当米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫在上世纪八十年代中期限制酒的生产和销售时,饮酒和自杀率都急剧下降。随着前苏联的解体,这些规定被撇到一边,饮酒和自杀率又急速上升。而弗拉基米尔•普京于2005年采取的限制被认为促进了近年来自杀率的下降。
段落结构分析:
这一段落主要表明,自杀率下降的另一个原因:政策(policy)的作用。
S1: 承上启下;
S2:段落主旨句:政策的作用;
S3:举例1:戈尔巴乔夫的1980年代的禁酒令使得自杀率大幅下降;
S4:举例2:前苏联解体导致这些(禁酒令)失效,饮酒与自杀率急速上升;
S5:举例3:普京2005开始新的限制,使自杀率在近年下降。
语言点分析:
固定搭配
1.play a role 起作用
Economic factors played a decisive role in the outcome of the war.
经济因素在战争中起着决定性的作用。
2. fall sharply 急剧下降
3. shoot up 急速上升
4. be reckoned to 被认为
Children are reckoned to be more sophisticated nowadays.
如今的孩子被普遍认为更世故一些。
5. contribute to 有助于,促进
Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.
移民在各方面都对英国文化做出了贡献。
经典句型:
A be reckoned to have contributed to B. A被认为促进了B。
Her talent in public speaking is reckoned to have contributed to her success.
她公众演讲的天赋被认为促成了她的成功。
Paragraph 8
Governments can also help limit the consequences of social and economic turbulence. Active labour-market policies, which help re-train jobless workers and ease them back into work, prevent many suicides.And spending on health services, especially those that most benefit the old and sick, can make a big difference: fear of chronic pain is one of the things that leads people to seek a quick way out. The remarkable recent fall in suicide among elderly Britons may have happened in part becauseBritain’s palliative-care system is the best in the world.
段落大意:
政府还可以帮助控制社会和经济动荡的后果。政府可以制定灵活的劳动力市场政策,帮助失业者进行再培训、获得新工作,从而防止自杀的发生。政府也可以加大医疗服务方面的投入,尤其使年老体弱的人可以获益,将会大有不同:很多人出于对于慢性病的恐惧而选择了结此生。近年来英国老年人群自杀率显著下降的部分原因可能在于,英国是全世界临终护理体系最好的国家。
段落结构分析:
这一段主要表明:政府可以帮助控制社会和经济动荡的后果(从而降低自杀率)
S1:段落主旨句
S3:论据1:政府可以制定灵活的劳动力市场政策,帮助失业者进行再培训、获得新工作,从而防止自杀的发生;
S4:论据2:很多人出于对于慢性病的恐惧而选择了结此生,政府加大投入,可使年老体弱的人获益;
S5:论据2的例子:英国是全世界临终护理体系最好的国家, 因此近年来英国老年人群自杀率显著下降。
语言点分析:
固定搭配
1. the old and sick 年老体弱
2. make a big difference 有很大不同
The new central heating has made an enormous difference to the house.
新的中央供暖使这个房子大不一样了。
实用句型
A may have happened in part because B. A发生的部分原因是B。
The remarkable recent rise in the number of young people returning to their hometowns from big cities may have happened in part because of the financial pressure. 近期从大城市回到自己家乡的年轻人数量激增的部分原因可能是经济压力。
Paragraph 9
Efforts to curb access to the means to kill oneself can help, too. Suicide is surprisingly impulsive. A study of young Chinese women who had tried to kill themselves showed that three-fifths had been contemplating suicide for less than two hours, and one in ten for less than a minute. Of 515 people who had survived the leap from San Francisco’s Golden Gate bridge between 1937 and 1971, 94% were still alive in 1978—which suggests that a suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented.
段落大意:
努力使人们远离自杀工具也能促使自杀率下降。自杀有着惊人的冲动性。一个关于试图自杀的中国年轻女性的研究表明,五分之三的人在考虑自杀2小时之内会采取行动,而十分之一的人一分钟之内就采取了行动。515个1937到1971年期间旧金山金门大桥的自杀幸存者中,94%的人活到了1978年,这说明自杀一旦被延迟,可能就是被阻止了。
段落结构分析:
这一个段落表明,另一个促使自杀率下降的因素:努力使人们远离自杀工具。
S1:段落主旨句:努力使人们远离自杀工具也能促使自杀率下降;
S2:论据1:自杀有着惊人的冲动性。
S3:论据1的举例1:一个关于试图自杀的中国年轻女性的研究表明,五分之三的人在考虑自杀2小时之内会采取行动,而十分之一的人一分钟之内就采取了行动;
S4:论据1的举例2:515个1937到1971年期间旧金山金门大桥的自杀幸存者中,94%的人活到了1978年,这说明自杀一旦被延迟,可能就是被阻止了。
语言点分析:
固定搭配
1. curb v. 阻止
curb access to阻止获取
Some people are being curbed access to adequate medical care.
一些人无法获得足够的医疗服务。
实用句型
A is likely to be B. A很可能就是B。
A suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented.
自杀一旦被延迟,很可能就是被阻止了。
Paragraph 10
划线部分为句子主干段落大意:
政府行动可以缓解自杀问题。七分之一自杀者使用剧毒农药。2011年百草枯在韩国被禁,自杀率下降但农业产量未降。规定致命药物只能少量出售,对减少自杀有效,某些国家就规定阿司匹林、扑热息痛只能少量出售。但最有效的举措是限枪。美国半数的自杀者用枪自尽,美国自杀率约为英国的两倍,而英国严令限枪。各国枪械所有权的差异在很大程度上导致各国自杀率之间存在差距。
段落结构:
本段采用总分法,①政府有解决办法,②至④应对化学手段的自杀(用毒用药),可以禁售、限售,⑤至⑦应对物理手段的自杀(用枪),可以限枪。
段落背景:
1. 百草枯(paraquat):甲基氢氧化物。据百度百科,“百草枯对人毒性极大,且无特效解毒药,口服中毒死亡率极高。目前已被20多个国家禁止或者严格限制使用。我国自2014年7月1日起,撤销百草枯水剂登记和生产许可、停止生产;但保留母药生产企业水剂出口境外登记、允许专供出口生产,2016年7月1日停止水剂在国内销售和使用。”
paraquat2. 枪支所有权(gun ownership):据维基百科,枪支所有权是指持有枪支的行为。2018年统计,全球约85%的小型枪械为平民持有。美国平民持枪者占全球总数的约46%,折合每百名美国平民持有枪支120.5支。(Gun ownership is the act of owning a gun. In 2018, Small Arms Survey reported that there are over one billion small arms distributed globally, of which 857 million (about 85 percent) are in civilian hands. U.S. civilians alone account for 393 million (about 46 percent) of the worldwide total of civilian held firearms. This amounts to "120.5 firearms for every 100 residents.")对比美国,英国(由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰、北爱尔兰组成)的统计数字(每百名平民持有枪支数量)如下:英格兰和威尔士4.6支,苏格兰5.6支,北爱尔兰11.0支。
段落分析:
1. self-slaughter:与suicide同义,自杀。
2. put something out of reach使人无法触及,out of reach: incapable of being achieved or obtained due to some limitation or restriction. 例:I wanted to be president, but I’m afraid that such a goal is out of reach. 我想当总统,但这个目标恐怕实现不了。
3. account for: to be the reason or explanation for something导致,解释。例:His good manners account for his popularity. 他有礼貌所以受欢迎。
4. outlaw: to declare illegal 宣布非法。例:The government outlawed the sale of firearms. 政府禁售枪支。
5. access: 详见现象级英语每日一词access。此处access是不可数名词,注意零冠词,用法是access to something or somebody。例句:Does the room have wireless internet access? 这房间能无限上网吗?
6. state-by-state: from state to state逐个国家,各国。联想step by step逐步。
Paragraph 11
划线部分为句子主干段落大意:
媒体也可贡献一份力量。怪异的是,自杀会传染。演员罗宾·威廉姆斯2014年自杀,媒体对他的自杀方法和动机详加报道。研究人员统计,此后四个月里,使用同样方法自杀者多了1800人。这种悲剧的报道应该少写细节、多加限制。
段落结构:本段自圆其说。①媒体的作用,②至④媒体报道不当的恶果,⑤媒体的职业道德。
段落背景:
罗宾·威廉姆斯(Robin Williams, 1951-2014):美国喜剧电影导演、演员,代表作有《心灵捕手》(荣获奥斯卡最佳男配角奖)、《死亡诗社》(提名奥斯卡最佳男主角奖)等。他于2014年自缢身亡,据称是因患路易体失智症。
Robin Williams段落分析:
1. do one’s bit: 也作do one’s part,意为make an individual contribution to an overall effort为整体目标做出个人贡献,尽自己的一份力量。例:I’ll do my bit. 我会做好分内事。
2. contagious: 传染性的。注意contagious修饰的名词可褒义可贬义,如:a contagious disease传染病,a contagious smile有感染力的笑。
3. in detail: with lots of details; giving all the details. 细节丰富。注意in detail中detail用单数,且常常加形容词,如in great detail, in enormous detail。
4. cover: 与上文的report可同义替换。此处意为be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism 负责详细报道,如新闻报道。例:Two reporters covered the scandal. 两个记者报道了这则丑闻。
5. restraint: 与文中常见的curb可同义替换。此处意为the act of controlling by restraining someone or something 控制、限制、约束。
6. more +n. +than would otherwise have done: 此处是虚拟语气,意为“要不然,就不会出现定语从句所描述的情形”。原句可改写为If it had not been for the report of Robin William’s suicide in great detail, there would not have been 1,800 more suicides in the next four months, often using the same method. 要不是因为罗宾·威廉姆斯的自杀报道过于详尽,四个月里就不会有1800人效仿他而自杀(这些人看了报道,跟风自杀,是超额自杀人口,所以用more)。
Paragraph 12
划线部分为句子主干段落大意:
对于患绝症、极端痛苦、一心求死的少数人,自杀可能是最温情的选择。在上述情况下,严加防范,应允许医生帮助实行安乐死。但是每年80万自杀者中,许多人是草率寻死。其实,只要改善医疗服务、劳动力市场政策,限制酒、枪、农药、药物,本来可以挽救更多生命。尤其是美国,若汲取其他地区的经验,本可以抹去许多伤痛。
段落结构:自杀的必然与不必。①②选择自杀的必然与安乐死。③④死得不值与美国如何挽救本不必死的自杀者。
段落分析:
句型:Suicide may be the least terrible option. 此句直译的话具有否定意义,“自杀可能是最不可怕的选择”。当我们拿到这句话的中文意思,你能想到要用least来表示否定吗?如果想不到,就把这句话背下来吧。例:If you like cakes, go for the ones with the least fat. 你喜欢吃蛋糕可以,但要选脂肪含量最低的。
1. option: 选择,与choice,alternative常可同义替换。
2. safeguard: 可数名词,意为a precautionary measure, stipulation, or device保障措施。联想guard 守护和safe安全,便于记忆。
3. in haste: in a hurried or hasty manner,急忙地,草率地。例:I’m writing in haste before leaving for the airport. 马上出发去机场,我赶紧写。联想Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。
4. booze: (informal) intoxicating drink, especially hard liquor,酒,尤其是烈酒。
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Takeaways:
1. 词汇的同义替换:
自杀(自戕、自绝、自毁): attempt/ commit suicide, self-slaughter, self-destruction, take their own lives, kill themselves(kill oneself), be driven to despair, seek a quick way out, shoot themselves(用枪自杀), be determined to die
老人:older people, old people, the old, the elderly, elderly+noun(elderly Britons)
2. 表达汇总:
不同年龄人群汇总:老人(见上方),青年(the young, young women, young Chinese women),中年人(middle-aged men/ people)
酒与酗酒:alcoholism, booze (informal), drinking
痛苦:anguish, nightmare, chronic pain, severe pain
限制、约束:curb, restraint(noun), restrict, limit, control
3. 背诵佳句:
Suicide is at once appalling and yet, in the darkest places in our minds, appealing.头韵,这两个形容词常搭配出现
The rise is largely among white, middle-aged, poorly educated men in areas that were left behind by booms and crushed by busts.一升一降,头韵
As crises recede and employment rises, so suicide tends to ebb.短短一句话,三个不同的动词表示升降,还有头韵
A suicide postponed is likely to be a suicide prevented.头韵