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【python基础】5-执行外部命令

2018-02-22  本文已影响66人  王诗翔

这一章节的样例输出可能基于你的用户名、工作目录等等而有所不同

调用Shell命令

#!/usr/bin/python3

import subprocess

# 执行外部命令 'date'
subprocess.call('date')

# 传递选项和参数给命令
print("\nToday is ", end="", flush=True)
subprocess.call(['date', '-u', '+%A'])

# 其他例子
print("\nSearching for 'hello world'", flush=True)
subprocess.call(['grep', '-i', 'hello world', 'hello_world.py'])
$ ./calling_shell_commands.py
Tue Jun 21 18:35:33 IST 2016

Today is Tuesday

Searching for 'hello world'
print("Hello World")

进一步阅读

使用扩展调用Shell命令

#!/usr/bin/python3

import subprocess

# 不使用扩展调用Shell命令
print("No shell expansion when shell=False", flush=True)
subprocess.call(['echo', 'Hello $USER'])

# 使用Shell扩展调用Shell命令
print("\nshell expansion when shell=True", flush=True)
subprocess.call('echo Hello $USER', shell=True)

# 如果引号是命令的一部分则进行反义
print("\nSearching for 'hello world'", flush=True)
subprocess.call('grep -i \'hello world\' hello_world.py', shell=True)
$ ./shell_expansion.py
No shell expansion when shell=False
Hello $USER

shell expansion when shell=True
Hello learnbyexample

Searching for 'hello world'
print("Hello World")
# 像这样使用另一种引号
subprocess.call('grep -i "hello world" hello_world.py', shell=True)

# 或者这样
subprocess.call("grep -i 'hello world' hello_world.py", shell=True)
# 为了避免call函数字符串太常,我们使用变量先存储命令
cmd = "grep -h 'test' report.log test_list.txt > grep_test.txt"
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)

避开使用shell=True

>>> import subprocess, os
>>> subprocess.call(['echo', 'Hello', os.environ.get("USER")])
Hello learnbyexample
0

获取命令输出和重定向

#!/usr/bin/python3

import subprocess

# 输出也包含任何的错误信息
print("Getting output of 'pwd' command", flush=True)
curr_working_dir = subprocess.getoutput('pwd')
print(curr_working_dir)

# 获取命令执行的状态和输出
# 退出状态码不是“0”意味着有什么事情出错了
ls_command = 'ls hello_world.py xyz.py'
print("\nCalling command '{}'".format(ls_command), flush=True)
(ls_status, ls_output) = subprocess.getstatusoutput(ls_command)
print("status: {}\noutput: '{}'".format(ls_status, ls_output))

# 抑制出错信息
# subprocess.call()返回命令的状态码 returns status of command which can be used instead
print("\nCalling command with error msg suppressed", flush=True)
ls_status = subprocess.call(ls_command, shell=True, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
print("status: {}".format(ls_status))
$ ./shell_command_output_redirections.py
Getting output of 'pwd' command
/home/learnbyexample/Python/python_programs

Calling command 'ls hello_world.py xyz.py'
status: 2
output: 'ls: cannot access xyz.py: No such file or directory
hello_world.py'

Calling command with error msg suppressed
hello_world.py
status: 2
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