MySQL的账户设置
2020-09-18 本文已影响0人
JustTheSame
使用 docker 安装 MySQL 并快速启动，现在我们进入docker容器。
➜ ~ docker exec -it mysql8 /bin/bash
root@dedd71769326:/#
MySQL数据库连接
MySQL命令语法
用户名是你登录的用户，主机名或者IP地址为可选项，如果是本地连接则不需要设置，远程连接服务端则需要填写，密码是对应用户的密码。
mysql –u用户名 [–h主机名或者IP地址,-P端口号] –p密码
-
-u：登录的用户名。 -
-h：远程主机名或IP地址，不填写则默认本地地址。 -
-P：MySQL端口号，默认为3306。 -
-p：该登录用户对应的登录密码。
root@dedd71769326:/# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 9
Server version: 8.0.21 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MySQL账户查看
由于 root 权限很高，所以一般项目上会分配不同的账户和权限供程序员操作。
查看已有账户
mysql> select user from mysql.user;
+------------------+
| user |
+------------------+
| root |
| mysql.infoschema |
| mysql.session |
| mysql.sys |
| root |
+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.03 sec)
为什么有两条 root 信息？我们来详细看一下。
mysql> select user, host from mysql.user;
+------------------+-----------+
| user | host |
+------------------+-----------+
| root | % |
| mysql.infoschema | localhost |
| mysql.session | localhost |
| mysql.sys | localhost |
| root | localhost |
+------------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这里host字段代表允许任意ip地址登录MySQL。目前root账户允许远程和本地登录。
查看当前账户
mysql> select current_user;
+----------------+
| current_user |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如果我们使用外部电脑连接
mysql> select current_user;
+----------------+
| current_user |
+----------------+
| root@% |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
则表示当前登陆root账户允许远程和本地登录。
MySQL账户创建
MySQL命令语法
CREATE USER [IF NOT EXISTS]
user [auth_option] [, user [auth_option]] ...
DEFAULT ROLE role [, role ] ...
[REQUIRE {NONE | tls_option [[AND] tls_option] ...}]
[WITH resource_option [resource_option] ...]
[password_option | lock_option] ...
user:
(see Section 6.2.4, “Specifying Account Names”)
auth_option: {
IDENTIFIED BY 'auth_string'
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin BY 'auth_string'
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin AS 'hash_string'
}
tls_option: {
SSL
| X509
| CIPHER 'cipher'
| ISSUER 'issuer'
| SUBJECT 'subject'
}
resource_option: {
MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count
}
password_option: {
PASSWORD EXPIRE [DEFAULT | NEVER | INTERVAL N DAY]
| PASSWORD HISTORY {DEFAULT | N}
| PASSWORD REUSE INTERVAL {DEFAULT | N DAY}
| PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT [DEFAULT | OPTIONAL]
}
lock_option: {
ACCOUNT LOCK
| ACCOUNT UNLOCK
}
-
user：账户名称，语法是'user_name'@'host_name'，其中主机地址可以写为%表示接受任何地址的连接。 -
auth_option：身份验证方式，可以指定密码以及认证插件（mysql_native_password、sha256_password、caching_sha2_password）。 -
tls_option： 加密连接选项。 -
resource_option： 用户资源限制，比如每小时最大连接数。 -
password_option： 密码额外的控制，比如设定失效时间。 -
lock_option： 账户锁定选项，由管理员上锁或者解锁（ACCOUNT LOCK | ACCOUNT UNLOCK）。
最简单的就是指定账户名+密码
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
加上认证插件
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH sha256_password BY 'password';
指定密码过期，以便用户第一次使用的时候需要修改密码
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password' PASSWORD EXPIRE;
也可以指定每隔一段时间修改一次新密码
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password' PASSWORD EXPIRE INTERVAL 180 DAY;
可以指定加密连接
-- 不使用加密连接
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE NONE；
-- 使用加密连接
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE SSL;
-- 使用加密连接，并要求客户端提供有效证书
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE X509;
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE ISSUER 'CA颁发的有效X.509证书';
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE SUBJECT '包含主题的有效X.509证书';
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE CIPHER '指定的加密方法';
可以指定资源控制
-- 单位小时内，账户被允许查询500次，更新100次，单位小时内最大连接数不限制。最大并发连接数不限制
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 500 MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR 100 MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR 0 MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS 0；
可以锁定账户
-- 锁定
CREATE USER 'tian'@'localhost' ACCOUNT LOCK
-- 解锁
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' ACCOUNT UNLOCK
最后完整的命令选项大概这个样子
CREATE USER 'user_name'@'host_name' IDENTIFIED [WITH auth_plugin] BY 'auth_string' [REQUIRE NONE(SSL,X509)] [WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count | MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count | MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count | MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count] [PASSWORD EXPIRE] [ACCOUNT LOCK]
如果你要删除账户
DROP USER 'tian'@'localhost';
如果你要修改名称
RENAME USER 'tian'@'localhost' TO 'tina'@'127.0.0.1';
MySQL角色创建
MySQL8里新加入了对于角色的管理，下面就简单的说一下如何使用：
角色可以理解为一组权限的集合，然后将角色赋给某个帐户，该帐户就拥有了角色对应的权限，每个帐户可以拥有多个角色，就像游戏里，你可以有很多称号一样。
-- 名字规范
'role_name'@'host_name'
-- 通常仅使用用户名部分指定角色名称，并隐式使用主机名部分 '%'，主机名部分没有任何意义
'admin'
创建角色
-- 省略主机名，默认为 '%'
CREATE ROLE 'admin', 'dev';
-- 这种也可以，但是没意义
CREATE ROLE 'app'@'localhost';
移除角色
DROP ROLE 'admin', 'dev';
MySQL账户更新
MySQL命令语法
ALTER USER [IF EXISTS]
user [auth_option] [, user [auth_option]] ...
[REQUIRE {NONE | tls_option [[AND] tls_option] ...}]
[WITH resource_option [resource_option] ...]
[password_option | lock_option] ...
ALTER USER [IF EXISTS] USER() user_func_auth_option
ALTER USER [IF EXISTS]
user DEFAULT ROLE
{NONE | ALL | role [, role ] ...}
user:
(see Section 6.2.4, “Specifying Account Names”)
auth_option: {
IDENTIFIED BY 'auth_string'
[REPLACE 'current_auth_string']
[RETAIN CURRENT PASSWORD]
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin BY 'auth_string'
[REPLACE 'current_auth_string']
[RETAIN CURRENT PASSWORD]
| IDENTIFIED WITH auth_plugin AS 'auth_string'
| DISCARD OLD PASSWORD
}
user_func_auth_option: {
IDENTIFIED BY 'auth_string'
[REPLACE 'current_auth_string']
[RETAIN CURRENT PASSWORD]
| DISCARD OLD PASSWORD
}
tls_option: {
SSL
| X509
| CIPHER 'cipher'
| ISSUER 'issuer'
| SUBJECT 'subject'
}
resource_option: {
MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count
| MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS count
}
password_option: {
PASSWORD EXPIRE [DEFAULT | NEVER | INTERVAL N DAY]
| PASSWORD HISTORY {DEFAULT | N}
| PASSWORD REUSE INTERVAL {DEFAULT | N DAY}
| PASSWORD REQUIRE CURRENT [DEFAULT | OPTIONAL]
}
lock_option: {
ACCOUNT LOCK
| ACCOUNT UNLOCK
}
参数选项参考创建账户。
修改自己当前的密码
ALTER USER USER() IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
修改账户密码
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
修改认证插件
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password;
修改密码和插件
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY 'new_password';
修改角色
-- 授予自定义角色
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' DEFAULT ROLE your_role_name;
-- 无角色
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' DEFAULT ROLE NONE;
-- 所有角色
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' DEFAULT ROLE ALL;
修改加密方式
-- 只有账户密码正确，无须加密连接
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE NONE;
-- 需要加密连接
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' REQUIRE SSL;
...
修改资源访问
-- 单位小时内，最大查询数量和更新数量
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 500 MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR 100;
指定密码过期
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' PASSWORD EXPIRE;
修改锁定解锁
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' ACCOUNT LOCK;
ALTER USER 'tian'@'localhost' ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
MySQL账户授权
MySQL命令语法
GRANT
priv_type [(column_list)]
[, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...
ON [object_type] priv_level
TO user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
[AS user
[WITH ROLE
DEFAULT
| NONE
| ALL
| ALL EXCEPT role [, role ] ...
| role [, role ] ...
]
]
}
GRANT PROXY ON user_or_role
TO user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
[WITH GRANT OPTION]
GRANT role [, role] ...
TO user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
[WITH ADMIN OPTION]
object_type: {
TABLE
| FUNCTION
| PROCEDURE
}
priv_level: {
*
| *.*
| db_name.*
| db_name.tbl_name
| tbl_name
| db_name.routine_name
}
user_or_role: {
user
| role
}
user:
(see Section 6.2.4, “Specifying Account Names”)
role:
(see Section 6.2.5, “Specifying Role Names”)
GRANT语法使得管理员能够授予账户权限或者角色，但是GRANT不能再一个语句中同时授予权限和角色。
- 有ON，是授予权限
- 无ON，是授予角色
-- 授予数据库db1的所有权限给指定账户
GRANT ALL ON db1.* TO 'tian'@'localhost';
-- 授予角色给指定的账户
GRANT 'role1', 'role2' TO 'user1'@'localhost', 'user2'@'localhost';
-- 授予数据库world的SELECT权限给指定的角色
GRANT SELECT ON world.* TO 'role3';
基本语法
GRANT [权限] ON [数据库名].[表名] TO 'user_name'@'localhost' ...;
-- 授予所有数据库的权限
GRANT [权限] ON *.* TO 'user_name'@'localhost' ...;
注：全局权限是管理或适用于给定服务器上的所有数据库。要分配全局权限，请使用 ON *.*语法
下面是权限列表
mysql> show privileges;
+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Privilege | Context | Comment |
+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Alter | Tables | To alter the table |
| Alter routine | Functions,Procedures | To alter or drop stored functions/procedures |
| Create | Databases,Tables,Indexes | To create new databases and tables |
| Create routine | Databases | To use CREATE FUNCTION/PROCEDURE |
| Create role | Server Admin | To create new roles |
| Create temporary tables | Databases | To use CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE |
| Create view | Tables | To create new views |
| Create user | Server Admin | To create new users |
| Delete | Tables | To delete existing rows |
| Drop | Databases,Tables | To drop databases, tables, and views |
| Drop role | Server Admin | To drop roles |
| Event | Server Admin | To create, alter, drop and execute events |
| Execute | Functions,Procedures | To execute stored routines |
| File | File access on server | To read and write files on the server |
| Grant option | Databases,Tables,Functions,Procedures | To give to other users those privileges you possess |
| Index | Tables | To create or drop indexes |
| Insert | Tables | To insert data into tables |
| Lock tables | Databases | To use LOCK TABLES (together with SELECT privilege) |
| Process | Server Admin | To view the plain text of currently executing queries |
| Proxy | Server Admin | To make proxy user possible |
| References | Databases,Tables | To have references on tables |
| Reload | Server Admin | To reload or refresh tables, logs and privileges |
| Replication client | Server Admin | To ask where the slave or master servers are |
| Replication slave | Server Admin | To read binary log events from the master |
| Select | Tables | To retrieve rows from table |
| Show databases | Server Admin | To see all databases with SHOW DATABASES |
| Show view | Tables | To see views with SHOW CREATE VIEW |
| Shutdown | Server Admin | To shut down the server |
| Super | Server Admin | To use KILL thread, SET GLOBAL, CHANGE MASTER, etc. |
| Trigger | Tables | To use triggers |
| Create tablespace | Server Admin | To create/alter/drop tablespaces |
| Update | Tables | To update existing rows |
| Usage | Server Admin | No privileges - allow connect only |
| XA_RECOVER_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| SHOW_ROUTINE | Server Admin | |
| RESOURCE_GROUP_USER | Server Admin | |
| SET_USER_ID | Server Admin | |
| SESSION_VARIABLES_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| CLONE_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| PERSIST_RO_VARIABLES_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| ROLE_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| BACKUP_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| CONNECTION_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| RESOURCE_GROUP_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| INNODB_REDO_LOG_ARCHIVE | Server Admin | |
| BINLOG_ENCRYPTION_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| REPLICATION_SLAVE_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| SYSTEM_VARIABLES_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| GROUP_REPLICATION_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| SYSTEM_USER | Server Admin | |
| APPLICATION_PASSWORD_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| TABLE_ENCRYPTION_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| SERVICE_CONNECTION_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| AUDIT_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| BINLOG_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| ENCRYPTION_KEY_ADMIN | Server Admin | |
| INNODB_REDO_LOG_ENABLE | Server Admin | |
| REPLICATION_APPLIER | Server Admin | |
+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
58 rows in set (0.00 sec)
权限范围示例
-- 数据库权限
GRANT ALL ON mydb.* TO 'user_name'@'host_name';
-- 表权限
GRANT ALL ON mydb.mytable TO 'user_name'@'host_name';
-- 列权限
GRANT SELECT (col1), INSERT (col1, col2) ON mydb.mytable TO 'user_name'@'host_name';
-- 存储过程权限
GRANT CREATE ROUTINE ON mydb.* TO 'user_name'@'host_name';
GRANT EXECUTE ON PROCEDURE mydb.myproc TO 'user_name'@'host_name';
授权之后可以使用flush命令使其立即生效
FLUSH PRIVILEGES
FLUSH语法
FLUSH [NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG | LOCAL] {
flush_option [, flush_option] ...
| tables_option
}
flush_option: {
BINARY LOGS
| ENGINE LOGS
| ERROR LOGS
| GENERAL LOGS
| HOSTS
| LOGS
| PRIVILEGES
| OPTIMIZER_COSTS
| RELAY LOGS [FOR CHANNEL channel]
| SLOW LOGS
| STATUS
| USER_RESOURCES
}
tables_option: {
TABLES
| TABLES tbl_name [, tbl_name] ...
| TABLES WITH READ LOCK
| TABLES tbl_name [, tbl_name] ... WITH READ LOCK
| TABLES tbl_name [, tbl_name] ... FOR EXPORT
}
FLUSH PRIVILEGES 包含以下操作
-
重新加载
mysql系统数据库中的grant表中的权限信息，并清除caching_sha2_password身份验证插件使用的内存缓存。 -
服务器读取包含动态特权分配的
global_grants表，并注册其中的任何未注册特权。 -
服务器通过
GRANT、CREATE USER、CREATE SERVER和INSTALL PLUGIN语句将信息缓存到内存中。对应的REVOKE、DROP USER、DROP SERVER和UNINSTALL插件语句不会释放这些内存，因此对于执行许多导致缓存的语句实例的服务器，内存使用量将会增加。可以使用刷新特权释放此缓存内存。
FLUSH TABLES 包含以下操作
关闭所有打开的表，强制关闭所有正在使用的表，并刷新准备好的语句缓存。
REVOKE语法
既然可以授权，那么就可以撤销
REVOKE
priv_type [(column_list)]
[, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...
ON [object_type] priv_level
FROM user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
REVOKE ALL [PRIVILEGES], GRANT OPTION
FROM user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
REVOKE PROXY ON user_or_role
FROM user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
REVOKE role [, role ] ...
FROM user_or_role [, user_or_role ] ...
user_or_role: {
user
| role
}
user:
(see Section 6.2.4, “Specifying Account Names”)
role:
(see Section 6.2.5, “Specifying Role Names”.
REVOKE可以实现权限或者角色的撤销（前提：拥有GRANT权限和REVOKE权限）
-- 撤销用户的INSERT权限
REVOKE INSERT ON *.* FROM 'tian'@'localhost';
-- 撤销用户的指定角色
REVOKE 'role1', 'role2' FROM 'user1'@'localhost', 'user2'@'localhost';
-- 撤销角色的INSERT权限
REVOKE SELECT ON world.* FROM 'role3';
撤销所有权限（只能撤销权限，不能撤销角色）
-- 从账户或者角色上撤销所有权限
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM user_or_role [, user_or_role] ...
-- 撤销账户
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM 'tian'@'localhost'
-- 撤销角色
REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES, GRANT OPTION FROM 'role3'
在全局上撤销权限（.）
-- 全局上撤销所有权限
REVOKE ALL ON *.* FROM 'tian'@'localhost';
