Notes on English Grammar: Punctu
1.句号(THE FULL STOP).
(1) 用于结束陈述句或祈使句。例如:
It is very cold outside. (房子外面很冷。)
Please read the text. (请念课文。)
(2) 用于缩写词和姓名首字母之后。例如:
M.A. (= Master of Arts;文学硕士)
C.O.D(= Concise Oxford Dictionnary;简明牛津词典)
e.g. (= for example;例如)
C.S. Brown (西·斯·布朗)
(3) 用于表示小数。例如:
5.125(读作five point one two five,五点一二五)
(4) 用于表示次序后面的停顿。例如:
Why I Like to Read? 1. Setisfies curiosity: A. About people, B.About things. (我为什么喜欢阅读? 1. 满足好奇心: A.对人,b.对事物。)
2.逗号(THE COMMA),
(1) 用于分隔三个或三个以上的平行词语。例如:
The Danes are an industrious, friendly, generous, and hospitable people. (丹麦人是一个勤劳、友好、慷慨、好客的民族。)
The paper can be white, yellow, or blus. (这种纸有白色、黄色或蓝色的。)
注意,在上面两例中 and 和 or 一般应用逗号,但也可以省略。表示两件配对的东西的词不应用逗号分开,例如:
For breakfast he ordered orange juice, bread and butter, coffee, and bacon and eggs. (早餐他点了橙汁、黄油面包、咖啡、熏肉和鸡蛋。)
(2) 用于隔开直接引语。例如:
" Tell me," I side, "how you kuow all that." (“告诉我,”我说,“这些事你是怎么知道。”)
George replied, "I heard it on the radio." ( 乔治回答说:“我在收音机里听到的。”)
(3) 用于隔开呼唤语。例如:
"Bill, here is your cap." (“比尔,喏,这是你的帽子。”)
“She very much hopes, Patricia, that you will help her." (“帕特丽夏,她非常希望你能帮助她。”)
(4) 用于隔开惊叹词。例如:
”Why, you can't mean that!" (“嘿,你不会是那个意思吧!”)
(5) 用于分隔转折语(如 on the other hand,on the contrary等)、连接性副词(如 consequently,furthermore 等)、例证性语句(如 instance,namely 等)以及插入语(如 of course,to tell you the truth等)。例如:
You find, however, that small ones are rare. (可是你会发现那些小的不常见。)
Still, you must agree that he knows his business. (但你还得同意他是精通业务的。)
A lot of people here, for example, John, would rather have coffee. (这里的很多人,比如约翰,宁愿喝咖啡。)
(6) 用于分隔由并列连词(and,but,or,nor,for等)连接的分句。例如:
The building collapsed, but no one was hurt. (大楼倒塌了,但没有人受伤。)
Snow fell during the night, and the ground frozs. (夜里下了雪,土地冻起来了。)
(7) 用于分隔句首的状语分句。例如:
As soon as he arrives, please give him this letter. (他一到就请把这封信交给他。)
(8) 用于分隔非限制性关系分句。例如:
The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right. ( 主席坐在人的右边,他第一个发言。)
(9) 用于分隔读时需停顿的分句短语。例如:
Climbing, Joe skinned his leg. (爬山时,乔擦破了腿上的皮。)
(10) 用于分隔同位语。例如:
The captain, John Jones, was an experienced mariner. (船长,约翰·琼斯,是一位有经验丰富的水手。)
(11) 用于分隔日、月、年。例如:
He died on June 14, 1936. (他死于1936年6月14日。)
(12) 用于分隔人名和称号。例如:
John Smith, Ph. D. (约翰·史密斯博士)
(13) 用于表示句子部分的省略。例如:
The first game was exciting; the second, dull. (第一场比赛令人激动;第二比赛令人乏味。)
(14) 用于表示数字的千位。例如:
1,145,000 (one million, one thousand and forty-five;一千零四十五)
3.分号(THE SEMI-COLON);
(1) 用于分隔不用连接词连接的并列分句。例如:
The house burned down; it was the last shattering blow. (房子被烧毁了;这是最后的毁灭性的打击。)
注意:许多现代作家主张用短句,因而上例也可改用句号使之成为两句短句,但句号不能表示分号所能表示的并列分句间的密切关系。
(2) 用于分隔由 however,otherwise,nevertheless,therefore,moreover,besides,also 等连接副词的独立分句。例如:
The funds are inadequate; therefore, project will close down. (资金短缺;因此而这一工程将下马。)
(3) 用于解说性词语之前。例如:
After much deliberation, he chose to invest in major industries; i.e., steel, automobile, and iol. (经过深思熟虑之后,他决定向主要行业投资,即钢铁、汽车和石油工业。)
4.冒号(THE COLON):
(1) 用于引出直接引语。例如:
He side: "I enjoy playing tennis." (他说:“我喜欢打网球。”)
注意:上例中也可以用逗号。
(2) 用于提示列举的平行项目。例如:
Campers must take those items: bedding, linen, and cooking utensils. (野营者必须带上这些物品:被褥床单、内衣裤以及炊具。)
(3) 用于说明性的下文。例如:
Judges have a double duty: they must protect the innocent and punish the guilty. (法官有双重的职责:他们必须保护无辜,惩罚办犯。)
(4) 用于隔开时间表的“时”和“分”。例如:
2:40 P.M. (下午两点四十分)
注意:在英式英语中也可以用句号隔开“时”和“分”。
(5) 用于商业信件中称呼之后。例如:
Dear Sir: (亲爱的先生:)
5.问号(THE QUESTION MARK)?
(1) 用于直接问句之后。例如:
"How old is Bill?" (“比尔几岁了?”}
"It's cold outside, isn't it?" (“外面很冷,不是吗?”)
(2) 用于表示对某一情况有疑问。例如:
The manuscript dates back to 560? B.C. (手稿可属于公元前五六O(?)年。)
6.惊叹号(THE EXCLAMATION MARK)!
(1) 用于表示强烈感情的词语或句子之后。例如:
Help! (救命!)
Ouch! that hurts! (哎哟!真痛!)
(2) 用于表示命令或坚决的意思。例如:
Go away! (走开!)
We won't discuss this again! (这事我们不会再讨论了!)
(3) 用于表示讽刺、挖苦、反诘等。例如:
That should be an easy job for you! (那工作对你来说太容易了!)
You are a fine one to talk about lazy people! (你议论人家懒惰,你真勤快啊!)
7.引号(QUOTATION MARKS)" " 或‘ ’
引号分为双引号(“ ”)和单引号(‘ ’),在英式英语中倾向用单引号表示引用文字,在英式英语中则一般用双引号。如果遇到引号里面还要用引号,在英式英语中单引号用于双引号里面,美式英语的用法正好相反。
(1) 用于标出直接引语。 例如:
‘Lie still,’ side the nurse, ‘and don’t move or speak.’ (“静静地躺着,”护士说,“别动,也不要说话。’
(2) 用于标出引用的部分。例如:
The lader talk us we must "put our shoulders to the wheel". (领导对我们说,我们必须”努力工作“。)
(3) 用于标出下在讨论的词或短语。例如:
The words " imply " and " infer " are not synonymous. (“imply”和“infer”这两个词不是同义词。)
(4) 用于标出有特殊意义的词语或新词、罕见词、俚语等,以引起读者注意。例如:
He was arrested for smuggling " smack ". (他因走私海洛因而被捕。)
(5) 用于标出讽刺、挖苦、反诘等意思的词语。例如:
Bob's skiing " vacation " consisted of three weeks with his leg in a cast. (鲍勃的腿上了三个星期的石膏,这就是他的滑雪“渡假”。)
(6) 用于标出短诗、短文、绘画、广播或电视节目的名称。例如:
”Mona Lisa" (《蒙娜丽莎》)
"Meet the Press" (《会晤记者》)
8.圆括号(PARENTHESES)( )
(1)用于表示文中注释或补充正文的部分。例如:
To make holes, use and awl, ( a sharp, pointed tool). [要钻洞,用钻子(一种尖利的工具)。]
The data (see table 13) was very impressive. [数据(参见第十三号附表)非常令人印象十分深刻。]
(2)用于表示次序语。例如:
The project is (1) too time-consuming, (2) too expensive, and (3) poorly staffed. [这一工程(1)施工期太长,(2)投资过多,(3)人员不足。]
9.方括号(BRACKETS)[ ]
(1)用于表示插入引证中的注释、评论或纠错。例如:
He replied, "that's [Cleveland] where I was born". {他答道:“那[克利夫兰]是我出生的地方。”
"He was born in 1085 [actually in 1082]." (“他出生于一零八五年[实际上是一零八二年])。”
(2) 用于圆括号内,英国英语也可先用方括号,里面再用圆括号。例如:
(That was the coler [red] he preferred.) (那是他喜欢的颜色较深的[红色]。)
(3) 用于表示舞台指导说明。例如:
Charles [waving he arms] Away with you. (查尔斯[挥舞双臂]你走开。)
10.破折号(THE DASH)—
(1) 用于表示转折的意思。例如:
He won the game — but I'm getting ahead of the story. (他赢了那场比赛——但那是后来发生的事。)
You may — though I doubt it - enjoy this book. (你可能——尽管我对此有怀疑——喜欢这本书。)
(2) 用于表示说话的迟疑、畏缩。例如:
"Well — I — ah — I didn't know." he stammered. (“这个——我——啊——我不知道。”他结结巴巴地说。)
(3) 用于表示说话的突然停顿。例如:
"I'm sorry, sir, but—“, he was already through the gate. (“对不起,先生,但是——”他已经穿过了大门。)
(4) 用于强调或说明句子的一部分。例如:
The Declaration of independence — that historic document — was written in 1776. (《独立宣言》——那个有历史意义的文件——起草于一七七六年。)
(5) 用于总结语之前。例如:
Bob, Bill, Henry— all found jobs. (鲍勃、比尔、亨利——都找到了工作。)
(6) 用于列举平行项目。例如:
When you go out, I went you to buy the following things too — a pound of butter, a lot of bread, and half a dozen eggs. (你出去的时候,我也请你买下列东西——一磅黄油,许多面包和半打鸡蛋。)
(7) 用于表“从……到……”。例如:
The years 1930 — 1936 were bad ones for the family. (1930年至1936年那几年对这个家庭来说是艰难的岁月。)
You will find helpful information on pages 27 — 36. (第27 - 36页上有有用的资料。)
注意:在上述两例中,汉语用连接号,可以占一个字的位置,也可占两个字的位置。
11.省略号(ELLIPSES)…
用于表示直接引语中的省略。例如:
"… this book is lively … and well written." (“……这本书很生动……写得很好。”)
注意:在引语句末用省略号时,应用 ….,以包括句号。例如:“He was a giantof the man ...." (他是一个巨人般的人物...。”
12.连字号(THE HYPHEN)-
(1) 用于连接复合词的各部分。例如:
a cure-all (万应灵药)
great-grandmother (曾祖母,外曾祖母)
the commander-in-Chief (总司令)
a house-to-house search ( 逐屋搜索)
(2)用于表示一行末端排不下的一个的移行分隔。
(3)用于拼某词的字母。例如:G-a-e-l-i-c.