1.netty基础介绍

2020-04-29  本文已影响0人  程序男保姆

Netty介绍

按照定义来说,Netty是一个异步、事件驱动的用来做高性能、高可靠性的网络应用框架。主要的优点有:

  1. 框架设计优雅,底层模型随意切换适应不同的网络协议要求
  2. 提供很多标准的协议、安全、编码解码的支持
  3. 解决了很多NIO不易用的问题
  4. 社区更为活跃,在很多开源框架中使用,如Dubbo、RocketMQ、Spark等

主要支持的功能或者特性有:


image
  1. 底层核心有:Zero-Copy-Capable Buffer,非常易用的灵拷贝Buffer(这个内容很有意思,稍后专门来说);统一的API;标准可扩展的时间模型
  2. 传输方面的支持有:管道通信(具体不知道干啥的,还请老司机指教);Http隧道;TCP与UDP
  3. 协议方面的支持有:基于原始文本和二进制的协议;解压缩;大文件传输;流媒体传输;protobuf编解码;安全认证;http和websocket

总之提供了很多现成的功能可以直接供开发者使用。

Netty服务器小例子

基于Netty的服务器编程可以看做是Reactor模型:


image

即包含一个接收连接的线程池(也有可能是单个线程,boss线程池)以及一个处理连接的线程池(worker线程池)。boss负责接收连接,并进行IO监听;worker负责后续的处理。为了便于理解Netty,直接看看代码:

package cn.xingoo.book.netty.chap04;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;

public class NettyNioServer {
    public void serve(int port) throws InterruptedException {
        final ByteBuf buffer = Unpooled.unreleasableBuffer(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hi\r\n", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
        // 第一步,创建线程池
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try{
            // 第二步,创建启动类
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
            // 第三步,配置各组件
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                    .localAddress(new InetSocketAddress(port))
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                            socketChannel.pipeline().addLast(new ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter(){
                                @Override
                                public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
                                    ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer.duplicate()).addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);
                                }
                            });
                        }
                    });
            // 第四步,开启监听
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind().sync();
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NettyNioServer server = new NettyNioServer();
        server.serve(5555);
    }
}

代码非常少,而且想要换成阻塞IO,只需要替换Channel里面的工厂类即可:

public class NettyOioServer {
    public void serve(int port) throws InterruptedException {
        final ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.unreleasableBuffer(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hi\r\b", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));

        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new OioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new OioEventLoopGroup();

        try{
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)//配置boss和worker
                    .channel(OioServerSocketChannel.class) // 使用阻塞的SocketChannel
         ....

概括来说,在Netty中包含下面几个主要的组件:

了解上面的基本组件后,就看一下几个重要的内容。

Netty的Buffer和零拷贝

在Unix操作系统中,系统底层可以基于mmap实现内核空间和用户空间的内存映射。但是在Netty中并不是这个意思,它主要来自于下面几个功能:

image
  1. 通过Composite和slice实现逻辑上的Buffer的组合和拆分,重新维护索引,避免内存拷贝过程。
  2. 通过DirectBuffer申请堆外内存,避免用户空间的拷贝。不过堆外内存的申请和释放都很麻烦,推荐小心使用。关于堆外内存的一些研究,还可以参考执勤的分享:Java堆外内存之突破JVM枷锁 以及 Java直接内存与非直接内存性能测试
  3. 通过FileRegion包装FileChannel,直接实现channel到channel的传输。

另外,Netty自己封装实现了ByteBuf,相比于Nio原生的ByteBuffer,API上更易用了;同时支持容量的动态扩容;另外还支持Buffer的池化,高效复用Buffer。

public class ByteBufTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建bytebuf
        ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello".getBytes());
        System.out.println(buf);

        // 读取一个字节
        buf.readByte();
        System.out.println(buf);

        // 读取一个字节
        buf.readByte();
        System.out.println(buf);

        // 丢弃无用数据
        buf.discardReadBytes();
        System.out.println(buf);

        // 清空
        buf.clear();
        System.out.println(buf);

        // 写入
        buf.writeBytes("123".getBytes());
        System.out.println(buf);

        buf.markReaderIndex();
        System.out.println("mark:"+buf);

        buf.readByte();
        buf.readByte();
        System.out.println("read:"+buf);

        buf.resetReaderIndex();
        System.out.println("reset:"+buf);
    }
}

输出为:

UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 5, cap: 5/5)
UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 1, widx: 5, cap: 5/5)
UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 2, widx: 5, cap: 5/5)
UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 3, cap: 5/5)
UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 0, cap: 5/5)
UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 3, cap: 5/5)
mark:UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 3, cap: 5/5)
read:UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 2, widx: 3, cap: 5/5)
reset:UnpooledHeapByteBuf(ridx: 0, widx: 3, cap: 5/5)

有兴趣的可以看一下上一篇分享的ByteBuffer,对比一下,就能发现在Netty中通过独立的读写索引维护,避免读写模式的切换,更加方便了。

Handler的使用

前面介绍了Handler包含了Inbound和Outbound两种,他们统一放在一个双向链表中:

image

当接收消息的时候,会从链表的表头开始遍历,如果是inbound就调用对应的方法;如果发送消息则从链表的尾巴开始遍历。那么上面途中的例子,接收消息就会输出:

InboundA --> InboundB --> InboundC

输出消息,则会输出:

OutboundC --> OutboundB --> OutboundA

这里有段代码,可以直接复制下来,试试看:

package cn.xingoo.book.netty.pipeline;

import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
import io.netty.channel.*;
import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;
import io.netty.channel.socket.SocketChannel;
import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketAddress;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;

/**
 * 注意:
 *
 * 1 ChannelOutboundHandler要在最后一个Inbound之前
 *
 */
public class NettyNioServerHandlerTest {

    final static ByteBuf buffer = Unpooled.unreleasableBuffer(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("Hi\r\n", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));

    public void serve(int port) throws InterruptedException {

        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

        try{
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
                    .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
                    .localAddress(new InetSocketAddress(port))
                    .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                        @Override
                        protected void initChannel(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws Exception {
                            ChannelPipeline pipeline = socketChannel.pipeline();
                            pipeline.addLast("1",new InboundA());
                            pipeline.addLast("2",new OutboundA());
                            pipeline.addLast("3",new InboundB());
                            pipeline.addLast("4",new OutboundB());
                            pipeline.addLast("5",new OutboundC());
                            pipeline.addLast("6",new InboundC());
                        }
                    });
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind().sync();
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully().sync();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        NettyNioServerHandlerTest server = new NettyNioServerHandlerTest();
        server.serve(5555);
    }

    private static class InboundA extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf)msg;
            System.out.println("InboundA read"+buf.toString(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
        }
    }

    private static class InboundB extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf)msg;
            System.out.println("InboundB read"+buf.toString(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
            // 从pipeline的尾巴开始找outbound
            ctx.channel().writeAndFlush(buffer);
        }
    }

    private static class InboundC extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf)msg;
            System.out.println("InboundC read"+buf.toString(Charset.forName("UTF-8")));
            super.channelRead(ctx, msg);
            // 这样会从当前的handler向前找outbound
            //ctx.writeAndFlush(buffer);
        }
    }

    private static class OutboundA extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
            System.out.println("OutboundA write");
            super.write(ctx, msg, promise);
        }
    }

    private static class OutboundB extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
            System.out.println("OutboundB write");
            super.write(ctx, msg, promise);
        }
    }

    private static class OutboundC extends ChannelOutboundHandlerAdapter {
        @Override
        public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
            System.out.println("OutboundC write");
            super.write(ctx, msg, promise);
        }
    }
}

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