python办公自动化：excel
2021-08-26 本文已影响0人
弦好想断
python 使用 openpyxl 操作 excel
- openpyxl 最好用的 python 操作 excel 表格库，不接受反驳（想反驳自己去学其他的）
- openpyxl 官网链接：https://openpyxl.readthedocs.io/en/stable/
- openpyxl 只支持【.xlsx / .xlsm / .xltx / .xltm】格式的文件
- 建议在jupyter-notebook里面操作
打开 Excel 表格并获取表格名称；通过 sheet 名称获取表格
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
workbook.sheetnames #打开 Excel 表格并获取表格名称
sheet = workbook["Sheet1"] #通过 sheet 名称获取表格
sheet.dimensions # 获取表格的尺寸大小(几行几列数据)
获取表格内某个格子的数据
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active #打开激活的表格
print(sheet)
cell1 = sheet["A1"] #获取 A1 格子的数据
cell2 = sheet["C11"]
cell3 = sheet.cell(row = 1,column = 1) #通过指定行列号获取格子数据
cell4 = sheet.cell(row = 11,column = 3)
print(cell1.value, cell1.row, cell1.column, cell1.coordinate)
#获取格子中的值、行数、列数、坐标；
sheet["A"] --- 获取 A 列的数据
sheet["A:C"] --- 获取 A,B,C 三列的数据
sheet[5] --- 只获取第 5 行的数据
# 获取 A1:C2 区域的值
cell = sheet["A1:C2"]
print(cell)
for i in cell:
for j in i:
print(j.value)
- .iter_rows()方式（类似pandas里面的iterrows）有.iter_rows()方式，肯定也会有.iter_cols()方式，只不过一个是按行读取，一个是按
列读取。
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
# 按行获取值
for i in sheet.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2): #按行读取
for j in i:
print(j.value)
# 按列获取值
for i in sheet.iter_cols(min_row=2, max_row=5, min_col=1, max_col=2): #按列读取
for j in i:
print(j.value)
for i in sheet.rows: #获取所有行
print(i)
修改表格中的内容: 向某个格子中写入内容并保存
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet["A1"] = "哈喽"
# 这句代码也可以改为 cell = sheet["A1"] cell.value = "哈喽"
workbook.save(filename = "哈喽.xlsx")
"""
注意：我们将“A1”单元格的数据改为了“哈喽”，并另存为了“哈喽.xlsx”文
件。 如果我们保存的时候，不修改表名，相当于直接修改源文件；
"""
- .append()方式：会在表格已有的数据后面，按行插入数据(很有用)；
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
data = [
["唐僧","男","180cm"],
["孙悟空","男","188cm"],
["猪八戒","男","175cm"],
["沙僧","男","176cm"],
]
for row in data:
sheet.append(row)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
使用 excel 函数公式(很有用)
import openpyxl
from openpyxl.utils import FORMULAE
print(FORMULAE)#python 支持写哪些“excel 函数公式”
# 这是我们在 excel 中输入的公式
=IF(RIGHT(C2,2)="cm",C2,SUBSTITUTE(C2,"m","")*100&"cm")
# 那么，在 python 中怎么插入 excel 公式呢？
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet["D1"] = "标准身高"
for i in range(2,16):
sheet["D{}".format(i)] =
'=IF(RIGHT(C{},2)="cm",C{},SUBSTITUTE(C{},"m","")*100&"cm")'.format(i,i,i)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
.insert_cols()和.insert_rows()：插入空行和空列
- .insert_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的列数)，插入的位置是在 idx 列数的左侧插入；
- .insert_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要插入的行数)，插入的行数是在 idx 行数的下方插入；
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.insert_cols(idx=4,amount=2) #从第4列开始插入2列
sheet.insert_rows(idx=5,amount=4) #第5行开始插入2行
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
.delete_rows()和.delete_cols()：删除行和列
- .delete_rows(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的行数)
- .delete_cols(idx=数字编号, amount=要删除的列数)
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active print(sheet)
# 删除第一列，第一行
sheet.delete_cols(idx=1)
sheet.delete_rows(idx=1)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
.move_range()：移动格子
- .move_range("数据区域",rows=,cols=)：row正整数表示向下、负整数表示向上移动；cols正整数表示向右、负整数表示向左移动。
sheet.move_range("C1:D4",rows=2,cols=-1)# 向左移动两列，向下移动两行
.create_sheet()：创建新的 sheet 表格
- .create_sheet("新的 sheet 名")：创建一个新的 sheet 表；
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
workbook.create_sheet("我是一个新的 sheet")
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
.remove()：删除某个 sheet 表
- .remove("sheet 名")：删除某个 sheet 表；
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active print(workbook.sheetnames)
# 这个相当于激活的这个 sheet 表，激活状态下，才可以操作；
sheet = workbook['我是一个新的 sheet']
print(sheet)
workbook.remove(sheet)
print(workbook.sheetnames)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
.copy_worksheet()：复制一个 sheet 表到另外一张 excel 表
- 这个操作的实质，就是复制某个 excel 表中的 sheet 表，然后将文件存储到另外一张excel 表中
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print("a.xlsx 中有这几个 sheet 表",workbook.sheetnames)
sheet = workbook['姓名']
workbook.copy_worksheet(sheet)
workbook.save(filename = "test.xlsx")
sheet.title：修改 sheet 表的名称
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "a.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.title = "我是修改后的 sheet 名"
print(sheet)
创建新的 excel 表格文件
from openpyxl import Workbook
workbook = Workbook()
sheet = workbook.active
sheet.title = "表格 1"
workbook.save(filename = "新建的 excel 表格")
sheet.freeze_panes：冻结窗口
- .freeze_panes = "单元格"
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active print(sheet) sheet.freeze_panes = "C3"
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
"""
冻结窗口以后，你可以打开源文件，进行检验；
"""
sheet.auto_filter.ref：给表格添加“筛选器”
- .auto_filter.ref = sheet.dimension 给所有字段添加筛选器；
- .auto_filter.ref = "A1" 给 A1 这个格子添加“筛选器”，就是给第一列添加“筛选器”；
workbook = load_workbook(filename = "花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
print(sheet)
sheet.auto_filter.ref = sheet["A1"]
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
批量调整字体和样式
1）修改字体样式
- Font(name=字体名称,size=字体大小,bold=是否加粗,italic=是否斜体,color=字体颜色)
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A1"]
font = Font(name="微软雅黑",size=20,bold=True,italic=True,color="FF0000")
cell.font = font
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
"""
这个 color 是 RGB 的 16 进制表示，自己下去百度学习；
"""
2）获取表格中格子的字体样式
from openpyxl.styles import Font
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A2"]
font = cell.font
print(font.name, font.size, font.bold, font.italic, font.color)
3）设置对齐样式
- Alignment(horizontal=水平对齐模式,vertical=垂直对齐模式,text_rotation=旋转角
度,wrap_text=是否自动换行) - 水平对齐：‘distributed'，‘justify'，‘center'，‘leftfill'， ‘centerContinuous'，‘right，
‘general'； - 垂直对齐：‘bottom'，‘distributed'，‘justify'，‘center'，‘top'；
from openpyxl.styles import Alignment
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["A1"]
alignment =
Alignment(horizontal="center",vertical="center",text_rotation=45,wrap_text=True)
cell.alignment = alignment
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
4）设置边框样式
- Side(style=边线样式，color=边线颜色)
- Border(left=左边线样式，right=右边线样式，top=上边线样式，bottom=下边线样式)
- style 参数的种类： 'double, 'mediumDashDotDot', 'slantDashDot', 'dashDotDot','dotted','hair',
'mediumDashed, 'dashed', 'dashDot', 'thin', 'mediumDashDot','medium', 'thick'
from openpyxl.styles import Side,Border
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell = sheet["D6"]
side1 = Side(style="thin",color="FF0000")
side2 = Side(style="thick",color="FFFF0000")
border = Border(left=side1,right=side1,top=side2,bottom=side2)
cell.border = border
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
5）设置填充样式
- PatternFill(fill_type=填充样式，fgColor=填充颜色）
- GradientFill(stop=(渐变颜色 1，渐变颜色 2……))
from openpyxl.styles import PatternFill,GradientFill
from openpyxl import load_workbook
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
cell_b9 = sheet["B9"]
pattern_fill = PatternFill(fill_type="solid",fgColor="99ccff")
cell_b9.fill = pattern_fill
cell_b10 = sheet["B10"]
gradient_fill = GradientFill(stop=("FFFFFF","99ccff","000000"))
cell_b10.fill = gradient_fill
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
6）设置行高和列宽
- .row_dimensions[行编号].height = 行高
- .column_dimensions[列编号].width = 列宽
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active
# 设置第 1 行的高度
sheet.row_dimensions[1].height = 50 #将整个表的行高设置为 50
# 设置 B 列的宽度
sheet.column_dimensions["B"].width = 20 #列宽设置为 30；
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
7）合并单元格
- .merge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
- .merge_cells(start_row=起始行号，start_column=起始列号，end_row=结束行号，
end_column=结束列号)
workbook = load_workbook(filename="花园.xlsx")
sheet = workbook.active sheet.merge_cells("C1:D2")
sheet.merge_cells(start_row=7,start_column=1,end_row=8,end_column=3)
workbook.save(filename = "花园.xlsx")
当然，也有“取消合并单元格”，用法一致。
- .unmerge_cells(待合并的格子编号)
- .unmerge_cells(start_row=起始行号，start_column=起始列号，end_row=结束行号，
end_column=结束列号)
