16 - 深入理解开闭原则

2021-08-17  本文已影响0人  舍是境界

本文，我们来学习 SOLID 中的第二个原则：开闭原则。开闭原则可能是 SOLID 中最难理解、最难掌握，同时也是最有用的一条原则。

如何理解“对扩展开放、修改关闭”？

public class Alert {
  private AlertRule rule;
  private Notification notification;
  public Alert(AlertRule rule, Notification notification) {
    this.rule = rule;
    this.notification = notification;
  }
  public void check(String api, long requestCount, long errorCount, long durationOfSeconds) {
    long tps = requestCount / durationOfSeconds;
    if (tps > rule.getMatchedRule(api).getMaxTps()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.URGENCY, "...");
    }
    if (errorCount > rule.getMatchedRule(api).getMaxErrorCount()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.SEVERE, "...");
    }
  }
}

public class Alert {
  // ...省略AlertRule/Notification属性和构造函数...
  
  // 改动一：添加参数timeoutCount
  public void check(String api, long requestCount, long errorCount, long timeoutCount, long durationOfSeconds) {
    long tps = requestCount / durationOfSeconds;
    if (tps > rule.getMatchedRule(api).getMaxTps()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.URGENCY, "...");
    }
    if (errorCount > rule.getMatchedRule(api).getMaxErrorCount()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.SEVERE, "...");
    }
    // 改动二：添加接口超时处理逻辑
    long timeoutTps = timeoutCount / durationOfSeconds;
    if (timeoutTps > rule.getMatchedRule(api).getMaxTimeoutTps()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.URGENCY, "...");
    }
  }
}

public class Alert {
  private List<AlertHandler> alertHandlers = new ArrayList<>();
  
  public void addAlertHandler(AlertHandler alertHandler) {
    this.alertHandlers.add(alertHandler);
  }
  public void check(ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo) {
    for (AlertHandler handler : alertHandlers) {
      handler.check(apiStatInfo);
    }
  }
}
public class ApiStatInfo {//省略constructor/getter/setter方法
  private String api;
  private long requestCount;
  private long errorCount;
  private long durationOfSeconds;
}
public abstract class AlertHandler {
  protected AlertRule rule;
  protected Notification notification;
  public AlertHandler(AlertRule rule, Notification notification) {
    this.rule = rule;
    this.notification = notification;
  }
  public abstract void check(ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo);
}
public class TpsAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {
  public TpsAlertHandler(AlertRule rule, Notification notification) {
    super(rule, notification);
  }
  @Override
  public void check(ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo) {
    long tps = apiStatInfo.getRequestCount()/ apiStatInfo.getDurationOfSeconds();
    if (tps > rule.getMatchedRule(apiStatInfo.getApi()).getMaxTps()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.URGENCY, "...");
    }
  }
}
public class ErrorAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {
  public ErrorAlertHandler(AlertRule rule, Notification notification){
    super(rule, notification);
  }
  @Override
  public void check(ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo) {
    if (apiStatInfo.getErrorCount() > rule.getMatchedRule(apiStatInfo.getApi()).getMaxErrorCount()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.SEVERE, "...");
    }
  }
}

public class ApplicationContext {
  private AlertRule alertRule;
  private Notification notification;
  private Alert alert;
  
  public void initializeBeans() {
    alertRule = new AlertRule(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
    notification = new Notification(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
    alert = new Alert();
    alert.addAlertHandler(new TpsAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
    alert.addAlertHandler(new ErrorAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
  }
  public Alert getAlert() { return alert; }
  // 饿汉式单例
  private static final ApplicationContext instance = new ApplicationContext();
  private ApplicationContext() {
    initializeBeans();
  }
  public static ApplicationContext getInstance() {
    return instance;
  }
}
public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo = new ApiStatInfo();
    // ...省略设置apiStatInfo数据值的代码
    ApplicationContext.getInstance().getAlert().check(apiStatInfo);
  }
}

public class Alert { // 代码未改动... }
public class ApiStatInfo {//省略constructor/getter/setter方法
  private String api;
  private long requestCount;
  private long errorCount;
  private long durationOfSeconds;
  private long timeoutCount; // 改动一：添加新字段
}
public abstract class AlertHandler { //代码未改动... }
public class TpsAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//代码未改动...}
public class ErrorAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//代码未改动...}
// 改动二：添加新的handler
public class TimeoutAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {//省略代码...}
public class ApplicationContext {
  private AlertRule alertRule;
  private Notification notification;
  private Alert alert;
  
  public void initializeBeans() {
    alertRule = new AlertRule(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
    notification = new Notification(/*.省略参数.*/); //省略一些初始化代码
    alert = new Alert();
    alert.addAlertHandler(new TpsAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
    alert.addAlertHandler(new ErrorAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
    // 改动三：注册handler
    alert.addAlertHandler(new TimeoutAlertHandler(alertRule, notification));
  }
  //...省略其他未改动代码...
}
public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo = new ApiStatInfo();
    // ...省略apiStatInfo的set字段代码
    apiStatInfo.setTimeoutCount(289); // 改动四：设置tiemoutCount值
    ApplicationContext.getInstance().getAlert().check(apiStatInfo);
}

修改代码就意味着违背开闭原则吗？

  1. 我们先来分析一下改动一：往 ApiStatInfo 类中添加新的属性 timeoutCount。
  1. 我们再来分析一下改动三和改动四：在 ApplicationContext 类的 initializeBeans() 方法中，往 alert 对象中注册新的 timeoutAlertHandler；在使用 Alert 类的时候，需要给 check() 函数的入参 apiStatInfo 对象设置 timeoutCount 的值。

如何做到“对扩展开放、修改关闭”？

// 这一部分体现了抽象意识
public interface MessageQueue { //... }
public class KafkaMessageQueue implements MessageQueue { //... }
public class RocketMQMessageQueue implements MessageQueue {//...}
public interface MessageFromatter { //... }
public class JsonMessageFromatter implements MessageFromatter {//...}
public class ProtoBufMessageFromatter implements MessageFromatter {//...}
public class Demo {
  private MessageQueue msgQueue; // 基于接口而非实现编程
  public Demo(MessageQueue msgQueue) { // 依赖注入
    this.msgQueue = msgQueue;
  }
  
  // msgFormatter：多态、依赖注入
  public void sendNotification(Notification notification, MessageFormatter msgFormatter) {
    //...    
  }
}

如何在项目中灵活应用开闭原则？

小结

上一篇 下一篇

猜你喜欢

热点阅读